IV. PECHERSKI HANDS. IMPRINT OF BOOKS OF WORDS AND LEGISLATION

(continued)

Walking around of the Russian Truth. - Sudova vira. - Vіdmіnnіst for mills. - Lordship of that trade. - Woman. - Inozemtsi.

Before the era of Yaroslav, the memory of the huge camp of Russia in this hour is even more important to trace. This is the name of the Russian Truth, for the first records of our found laws. Among the Russian, like and skrіz, the basis of legislation was the name and the name, which arose. The first books of laws have suggested that you ask the court to ask for and direct the most common minds of some kind of human suspension. Naygolovn_sha is a suspicious need of a polyag in order to be cleaned by a security officer and a lane; To that, any ancient legislation has a character that is essentially criminal, tobto. before the start of punishment for the punishment, beatings, wounds, villainy and mischief against an individual of power.

An ear of Russian Truth is fought for hours long ago, below the prince Yaroslav. Already for the first historically renowned Kiev prince, for Oleg, references are made to the statute of the Russian law, itself in the agreement with the Greeks. Such orders are repeated and contracts and agreements. Yaroslav, with my love to the Zemsky, I will arrange that booklet, mabut, having punished at once the rules of that call for judging, and writing letters for the judgment of the judges for the hour of maybut. The first statute of the crypt of the crypt will pay a penalty for finding evil, for driving. This statute represents a clear transition from the barbarian camp, the most primordial one, to the larger colossal camp. Among the Russians, as well as in the other peoples, as they spent time on low scabbards near the suspicious development, a special security officer was seized for the most important family patrons, tobto. obov'yazkom for the death of a relative of avenging death vbivtsі. To accept Christianity and the successes of the enormous statute, naturally, it is not enough to remember that it was not a rapt, but a great deed, for a crooked help in such a way that the people didn’t want to win. Volodymyr the Great, according to the history of the list, is still going through the death stratum and the verse. Writing his christening for the new religion of wine, mabut, skasuvav the stratum and the right to crooked favor, and poklav for driving in a penny fine or vir; then, if the feuds have multiplied, for the joy of the bishops themselves, after fearing the death of the feuds; and after the end of the day, I know again with punishment and with punishment to pull off the wind.

Yaroslav at the first statty of the Russian Truth, having allowed for driving a crooked pomst, ale to close relatives, the same sons, brothers and nephews. As long as the mitts didn’t come (through the presence of close relatives, or for їх kind of crooked place), then the driver is guilty of paying that kind. Ale і tsya vyatka for close steps of dispute, having deprived Yaroslav's blues.

Pislya nyogo Izyaslav, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod were chosen for the sake of sleeping for the sake of the Budov land at once with their head boyars; here bully tisyatski, kievsky Kosnyachko, chernigivsky Moved that Pereyaslavsky Nikifor, besides, boyars, Chudin and Mikula. The stinks looked at Ruska Pravda, supplemented it with new articles, and, even if they were, they took the right to crooked pride, replacing it with new articles for the new people. Volodymyr Monomakh, nezabar, in his own hardened in Kiev, embarking on a new glance of the Russian Truth, viciously, with new surroundings, and the needs that were developing. At his own courtyard on Berestov's wines, for the sake, for the sake of pleasing about such an important right, calling out his tisyatsky, Ratibor Kievsky, Prokopia Bilgorodsky, Stanislav Pereyaslavsky, boyars Nazir and Myroslav. Besides, in the middle of the radio there is Ivanko Chudinovich, the boyar of Oleg Svyatoslavich. Naivazhlivishe additional Volodymyr, to be built, had to be up to the statute about the money, or growing; it will not be forgotten that after the death of Svyatopolk-Mikhail, the kiyans killed and robbed the Jews themselves, who, viciously, destroyed their hatred with their vicious feisty. The additions and changes in the Russian Truth were tricked and written by Monomakh; a little more basic parts have lost themselves.

Let us wonder now, at the viglyad є maєmo of the colossal understanding and the witnesses of our ancestors who are wandering from the Russian Truth.

The Grand Duke of Kiev stands on the whole Russian land. Win dbaє about the zemsky mode, I will establish the court and the law. Winners of the boyars, or the elder squad, for how to rejoice about all the important information, to confirm the old statues, or to rob them of snakes. On the right of the Zemstvo wines, they especially rejoice at the tisyatsky; їх name vkazu on іnuchiy kolis Vіyskovo-folk podіl for thousands and hundreds; Ala in the end of the era, for all the signs, the heads of the Zemsk dignitaries, who were appointed from the honored boyars and helped the princes in management; a thousand later began, not the styles of the numerical pod, but the zemsky chi hair. Inodi the Grand Duke on the release of the navazhlivi zemstvo righteous elections for the elders of the princes, yak, for example, Izyaslav and Svyatopolk II. Ale Yaroslav and Volodymyr Monomakh, who were the head of the prince’s house, see statues for the entire Russian land, which do not feed the unequal family of the princes of the region.

Reading to the people of the Russian Truth in the presence of the Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise. Artist O. Kivshenko, 1880

The courtyard of the prince will serve as a misfortune for the court, and the courtyard of the prince in the provinces; the court to pass the prince especially through his tiuniv. At the viznachennі іnіznіh steps, it is clearly visible to the people in three stances, or in three stances: the prince's squad, mortals and lackeys. Smells were stored at the head of the population; Tse Bula is a general name for large bags of towns and cities. Іnsha zagalna name for them Bula people, in od. number of people. For driving in a lyudin, a vera was paid, and a penalty was charged at 40 hryvnias. The Vishy camp became the Vyskovy camp, the prince's squad. Ale and the rest of the small development steps. Simple vigilantes wore the names of children, yunaks, grida and mechniks; for driving in such a simple warrior, a zvichana vira began, as a merchant of a chi іnshy smerd, tobto. UAH 40 The senior vigilantes were people who were close to the prince, who are the boyars, as the stench is called in Rus'kiy Pravda, the princes of the man. For driving such a cholovik, it is assigned a subwire, tobto 80 hryvnia. Judge from the tsієї of the subordinate viri, to the "princely men". Dorogobuzhtsi, as for Izyaslav Yaroslavich, they drove the tiune of the stable, which was formed with the herd of the Grand Duke; the rest of the naklav on them sub-wind; the whole butt of beasts is a rule for certain types of events and for maybutting.

The entrustment from the large populations in the towns and villages lived innocent people, like the name of the Mali serfs, servants, slaves. The cobbled dzherel of slavery of old Russia, like skrіz, served vіyna, tobto. they were full of beasts to slaves and sold on a daily basis for a good reason. Rosіyska Pravda, for three reasons, if the vilna Lyudina became a kind of abossal slave: some purchases with a wedding, who befriends a slave without a row, or an agreement with a pan, and who goes without a row in the tune are keykeepers. The slave is not a man of civil rights and has taken over the power of his master; for the driving of a slave chi, a slave viri did not belong; ale, if you kill someone else's slave innocently, then if you pay the pan the part of the murdered and the prince 12 hryvnias so zv. sale (tobto a penny chi to a fine). Most of the other lackeys, having pulled out a new camp, hired, or purchased; tse bouly workers, who were hired for the singing term. Yakshcho a pratsivnik, having taken pennies in advance, as soon as Pan was seen, todi was turned into a complete slave.

As soon as you drive in, then it’s a little bit of a rope, tobto. the bulk, and such a vera was called wild. Let us get a penalty for wounds and beats. For example, for the lifting of the hand, it is more important than the quality - pivviri, tobto. 20 hryvnias, from the prince's belongings; and for a lowered one - 10 hryvnias; for a blow with a mace of chi with a sword that is not immobilized - 12 hryvnias too. About the stealing of scraps before the public at auction; if you have not naked, then, knowing your rіch, it is not possible to take it yourself, but is guilty of leading the people to the crypt, in which you know it, tobto. shukati villainy, step by step transferring to the skin, from whom the bulo rіch. If you don’t know the villainy and the faith, for the bulk, if you don’t give all the help you need, then you’ll have to pay for the stolen ric. Villainy, overpowering on the night of evil in the night, we will beat the carno "replace the dog"; ale, if the gentleman has pressed yogo to the wound chi having called, then he is also guilty of leading yogo to the prince's yard, tobto. submit to court. For the confirmation of a positive attitude, we present vidoks and rumors, tobto. svidkiv; krіm svіdkіv Bula needs a company, or an oath. As soon as the bulo is presented with no evidence, no clear evidence of malignancy, then it got used to cooking with salt and water.

For insignificant mischief, the winnie paid sales, or a fine, from the prince's belongings; and more important, like rozby, horse tough and fiery, they led the way, or get stuck, and robbed the lane. A part of the war and sales was given to the prince's servants, who helped the court and the law and I will name the warriors, the hurtoviks, the yabetniks, and the others. Rizy, or rather, it is permissible for a month and a third, for a short time when sitting for a short hour; for nadto great rizi likhvar will be able to add to his capital. Permission for rizi was up to 10 kunas per hryvnia per rik, tobto. up to 20 vids.

The mandate for farming, cattle-breeding, love and beetle, chi bjolin, was also a more important place for the Russian government at that hour. For the theft of a child, be it thin, a special penalty was imposed, for the kobila, ox, cow, pig, ram, vivtsyu, goat and in. The special turbo can be seen about horses. Convenient thief saw the princes for the time being, at the same time, the little thief paid the princes 3 hryvnias for pennies. If you sit on someone else's horse only if you sit down without a drink from the ruler, then you caravans in three hryvnias of pennies. For digging up the border, board and roll, 12 hryvnia is designated for sale; Styles are for the cutting of the wood between the oak and for the chisel of the board sign. Bdzhіlnіstvo, zrazumіlo, bulosche first, lіsove, and power was initiated by special signs, hacked on the sides, tobto. on hollows, which served as vuliks. For the payment of the winnie money, paying the state’s hryvnia, and the prince’s penny, 3 hryvnia. A fringe was called a fringe, it was wedged on the pros_ts_ in the fossil munch with special attachments for catching wild birds. The wheat was not threshed, it was folded on the threshing floor, and threshed it was threshed in the pits; for the theft of that and іnshogo contracted for 3 hryvnia and 30 kunas for sale, tobto. penins of princes; and the obsessed chi turned stolen, chi paying the lesson, tobto. yo party. For the bedroom of someone else's threshing floor, a winnie yak paid to the patient for the threshing floor, and he himself saw the prince on his own, and the dim yogo - for robbing the prince's servants.

Rosіyska Shchopravda to bring the development of trade, to finish the value for that hour. Won’t, for example, a merchant because of the residual ruin at times. Whenever the authorization is canceled, the goods in the event of a ship's accident, if they fail, then they are not considered; If you want to blame them for your blame, then your supporters will want to blame them. Obviously, trade in Russia was conducted only by a significant world of war, that is, on credit. At the time of presentation to the merchant of the Russian Borgs, a handful of guests were welcomed, they were rewarded to you, or the traders from the earth, and then from the surplus of the land - their own, tubular. Ale if someone is a princely bondage, then he will stay satisfied with it in front of him.

Those who had been punished, judging by the Russian Truth, at that hour were not allowed for the vila people; the stench fizzled out of the lackeys. From the rest of the villains, people saw that they wore it, they took it out, or they could have a sword when they were thrown.

The rights of a woman behind the old legislation are not clear enough; ale the encampment її vzagalі bulo unrighteous. So, for the driving of a vіnnoy woman rallying pivviri, tobto 20 hryvnia. Spadshchina (dupa) is a stinker, as if not overflowing the blue, go to the prince, and if the undead daughters do not see the deyak chastin. Ale in the boyarsky і vzagalі in the squadron, as if there are no blue, then the daughters will calm down to batkivske main; and with blues, the stench cannot be soothed; and the brothers are guilty of depriving them of seeing the sisters, tobto. carry the tied with tim vitrati. Children, the people of the rabbi, do not calm down, but they get the will all at once from the mother. The widow is only those who have designated the cholovik; however, you are in charge of the booth and there are little young children, as long as you do not see a sudden change; and the children are guilty and reprimand.

Rіzne the population of Old-time Rusі beyond the camps to occupy Russia from the origin. So, won the development of Rusina and Slovenina. From the first it is evidently obvious the sluggishness of Holy Russia, especially the Naddnipryanschina; and before others - a bag of wine regions, especially the land of Novgorod. Besides, the Truth has guessed about two different kind of discharges, about the Varangians and those kolbyagi. For example, if a slave, vtіk, is a Varangian, or a kolb'yag and the rest of the three days, without being naked, then pay three hryvnias of the master slave for the image. For zinuvachennyam at the warriors from the Varangian chi, the bullock was needed to deprive a company, tobto. oath; todi yak tubertsyu demand buto show two testimonials. Too much of a rip-off viri (zinuvachennya at vbivstvі) for a tub_ltsya needs more evidence, tobto. сім; and for a Varangian, that kolbyaga is only two. The zagalom of the legislation shows the madness of the intercession of the minds for the foreigners. The statistics confirm the presence of the Varangians in Russia in the 11th and 12th centuries, while in the other half of the 11th century there are also more merchants, not hired warriors. Hto buv kolbyagi, as if not yet seen. Nayimovirnish that dumka, as a reason for them, from the ancient ancient peoples of Old-time Russia, from the houses of the Chornikh Klobukovs.

The truth is not guessed at that sound, but among the middle peoples, they will see the judgment of God, tobto. about judges' matches. Ale tsei call, madly, having been in Russia for a long time and having been called out from the warrior Russian tribe. If the two hard sides were not satisfied with the general judgment and could not come to please, then with the permission of the prince, they smelled their poses with a sword. Opponents entered into battles in the presence of their relatives, and in retaliation, resulting in the will of victory.

Sidebar of the Troitsk list of the Russian Truth. XIV century

... Let's move on to the suspenseful sub-base of old Rus. Slide means, that suspension, like to stand on the first step of development, there is always one and the same suspension: among all the peoples of the Arian tribe, there are three groups of young people: 1) the main mass (in Kiev) people, 2 , boyars) and 3) the suppression of the rights of the rabbi (for a long time ago my servant). In such a rank, the primordial suspension rose not as a vignette of the historical mind, but the nature of the tribe, as it is possible to be so visceral. Already, in the eyes of history, they grew up and witnessed. Serve to svidchennya ts'go zrostannya "Ruska Pravda" - mayzhe dine dzherelo our reports about the social devices of Kiev Rusi. Vona came to us in two editions: short and rosy. It is a short stock of 43 articles, of which 17 follow one after one in logical systems. Novgorodskaya litopis, how to revenge the text of "Pravda" from the audience, like for the laws, seen by Yaroslav. A short editorial of "Pravda" can be seen from some of the great editors of the memorial. Vaughn, without question, has long been for them and has been imagining a Kiev suspension in his life at the time of his life. Great editorial offices of "Pravda", which are stacked up to more than 100 articles, put in their own text those references that were stinking in the stink of a warehouse in the 12th century, not earlier; stench to take revenge on the princes of the 12th century itself. (Volodymyr Monomakh) I paint us the suspension of Kiev Rus in general development. The versatility of the text of the recent editions of "Pravdy" Old historians (Karamzin, Pogodin) renowned "Ruska Pravda" for the official collection of laws, made by Yaroslav the Wise and added by the offensives. In the last hour of such a thought, the glimpse of "Pravdi" Lange is trimmed. A few more veterans (Kalachev, Duvernoix, Sergiyovich, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, etc.) think that "Pravda" is a collection, put together by private individuals, who were imposed for special needs of the mother by the introduction of legislative rules, which they did. On the thought of V. O. Klyuchevskoy, "Rossiyska Pravda" won the worldly law at the sphere of the church, the demand of the nobility; here i wrote down the whole law. The private proclamation of "Ruska Pravda" is to the point that, in the first place, in the text it is possible to mean the statty not of a legal, but of a stately witch, which is not important for a private pobut, and, in another way, the name of the form The truth is the nature of private records, folded by the side eyes of the prince's law-making activity.

Vivchayuchi according to "Russian Truth" and from the list of the warehouse of the ancient Kiev suspension, we can mean three found this type: 1) vish, titles of elders "city", "human elders"; tse zemska aristocracy, up to which deyakі pre-glazed people are known and firemen. They talked about the elders; well to the fires, then there are a lot of thoughts about them. The old days were respected by householders or landowners, they used the terms in the word in the fire (in regional vernaculars it means in the fire, either іll on izgari, that is, on the bed of a sleeping forest); Volodymyrsky-Budanov speaks at his own "Look at the history of Russian law", but the elders' warriors were referred to as a group of "vognischans," servitium accedit "libertas"); apparently, the author thinks that the elder warriors could be like the young, mimic servants of the prince. Theologian; to that deyakі slіdniki (Klyuchevskoy) in the firemen to bat slave-classics, іnakshi, apparently, rich people at that time of life of slavery, if not the earth, but the rabbi bully with the head kind of power. to replace the "vognischany" of the short "Ruska Pravda", to speak about the "princely cholovik" or "the prince of the vognischevoy" acha princely serfs, tobto. for a person who is in front of a dear palace butler. The camp of the out-of-the-way buto was even higher at the princely courts, and at the same hour the stench could be slaves. In Novgorod, as it was built, the firemen were not only called the butlers, but the entire princely dvir (piznishe noblemen). So it is possible to take fire-dwellers for honorable princely men; ale sumn_vno, schob vognischany boulya nyvischim class of Zemsky suspension. 2) The middle class was made by people (od. 3) Servants and servants are rabbi and before that they are insane, povni, ryasni (obliy - round) bully with a third ball.

In an hour, the suspension was ready to speed up. At the top of the suspension, there is a princely squad, which is angry about a large vicious zemsky class. The squad is formed from the elders ("the boyars of the thinking and the men of the martyrs") and the young (the youths, the grids), to which they enter and the rabbi of the prince. From the ranks of the squad, there is a princely administration and justice (mayor, tyun, virniki and in.). The class of people goes madly for the townspeople (merchants, craftsmen) and villagers, among which people are called smerds, and fallow lands are called purchases (for example, a Silsky agricultural laborer is called a role-based purchase, for example). Do not buy the slaves, but they should be repaired in Russia, a class of cleverly fallen people, a class who in an hour has replaced the new slaves. The squad and people are not closed community classes: from one you can go to the one. The main reason for the clerk was, from one side, in the place of the prince (they served one to the prince, they paid him; well, the lackeys feel, then they smelled like their "master" of the sovereign, and not the prince, who was not called by the prince) On the other side of the line is the state-owned and main-born grandiose classes among themselves.

We would have allowed a great clearing, as if they had not guessed about the call of the special class of the Kiev suspension, a class that was repenting not to the prince, but to the church. The whole church suspension, which is built up from: 1) the hierarchy, the priesthood and the clergy; 2) people who served the church, churchmen; 3) people who are cherished by the church - the old, the sick, the sick; 4) those who were needed to go to the church, - izgoyev, and 5) people, fallen from the church, - "servants" (lackeys), which passed into the gift of the church from the holy masters. Church statues of princes describe the warehouse of the church administration:

"And CE Church People: ІGUMEN, ІGumen, pіp, diyakon і dіti і ї, and CHTO in CHOROSІ: Popper, Chernets, Chornitzia, Svakurnitsya, Pilgrim, Svetzhegas, Storenik, Slіpets, Holigavius, Widovitzia, Putchinik (Tobo won) wonderland ), smothering lyudin (to be vilnovіdna for a spiritual commandment), іzgoi (so that individuals who have lost the rights of a huge camp); To the exiles and lackeys and to all my people, the church is building a solid, supportive camp, in view of the rights of the community, but for some time to bring them to life from the public support.

So rozvinnosti і smoothly becoming a suspension podil kievsky suspension until the XII century. Earlier, as they bachili, the suspension was simple at the warehouse and dismembered in the eyes of history ...

S.F. Platonov. Lectures from the Russian history

Russian Pravda short editorial. Nayvazhliv_shim legal dzherel of the Old Russian state є Russian Shchepravda.

The texts of the Russian Truth have added a hundred lists today. Cleverly Russian Truth in the numerical lists is divided into three editions:

1) The Truth is Short (X - XI Art.); 2) Rozloga Pravda (XII-XV centuries); 3) The Truth is fast (XV century).

The texts of all three editions are in their own warehouse, for a long time that specificity is meaningfully rendered one from one.

Suspended from the early period of the Old Russian State, depicted in the Russian Pravda short edition (Short Pravda). Short Truth was saved from two lists and replaced by the Novgorod literature. The editorial office (KP) is based on the "Truth of the Russian" Yaroslav the Wise (Art. 1 - 17); "The Truth of the Russian Land" of the synods of Yaroslav the Wise (Art. 18 - 41); "Pocon of the virgin" by Yaroslav the Wise

the "Statute of Mostniks". Vvazhaєtsya, scho residual Short The truth is framed in 1068 - 1071 rock.

Found a part of the Short Truth of the people of the people rebel 1068 - 1071. that subordinate vir (80 hryvnia), there is still no way about the court of death on the prince's corny, has not been formed yet under the law. For the malignant itself, one should be deprived of his health, specialness and power. 40 hryvnias are drawn for the driving of people directly from the social campaign against the reproach of the most relatives of the murdered person. "Pravda Roskiy" has a vestige of "people's court" - blood feud. Blood pomsta

Rodovy calls, ala, in Pravda Roskiy, the fault of wounds encirclement is incontinent legislation. The right to favor was given to the deprivation of the closest relatives. However, the pomsta could be replaced by a penny equivalent (40 hryvnias), moreover, without a difference in the social camp ("the Rusyn here got used to the izgoyu"). "Pravda Roska" intertwines the judicial process - the state has not yet formed any other institutions. To that, to the right to avenge the image of the past (this image) is allowed to be deprived of his close relatives. Another reason for the interception of lynchings (Art. 2). In some cases (major malignancies), the next process is folded, so that the crypt is allowed (a long-standing court name for the establishment of special features of malignity, under the current legislation of the ossuary, the development has been expanded). "Pravda Roska" still does not know the system of proofs. In articles, figurines are deprived of certificates, which know how to surround the earth, - vidocq. The judge looked at the oaths (oath - "roti"). Pislya pre-trial process of art. 14 talking about platoon

Judged 12 people. The court of Pravda Roskoy develops the definition of fallow lands from the sub-active side of the soil against special properties (Art. 2 - 9). For example, at Art. 3 left from the formal side to the right and from the name passed to the suvoriche pokarannya, below the st. 2. Payment for hitting with a hook,

With a pole, an important bowl, four times more, not for the simple beating of the hard results of such a blow.

At st. 1 and 5 Find out about the development of heavy, hard ears. For two vipadkas a fee of 40 hryvnias has been transferred and the right to take care of them.

It is said that the situation will be explained to him that the patience has become unpredictable and not at the same time.

The inflicted morality on the part of the morale was attributable to the patriarchs of the earliest ear, as they did not inflict a waste of praiseworthiness (div., For example, for the rule of Art. 2, 3, 7). And the axis of art. 8 also talk about those who, right-minded witnesses saw the wrong way from the point of view and try to fix it like this, because it’s dirty, so it’s like stepping up the legacy of that evil evil. Pravovi the understander may be on the basis of respect and moral point of view. For example, the b_yka can be explained by special sub-active reasons, that is, the minority of the karan, and the axis of keeping up the calories was already a serious problem.

Art. 9 є even more important and conceptual. Vaughn talk about "mouth"

An oath for the hour of keeping the agreement with the ship's superiors for the duration of the day ("vidokiv"). "Rota" was conceived in the Russian-Austrian agreements. Right there, the "company" is meaningful in criminal law. The statute is also transferred, that the Varangians and kolb'yag are foreigners, and they are shown to the fold, lower to the population of the population, - they are forgiven for the next process.

Articles 10 - 17 open the sub-active sides of the main land. Zokrem, Art. 10 to resemble the simplified early power law about helping the victim in the familiar znikloi speech (zokrema slave - servant). The revelation of what was stolen into the chimu booth meant that the victim was brought in to help the victim and was accustomed to stealing. Basically, the law is stuck

schodo inozemtsiv - they have a lighter shavatsya. Here, having passed the law, the foreigner might not know the nobility about the social camp and namiri, diii, who were staying in that house (servant). Identity peredbachavsya tridenny term.

Zagalom the legislation passed on to finish the punishment for the main mischief, here a fine of 3 hryvnias (without looking at the inheritance of the stolen money for the victim) and the result of the harassment of the victim. Not free statty about the mains

Criminals. It is a fact to speak about early statehood, “the presence of stately social conflicts, which is in the main power of early feudalism. Axis, for example, Art. the concept, which is at the statti 10. Ale statti give rise to new problems, at the same art. Article 13 as a supplement to Article 10. Here you can see about the crypt - the ancient court call. I call on the offensive: the positive is guilty of "go to the crypt" in the boundaries of one place. Three steps of the crypt. Ostannіy pіdopіryuvanny at the tombstone vvazhavshis zlochin (Nadalі cryptіnnya nabulu development in the Russian Truth.) Besides, the article speak about the institute of bail, with which the guarantor is also nіs material. Well, that's the moral reason. Nareshti, at the crypt, they could take the fate of the more difficult side - positive and promising (promising).

Art. 14, except for the already guessed platoon (court of 12 choloviks), to talk about the high rivn of the right to understand. Having passed the law, a part of what was stolen in an hour was transferred from

villainy will be consumed. To that, it was agreed that everything is turned around without surplus.

Article 15 will also add to Art. 10 that yes a price of information about the next process. The concept of a field in the offensive: when the crypt was opened until the end (three last crypts were transferred), the crypt was stopped (tati). Yak і Art. 13, the rest of the mav, blowing out all the whites and pounding in the new crypt, having played the first pose. The procedure was repeated until three crypts - and so far ...

Article 16 is organically vaping from the front, but for the first time to speak about the slave, and not about the house slave - the servant. In the feudal right, the servant was seen for his deeds. Vіdpovіdalnіst for a slave is not all yogi pan. Besides, the slave is not my master, so the main reason is to lie on his pan. From the side, to the slave, call on the slogan to expand. Also, the encampment was zoomed in by the patriarchal nature of slavery (a slave who was a member of the family). Protect the image of a vilny servant - especially sharp-witted. To him, having got rid of a fine of 12 hryvnias for a slave, having suffered, having won the right to take pride in himself. Ale pomstitisya (beat) the slave can be deprived of the posture of a living yogi pan, the splinters of life in Russia could not be tied down. Without the permission of the ruler, outsiders were not allowed.

Otzhe, vivchennya old Russian right to end with "Pravda Roskoyu".

The document speaks about finishing the development of legal intelligence, legal culture and the most frequent work - by-word of criminal malice and stealing. Wicked against the church, that power is not transferred. The slidchiy process is magical, with a great part of the initiation of grave sides. The procedural side is that slidstvo, zokrema, not broken. The price will be explained not only by the early state power, but by the roll, in response to the vastness of the community in the zapobiannaya zlochin.

It’s too bad, all the same, it’s a lot of problems - the bulk of the message lay in active development.

In the case of a judge, mali does not lose her witness, the ale and oath ("company"), singles ("field"), and moral vidpovidality before "svit" ("faith"). Tse to inform about the meaning of legal names and the mentality of people in Old Russia.

Russian Pravda The expanded editorial board has reached us on more than a hundred lists. Monument to the law viyaviv A.I. Musin - Pushkin (b. 1792), and after commenting on I.M. Boltin (1788). Before the Great Truth, legal books were gone, stored for judges at the time of Prince Volodymyr Monomakh (not earlier than 1113 r.). Tsbіrki, vіdomі yak "Mirilo Righteous" and "Kormcha", in the original sound "The court of Yaroslav Volodymyrovych. Russian law" (Art. 1 - 52) and "Statute of Volodymyr Monomakh" (Art. 53 - 121).

Dzherelami codifications of Volodymyr Monomakh served as norms of sound law, before legislation (Korotka Pravda) and great court practice. Inodі vvazhayut, wоuєrіdnu "codification" was carried out for the insurrection of the Kiev lower lands against the lichvarіv at 1113 r. So chi inakshe, even older, the legislation of the early-power period did not give the right to the hour.

New legislation to establish a system of law about a larger system of law. The feudal right at the Great Pravda is to rule on the legal privilege of one camp over the one. Such a privilege is called the legal term "legal privilege". Pravdі buli vіdsutnі in "Pravdі Rossіyskіy" - all vіlіnі inhabitants of Rusі mali have equal rights and vіdpovіdlіst before the law. The XII Art. The court of Yaroslav Volodymyrovych will establish legal privileges for representatives of the prince's administration. Privіleї formed at the st. 1, 3 that talk about a subordinate fine of 80 hryvnia for driving in a "princely cholovik" or "tiuna".

In the decay order of Art. 88 talk about perevagi for boyars and druzhinniks. Article 87 of such privileges for smerds is not transferred. In the same contexts of the Great Truth, all categories of the civil population (princes, boyars, princely men, tiuni, butlers, merchants, craftsmen, smerdi, community members, etc.) are referred to before the privileged faiths. Prior to the fallow lands, it is obvious that they should be bought, ryadovych, serfs and others. Articles 56 - 64, 120 - 121 talk about the legal establishment of the central category of the population. Three legal rules will be developed, not earlier, the system of civil and legal norms. Legislation of conquest is the right of power of the rugged and unstable lane. Articles 69 - 76, 79 - 84 transfer fines for

main mischief, as well as regulate the procedure for the transfer of power for crops and contracts.

On the high level of Old Rus', there is a lot of cropping right (Art. 27, 30, 33 - 35, 54, etc.). Ob'yazkovі vіdnosini poured і from the backing of shkodi lane іnshoї people and from contracts with sub'ects of private law. Therefore, all sub'єkti rights are physical individuals, feudally independent (Art. 46, 66, 120 - 121). Zobov'yazan mіzh private special that power Rozlog Truth still do not know. Do not be confused in the legislation of civil and criminal reasoning - be it the kind of reasoning in relation to a specific problem. It is possible to name the furious specialty of the yak on the mine, and the specialty of the boarder of the members of the family. Indeed, here the "Russian law" razrіznyaє on sub'єktivnіy sides pom'yakshuvalnі obstavini (summy bankruptcy - div. Art. 52, 54), that evil will be deprived of the possibility of bankruptcy. For example, Art. 52, 53 to speak about the right to sell a person into slavery, as she took navmisne and bagatorazovo to the Borg and became on the road of shahraystva. Expanse Truth to talk about form

goiters' knitting agreements. As a rule, such an agreement settled down asleep, or for the svidkiv at the auction. For the duration of the correct form of the arrangement of the stitches, the knitting agreements were allowed to be cited - rumors. In the case of children, it is possible to pay off to the bachelor servant (div. Report art. 45 - 46, 47, 50, 64).

The court of Yaroslav Volodymyrovych gave rise to low agreements, including the end of goiters. The text has about the purchase agreement - sale (art. 37, 38), positions (art. 48, 50 - 55), crediting (art. 48 - 49.51), individual hiring (art. 54, 57, 104, 105 and .,), zberigannya - luggage (Art. 49, 54, 55), additional service (Art. 47, 111). Nybilsh is generally regulated by the contract of employment. It looks like it’s a zvichayu posture, a posture between merchants, a posture with a self-pledge, and also for the term “diii” - dovgostrokovy and short-stranded.

The right to inherit and the right to regulate Art. 85, 87 - 102. Spadschina could follow the law (without a commandment) and the commandment (spiritual gramota). Perevagu at the inheritance of the court, having cut off the young syn. Tsei Pravovy call it meaningful in the Bagatokh peoples: Scythians, old words. Є y at the Russian Truth. In the right of slump, children of the rabbi - concubines did not enter illegally. The squad (widow) also entered the right to decline. In the main, the right was extended to the canons and church canons. Shlyubniy vіk appeared at 12 - 13 years for the named, and 14 - 15 times for the named. I watched a huge church building.

Prior to family law, there is no statute of Prince Yaroslav the Wise on church law. Monument of law (revealed for example of the XVIII century)

є Continuing the Statute of Prince Volodymyr, albeit on the basis of the authority of the ecclesiastical court, but to take revenge on the norms, regulating it - the same thing. Zokrema, the law of zaboronyaє sluby between representatives of the rіznіh relіgіy,

and also to take revenge on the statty, as it should be social norms.

It is of great importance to come from the Russian Truth of Criminal Law. The name of the criminal right is to resemble the terms tied with the word "head", for example, the name "for the head" (vbivstvo).

The legal system of Old-time Russia knows two types of malignancies - against an individual that lane. On the basis of the foregoing editorial board, the legislation knows the spirit of the evil - the supporters were punished in the same way, right across the land (Articles 41 - 43). We are new in the legislation є the term of prescription of malignancy, mabut, evolved and visibility of malignancy (Art. 18). At "Judge Yaroslav Volodymyrovich" they got some progress in the statistics, to concretize the sub-active side of the evil. There is no reason to be aware of the fact that there is no need to protect it, but there is no need to go through straight lines and alternation of intentions in case of out-of-the-box driving (Art. 35, 67, 84) and driving in the middle of a fight. At any given age, it is possible to get confused at the embryo, having pressed seven indications, only in some cases it was thrown up (Art. 17).

Vbivstvo, from a glance of the Russian Truth, statutes and letters of princes, church canons, is like a grave evil, but a mortal sin. Schob not vidpov_dati vvivstvm v vvivstva, Art. 2, 65 to chase death punishment and suppress її "with a stream and looting" - to be excused from the line (izgoystvo) in case of a confiscation of the lane. The church laid a pokuta in front of him. Wine can be beaten into slavery.

Let's go for the drive and robbery because of social security meant villainy (toba). Naivazhcha stealing from Velikiy Pravda is horse-stealing. Articles 31, 32, among others, there should be no problems at once when articles are written about problems against individuals and the worth of people. The fine for horse stealing is 3 hryvnia (div. Also Art. 81). Duzhe

pidpal (Art. 80), the degradation of signs (Art. 69 - 71), harvest, agricultural products, and the industry (Art. 65 - 73, 77 - 80) were not uncommon grains. For merchants and pereviznikov dzherelom іnuvannya bula tour. In addition, there is a technologically foldable road at the ready. There is transferred a kilka of types to a fine (Art. 76). Practically all mischiefs were punished with fines (for the stream and for robbery, for mischief, for the prosecution (for stealing) and for blood feud). Penalties were raised to a large extent. Visitors can see a fine. "Sales" - a priceless criminal fine for the prince's reproach (the previous editorial office did not have a fine). Vira mala on uvazi vidshkoduvannya shkodi to the patient (head) - art. 10 - 17. The bully "wild vira" (vv. 6, 8) paid the trouble here for the night. On a supplement to viri, or independently, a "lesson" will be instituted - a vartisny equivalent at the time of a stolen mine, or a payment for driving in (Articles 11 - 17). A lesson in crying out to the suffering parties.

Churches were often involved in criminal matters (divine letters and statutes). Until early in the church, the beginning of the pokuta, tіlesnі punishment, for the prison connection ("klіt"). According to the church statutes, for the vikradennya named ("umichka") was laid as a criminal sanction (state), and the church sanction (forgiveness, ennobled by the church), the law was passed and civilly - the right to confess the name to the fathers.

Judicial process. In the old Russian state, the court was ruled by the mav prince, who did not have jurisdiction over the court. The trial, for the Expanse of Truth, was held at the "Prince's Court" - as the residence of the prince, and the first misconceptions were held by the judges and tiuni (pomichniki namisniki). By the right of the court, Mali and the prince's messengers are "posadniks". Deyakim from them gave the right to the court without additional confirmation to the prince

from the most insecure mischief (vbivstvo, robbery, tatba).

Nayranіshayu form of litigation buv a community court, at which there was a positive and positive response. A collection of community courts of "good people" having looked at them both criminal and civil. Protest from the strengthening of the prince's power, the competence of the community court was interchanged with civil attitudes. In a larger world, the community court was secured in Novgorod and near Pskov, de mav mice vichovy court (a type of community).

In Old Russia, behind the "Court of Yaroslav Volodimirovich", there was no delimitation between the civil and the criminal process. The process itself has the character of an open and magical one. The process of initiating a thrashing at the bargaining is "a call" (vv. 32, 34). The next stage of the building is the confrontation and poses of the sides (Art. 35 - 39). Then came the rule "go to the end of the crypt" in the boundaries of one place and "to the third crypt" pose as a place. Remaining podzryuvannyy vvazhavshis zlochinom and at his devil barely "call out" meagerly. In addition to the old one, I call it stagnant and slidstvo - "ganennya slidu" (Art. 77). Rozshuk zlochintsya instantly zd_ysnyuvatisya independently, by the forces of the patient side. I got the th certificate. Whenever they see it, they guess and hear it (Art. 47 - 50). An oath was taken away (Article 47). Yak, prove it is obvious that you will be guessed: follow the battles, the caliber is too thin. - Art. 29, 31, 67, 68.

At the rozlogy of Truth, there is about formal proof ("ordales"). On the right side, he was virishuvalos with a wiggle waggle ("poli"), carried out by "viprobvannya zalizom". Heavy metal was taken to the hands of baking - hto vitrimuv tse "viprobuvannya - divine judgment" - that and vvazhavshego we rule (vv. 22, 85 - 87). The systems of formal proofs have a "field". The one who changed at the play ("at the field"), recognizing the tim, having played right. The protest of the church stood up against such a confrontation, and shrouded it with anathema, so it was drawn to the brutal confrontation.

Let's take the form of formal proofs for the "company" (oath). The one who swears to the Pisan (and, to the point, the linguistic gods) was sturdzhuvav, or having shut off the yakus' pod, and the court was guilty of being guilty of a formal, formal, substantive, proof.

Viconavtsy of the ship solution buli "virni". The stench of the wine was squeezed into a "vira" (fine). However, the system of vikonannya to punish the obvious at the ordered dzherels of the era of the Russian Truth cannot be quilted.

JOIN

The most significant monument of the old Russian law and the main legal document of the Old Russian state is the collection of legal norms, which won the name of the Russian Truth, which took its significance in the period of history. Її norms lie in the basis of the Pskov
Novgorod court letters and offensive legislative acts are not only Russian, but th Lithuanian law. Until now, a hundred lists of the Russian Truth have passed. The pochatkovy text of the Russian Truth, unfortunately, is not up to us. The first text was published and prepared by the Russian historian V.M. Tatishchevim
1738 p. The name of the memorial to the European tradition, de analogous law abstracts essentially legal headings - law, legalist. In Russia, at the whole hour of the bully, I see the witness
"Statute", "Law", "call", or a document of meanings with the legal-moral term "Pravda". Vin є with a whole complex of legal documents of the X I - XII centuries, storage parts of the boule of Naidavnish Pravda (close to 1015 rubles).
Yaroslavichiv (close to 1072 r.), Statute of Monomakh (close to 1120-1130 r.)
.Ruska Truth is fallen from the editorial office to Korotka,
She's wide and fast.

Short Truth - found the editorial office of the Russian Truth, which was formed from two parts. The first part of the Bula was adopted in the 30s. XI Art. ... A moment of seeing the central part of the Russian Truth spirne, the list of letters is sent to Novgorod, a little more authors allow it, I’m going to bust out at the center of the land of Russia - Kiev and tie Yaroslav’s Truth to Prince Yaroslav (Yaroslav). Vona included 18 articles (1-18) and was assigned to criminal law. Shvidshe for everything, won an hour to fight for the throne with Yaroslav and his brother Svyatopolk (1015 - 1019 pp.)
... Nayman's varyaz, Yaroslav's squad entered into a conflict with the Novgorodians, who were supervised by beatings and beatings. Prudently regulate the situation, Yaroslav coaxing the Novgorodians “giving it the Truth and writing off the statute, saying to him: go for the gramme” The text of the Founding Truth has been replaced with these words in the first Novgorodian literature.
The characteristic rice of the first part of the Russian Truth is as follows: for the sake of blood, there is a clear differentiation of penalties in the form of social power of the victim. Another part of the Bula was taken from Kiev on the days of princes and the most feudal lords for the suppression of the insurrection at the bottom 1086 r. she denied the name of Truth
Yaroslavichiv. There were 25 articles (19-43), but for some dzherelach statti 42-43 є with some parts and are called by name: Pokon vіrniy and Lesson bridges. The її headline indicates that the collection was broken by three shines
Yaroslav the Wise for the fate of the greatest individuals from the feudal otocheniya. For texts є clarification, for which it is possible to create patterns, but the collection is hardened not earlier than the death of Yaroslav (1054 rubles) and not more than 1077 rubles. (the risk of death of one of the blue)

Another part of the Russian Truth is in the process of developing feudal victories: kasuvannya blood feud, the seizure of life and the land of feudal lords with advance visits. Most articles
Short Truth to avenge the norms of criminal law and litigation
.

The majestic Truth bullet was laid down for the suppression of the insurrection at Kiev 1113 rik. Vaughn was stored in two parts - to the Court of Yaroslav and the Statute of Volodymyr Monomakh. Wide editorial office of the Russian
Truth to revenge 121 articles.

The expanse of Shchepravda is a highly developed code of feudal law, for which the privileges of feudal lords, a fallow camp of smerdivs, purchases, and unrighteous lackeys have been established. The majestic Truth witnessed the advancement of feudal land development, the respect for the protection of the right of power to the land and in the main is coming. Around the norms of Great Truth, the procedure for the transfer of lane to recessions, the arrangement of agreements, began.
Most of the articles are applied to criminal law and litigation.

Fast The truth was laid down in the middle of the 15th century. s re-broken
Broad Truth.

Bezperechno, scho, like і be-like іnshy legal act, Rosіyska
Indeed, I could not be guilty of an empty mіsci, I didn’t seem to have a basis in the viglyadі dzherel rights. I want to overhaul and analyze the price of dzherela, assess the changes in the history of the Russian
Truth. I would like to do it, vivchennya to the process of law is essentially educational, academic, and political and practical in nature. Greatly allowing the greater intelligence of the social nature of law, the particularity of that rice, and the ability to analyze the cause and debate that development.

1.1. Dzherela of old Russian law

Having found a dzherel, be it right, the spring of the Russian, є call, so that is the rule, like a vykonuvalas from the bagatoraz zasosuvannya і to the little people. In the ancestral suspension of antagonism, the name was picked up voluntarily. Vidsutni boules are special organizations for the protection of animals from destructions. The sounds changed even more frequently, which corresponded to the pace of change of the suspension itself. The right hand was formed like the sukupnity of new names, before the catch of the goiters, the powers that be were tied up, so that they could begin to emerge, and judge us beforehand.
Above legal norms (rules of behavior) were established by acts of princes. If you call on the sanction to become a sovereign rule, it will become a rule of simple law.
In the IX - X centuries in Russia, the very system of norms of the usny
, simple right. A part of the cich norms, unfortunately, was not recorded in the books of law and literature, which went down to us. about them can be deprived of zdogaduvatisya behind the surrounding fragments at the literary monuments and treaties of Russia from the 10th century.

One of the most recent old-Russian legal memorials of that hour, at which standards they knew the image, as I already zgaduvav at the entrance, є the most old Russian law - Russian Truth. Dzherelami її codifications became the norms of a simple ruler and a prince of court practice. Up to the number of norms of simple law, the Russian Truth is set before the provisions about blood feud (Art. 1 KP) and circular responsibility. (Art.
20 KP). Legislator viyavlya is put to cich zvychaiv: I’m bloody from vin pragne obmezhiti (sounding colo mesniks); on the basis of the blood of the family, the mutual guarantee is taken as the world, so that all the members of the community will be bound for their member, which caused evil ("Dika Vira" was imposed on the whole community)

Our literature from the history of Russian law has no single thoughts about the proclamation of Truth. Some are used not as an official document, not as a reference memory of legislation, but as a private legal system, folded up as an old Russian lawyer, or as a group of lawyers for their own special purposes. Інші vvazhayut
Russian Pravda as an official document, a reference by the Russian legislative authority, deprived of the copying of the copy, inherited from a lackluster old lists of Truth, as to be drawn to a few.

One iz dzherel Ruskoi Pravda buv Law
(Norms of criminal, recessionary, family, procedural law). Dossi do not pinch the super-streams of the day. In history

Russian law is not a single thought about the document. On the thought of the deceased historians, the henchmen of the Norman theory of walking
The old Russian state, the Law of the Russian Buv Scandinavian law, and the Russian historian V.O. Klyuchevskiy respected, that the Law of the Russian Bouv is "legal names", and how dzherelo Russian Truth is not "the primordial legal term of the common words, but the right of the Russian Federation, which wished to reach the important 9
11 tables. On the thought of some of the historians, the Law of the Russian business law, which was held in Russia for a long time, and in the image of the right of the early feudal suspension The law of the Russian law is necessary for the behavior of the princes' politics in the attached Slovian and non-Slovian lands. Win buv yakisno new stage of development of the Russian usny right in the minds of the state. It seems that wine is also partly represented in the treaties between Russia and the Greeks.

Agree with the Greeks - the dzherelo was thoroughly vinyatkov for the importance of the importance, which allowed the presenter to pry in the village of Russia IX - X century. The contract is the most important indicator of the high international camp of the Old Russian state, the first documents of the history of Russia middle. It’s my own time to talk about the seriousness of each of the two powers, about the class suspension, and the details make it clear to know us because of the nature of the borderless between Russia and Vizantyu. Tse tim. that Rusi has a tough class, it’s overflowing with the established agreements. The stench was not for the village masses, but for the princes, boyars and merchants. Our ordained chotiri have: 907, 911, 944, 972 rokiv. The stench of a lot of respect is attributed to the regulation of trade names, the value of the rights that Russian merchants were reprimanded for.
Візанії, as well as the norms of criminal law. With the agreements from the Greeks, my mother is private, since the owner has the right to order and transfer it for the commandment.

For the peace treaty 907 of the fate of the survivors of the crop
Rus' is a penny contribution, that will rally a tribute, a pressure for coming to the Vizantia of Russian messages and merchants, like those of the world's powers, who are singing food supplies. Prince Oleg domiciled the Russian merchants of the right to unlimited trade on the Vizantiysk markets. Rus' navit denied the right to mitysia in the Constantinople spades, if they could have lost the vilna gifts of Vizantiya. Contract for an hour of special construction by Oleg from the Great Emperor Lev VI. On the sign of the end of the war, laid down to the world,
Oleg hanging a shield on the gates of the city. Such a buv call the bagatokh people of Skhidnoy Europe. The whole agreement represents to us the Russians are no longer wild Varangians, but people, who know the sacredness of the honor of the people's urochistic minds, obey their laws, but control the security of the special officer, the power, the right to fall, the power of invocation, I suppress the trade.

911 rock Oleg confirmed his peace agreement with Vizantin. At the turn of the trivial ambassadorial agreements, the first in the history of the general Europe and the opening of the letters of the agreement between Vizantin and
Russu. The whole agreement was voiced with a richly meaningful phrase: "From the Russian family ... sent from Oleg the Great Duke of Russia and from all of them, from his hand - the saints and the great dukes and the great boyars ..."

The agreement has been approved by “peace and love” between two powers. Have
In 13 articles, the parties were home from the economical, political, legal nutrition, and from the civil society, they announced the revision of their children at the time of their misfortune. In one of the articles of the article about the arrangement of the union between them. The last Russian corrals regularly came to the warehouse of the last week before the hour of the trip to the city. Slid means, that between the names of the 14 nobles, who were implanted by the Grand Duke for the arrangement of peaceful minds from the Greeks, there is no word for it. Having become acquainted with the text, one might think that only the Varangians have lost their hearts to our first sovereigns, and have become obsessed with their power, have taken the fate of those on the right.

Agree 944 on the fate of all Russians so that I’ll step on the best way to step on the whole phrase about the binding nature of agreements for all Russian people. It was not from the name of the moment that the agreement was settled, as of the name of the prince and the boyars. Infections may not be realized, but all the nobles who were victorious under the rule of the cholovyka were great landowners, who not just the day before, but were trying to keep their trivial history, as the witches rose up in the estates. To speak about the fact that after the death of the head of the family, his squad was on the brink of such a honorable booth. Rosіyska Pravda pіdtverzhu tse stanovische: "What a cholovіk poklav for her, besides panі" (Troitsky list, p. 93). Significant part of the norms of the zychayy usny law in the crumbled viglyadi has gone to the Russian
The truth. For example, article 4 of the agreement 944 roku zagalom vіddaya vіdnі vіdnі vіdnі pіnі 911 roku, de established the wine city for the turn of the servant-vіkach, otherwise the analogous establishment is included before Rozlogoi
The truth (v. 113). Analyze the Russian-Visant agreements, it’s not important to go to the office, but about them about the panuvannya of the Visan’s law cannot be done. They are either given so called by agreement, on the basis of compromise between Russian and Ukrainian law (a typical butt is the norm about driving), or the principle of Russian law is carried out - the Russian law, as we are encouraged in the rules about striking a sword. for by the judge, for those voices of chi bitty that give a liter
5 terms for the Russian law "or in the rules about the stealing of mine.
Stink about finishing up a high branch of the recessionary law in Russia.

Ale is especially infused to get the development of the law of ancient Russia, I vvazhilo accepted Christianity in Russia. At 988 rotsi, before the hour of the prince in
Kiev of Prince Volodymyr is called “Khreschennya Rusi”. The process of the transition of Russia to the new world is opposed in a step-by-step manner, due to the singing difficulties, tied to the fracture of the old, tired glance and to the unfamiliar part of the population passes to the new verse.

For example, the X - the ear of the XI century at once due to the new religion in the language of Russia, new legislative acts come in the beginning of the 11th century; ... In the process of changing the positions of Christianity and the broadening of the culture of Kyivan Rus, a number of Hungarian legal documents are especially important - nomokanoniv, tobto. the revision of the canonical rules of the church rules of the Christian church and the decree of the Roman and Eastern emperors about the church.
Some of them є: a) Nomokanon Ioann Scholastica, writing in the 6th century and revenge on the most recent church rules, split into 50 titles, and the selection of laws from 87 times; b) Nomokanon 14 titles; c) Ekloga, seen 741 by Vizantyyskiy Emperor Lev
Yosovryanin and blue Kostyantin, assigned to civil law (16 titles from 18) and regulated feudal landholdings; d) Prokhiron, visions for example of the VIII century by Emperor Kostyantin, who called himself the Gradsky Law in Russia or the Manual Book of Laws; e) The Law of Judgment by Man, as set out by the Bulgarian Tsar Simeon.

By the year, the church-legal documents were named in Russia
With nourishing Books, they build up the dignities of the rightful legislative acts, and not bargainingly for these extended initiatives, the Institute of Church Judges is in the process of finding out the order from the princes. Nine and next report to describe the functions of church courts. At the hour of accepting the Christianity of the Russian Church, a double jurisdiction was given. In the first place, she judged all Christians, as spiritual persons, and laity, among the people on the right, of a spiritual and moral character. Such a court of law was established on the basis of the nomocanon brought from Vizantia on the display of church statutes, seen by the first Christian princes of Russia Volodymyr Svyatoslavovich and Yaroslav
Volodimirovich. Another function of church judges was given the right to judge Christians (spiritual and laity), all on the right: church and not church, civil and criminal. The church court at the non-ecclesiastical civil and the criminal on the right, but having prostrated itself against the church people, may be carried out for the religious law and the demand for the written laws of the religious laws, which became Russian Truth.

I saw two reasons for the need to establish such laws:
1) By the first church judges in Russia, the Greeks and the new words, who did not know the Russian juridical figures, , then I would like to try to remember the deyaky zvychai, as they know the most about the moral and legal sense of the Christian judges, who are vicious on Vizantyyskiy right. The very same reasons brought the legislator to the end of the document, which I mean.
Vvazhayu, that the establishment of the written crypt of laws without predominance of acceptance of Christianity and of the establishment of church courts. Aja earlier, until the middle of the 11th century, the prince's judgment would need to be written about the laws, because Still more old juridical characters, like the prince and the princely judges keruvalis at the court practice. Likewise, the panuvav is a magical process (straight), with which side, to gravitate, in fact, was carried out by the process. I, nareshty, prince, may I legislate the power, and once you consume it, you will need to make legal mistakes and allow the casual judgment.

So it is for a lot of confusion about those who are on the point
The Russian Truth has been inserted into the monuments of church-vizantyysk law, you can put the following butts:

1) Rosіyska Shchopravda vozvchuє court battles, madly, mali misce in the Russian judiciary XI-XII centuries, approved by the earlier I have designated "Laws of Russia". It is also possible to ignore and ignore the abundance of these things, but they are not very small, but they are not superfluous to the Church, or even those who fell under the jurisdiction of the church courts, but not
Russkoy Pravda, and church legislation (for example, the image in a word, the image of women and children and in.).

2) Navigate your own name to the Russian Truth in order to make the call out of the Belarusian legislation. Tse small code on kshtalt Eklogi ta
Prokhirona (synoptic code).

In Vizantia, for the tradition, which went from the Roman jurisprudence, a special form of codification was developed, which can be called synoptic codification. A glimpse of the truth was given by the Institutes of Justinian, and by those who gave it up, the support of the Russian Truth behind the Helm of the Book was given by Ekloga i
Prochiron. The price is a systematic rule of law, quicker to create legal knowledge, less legislation, not so arrangement, like handlers, attached to the best knowledge of laws.

Porіvnyuchi Rosіysku Pravda with monuments of Vizantіysk church law, pidsumovuchi vischevikladenі, I dіyshov visnovka, scho text
The Russian Truth is confined not to the princely, but to the ecclesiastical court, the middle of the ecclesiastical jurisdiction, for the purposes of which the work of the given monument of law is carried out by its robots.
Rosіyska Shchopravda to lay down to the greatest legal creations of the middle. For an hour, we will find a memorial of the Slovenian law, and we will completely base it on the court practice of the common words. Still Prokopiy Kessarisky at the 6th century, having respected the words and antiquities “all life and legalization are the same”. Apparently, there is no reason to “legitimize” Ruska. The truth is dumb, but to know the reality of the norms, which flowed the life of antiquity and how it was forgotten by the knowers of the ancestral possession is necessary. It is not for nothing that the word “law” was transferred to the pecheni and boo in them at the beginning of the XII century. You can say with good luck that the pomsta is good at that hour, I want it in the urged viglyadi in the Russian Truth. Not to be aware of the fact that the clan community with the invaders in the process of distribution, but that the institute of private power was injected into the ground, was transformed into a subordinate community with a singing number of rights and obligations. The new community knew its own video beat from Rus'kiy Pravda. Try to bring the kind of flow to the Russian Truth from the side of the Vizantyysk, Pivdennoslovyanskiy, Scandinavian legislation appeared to be absolutely unprecedented. Rossiyska Pravda won a whole lot on the Russian soil and was the result of the development of the Russian legal thought of the X-XII capital.

1. 2. LEGAL STATUS OF THE POPULATION

The efforts of the feudal support of the boule were strictly stratified, so that they formed from stanovs, the ruling and obligations, which were clearly established by law, as it was irregularly to each other and powers. In other words, kozhen stan mav sv_y legal status. It would be great for the great people to look at the feudal suspension from the view of the exploiters and the exploiters. The camp of the feudal lords, who became the battle force of the princely squads, with all their material vigodi, could waste life - the best - the simpler and the more simple, the less common villagers. Klas feudaliv formed step by step. Before the new, there were princes, boyars, squads, mists' nobility, posadniki, tiuni. The feudal lords were in charge of civil management and led to the professional organization of the organization. The stinks of the boules are mutually tied by the system of vassalitetu, which regulates the rights of that binding one before one and before the state. To secure the functions of the administration of the population, they paid tribute and court fines. The material consumption of the vital organization was neglected by the land authority.

The feudal suspension was religious-static, not schilastic until the rapid evolution. Pragnuchi zakrіpiti ciu statichnіst, the state conserved in the name of the legislative order.

The Russian Pravda has a number of norms that establish the legal framework for the surrounding population groups. A special place will be given to the specialness of the prince. It is to be seen that she is a physical person, so that I can tell you about the visitor's place and privilege. Ale dal, after the її text, it is important to draw the line, so that the legal status of the ruling ball and the settlement of the population is distributed. We know that there are two legal criteria that are especially visible for groups at the warehouse of the enterprise: norms for the change (sub) criminal judgment, the subordinate of the court, for the presence of a representative of the privy. Ale about the boyars themselves and the militiamen to move the code. Ymovіrno, for encroachment on them the death penalty was stricken. In the lithographs, it is not once described that the strata of the people are stuck in the middle of the hour. І also the norms about the special procedure for the inheritance of non-hassle (land) for representatives of the whole ball
(Article 91 PP). The feudal prodigy of naypershe saw a swagger at the time of the day. The church statutes for violence against boyars' squads and daughters get a lot of fines from 1 to 5 hryvnias per share. The power of the feudal lords is also low
... A fine of 12 hryvnias will be imposed for the destruction of the land cordon, as well as fines for the destruction of the bearers, boyars, for the theft of hunting falcons and hawks.

The important thing is the large number of the population was changed to wild and fallow people, and also to the intermediate and transitional categories.
Miske population extended to low social groups: boyars, clergy, merchants. "Nizi" (remanufacturers, other traders, robots, etc.) It is important to see how the world of the population of the Russian towns was crushed by small liberties, similar to those of Europe. Behind the p_drakhunks_history
MM. Tikhomirov, in Russia in the Mongolian period it was
300 міст. Miske life bulo nastilka rozvinene, which allowed
IN. Klyuchevskoy was introduced to the theory of "trade capitalism" from the Ancient Times
Rusi. M.L. Tikhomirov vvazhiv, that in Russia "the city was robbed by the vilnoyu people", and in the places of the towns it was the helpless lackeys.

Vilny residents of the city were reprimanded by the rightful zahist of Russia
Truth be told, they were spreading all the statistics about the zest of honor, the glory of that life. The merchant played a special role. It’s early enough to get together at the corporation (guild), which were called hundreds. Call "merchant a hundred" dialo for any church. "Ivanivske hundred" in Novgorod was one of the first merchant organizations in Europe.

Legally that economically independent group of bully also smerdi - community members (the stinks rallied the tributes and vikonuvali duties deprived of the reproach of the state).

Science has low thoughts about stinks, їkh vvazayut vilnye villagers, feudal-fallow, people of the slave camp, kripaks and to bring the category of similar people to other people. But the main controversy is being conducted on the line: vilny chi fallow (rabbi). Bagato istorikiv, for example, S.A. Pokrovsky, looking out at the stinkers, like commoners, pereichnyh hulks, scry vistavlyayutsya Rossiyskoy Pravda, vіlnaya unbounded in its righteousness to the people. So S.V. Yushkov bachiv at the smerds of a special sort of clogged Silskoy population, and B.D. Having taken over the Greeks, there will be stinks of fallen trees and stinks of willows. A.A. Zimin came up with an idea about the walking of sisters from lackeys.
More important is the place at the obruntuvanna thoughts may be two statutes of the Russian Truth.

Article 26 of the Short Truth, I will impose a fine for driving in slaves, in one read to say: "And in the serfs, the serfs are 5 hryvnias" (Academic list) In the archaeographic list I read: the same fine will be paid if a servant is driven into a slave. From another list of whipping
... It is uncomfortable to see the situation.

Article 90 of the Broad Truth to say: “If the stinker is dead, then decline to the prince; If there will be daughters in a new one, then dati їm posag "Deyakіs old-timers interpret її from that sense, that after the death of the stinker, it passed all the way to the prince and guilt of the man of the" dead hand ", so that it’s not worth passing the slump. Allegedly, the statistics rose to clarify the situation - there will be no more about those stinkers who died, not lurking blue, but the wailing of women from the descent powerfully on the singing stage of all the peoples of Europe. Th e Bachimo, thither stinker at once to the present ruler.

Despite the difficult status, the stink will not end. Smear for іnshim dzherels vistupaє, like a villager, like a house, mine, horse For stealing this horse, the law will establish a fine of 2 hryvnias. For the "flour" of the smerd, a fine of 3 hryvnias will be imposed. Rosіyska Shpopravda nowhere bezpossredno inform about the interchange of legal status of smerdіv, є vkazіvka those who smell the fines (sales) characteristic of the great hulks. The law has stolen the specialness of that stink. For some guilt and mischief, as well as for goitres and contracts, it was not for the specialist that the main one was responsible, for the Borgs the stink was thrown into the feudal-fallow procurement, in the ship process, the smert became an equal participant.

Russian Truth, if necessary, if necessary, for belonging to a specific social group (vigilante, servant, etc.)

Dani, because they fought, they fought the sidewalks of the community, and many members, to pay off Danin spontaneously, and by themselves, as if they had fostered the bullies of seduction to go to the Borg bondage to their own rich tribes. Borg bondage became the most important dzherel to form economically fallen people. The stinks were transformed into servants and lackeys, who bent their backs on their masters and not a little of their practical rights.
(from the word "row" - agreement) - those who set up agreements about their own time servant camp, and their life was estimated at 5 hryvnias.
Buti ryadovych bulo doesn’t get shitty, it’s because he’s a key keeper or a proprietor. Large collapsible legal figurine є purchase.
The truth is short, I will not buy it, but the Great Pravda has a special statute about the purchase. Purchase of a lyudin, pratsyuvav from the state feudal lord for "kupu", poziku, kudi could be included in value: land, thinness, pennies and inshe. Tsei borg slid vіdpratsyuvati, and didn’t lose standards. Outsource the robots by the creditor. To that with the build-ups of growth on the position, the enslaving staleness of the crumbling could have lasted for an hour. Persever legal regulation of Borgovyh against debt purchases from creditors has been raised from the Statute of Volodymyr
Monomakh Pislya insurrection purchased at 1113 r. the boundary dimensions of the views to the Borg were set up. The law, having protected the specialness and the main purchase, fence the pan in such a way as to punish the main. As I myself will purchase a right-handed drive, the visibility of the bullet is twofold: I will pay a fine to the injured person, but I will not buy it myself. re-incarnation of a common slave. Yogo legal status is rapidly changing.
For trying to uniqueness the gentleman without paying for the purchase, the purchase was made up to a slave. As a sign in the ship process, the purchase could appear only in special types. Purchase of a business unit by a legal entity
"Feudalization", enslavement, closure of large community members.

From Russian Pravda, a "role" (orny) purchase, which has been applied to foreign land, for its legal status is not based on any purchases
"non-role". As soon as they were recruited, they were aware of the fact that they were getting a fee for the robot, instead of sending it to a visitor. Roleyny purchased, working on a foreign land, chipped off on a private land, on a private one. Nerolines bought special servants to the pan at his booth. In the feudal state, there was a wide range of serfs-slaves, a number of which were populated by the lunatics, and also by the same tribesmen. The camp of slaves bulo in the krai heavy - stench
"lower than the bread of life and without salt from the rest of life." The feudal confusion quickly trimmed the people in the slave camp. Innocent, being angry at all earthly and heavenly hopes, the lackeys got angry at them, they gave their hand to the mischievous gentlemen. So, 1066 rock, povidomlyaє
Novgorodskiy litopis, after being strangled by the mighty slaves, one of the church boosters, Bishop Stephen. A slave is a naybilsh unrighteous sub'єkt of law. Yogo mainovye encampment is special: mustache, scho vin mav, bulo vlasnistyu pan. Yogo specialty as a sub'єkta of law was not seized by law, In court proceedings a slave cannot be a party. (positive, vidpovidac, svidka). If you are satisfied with your wedding in court, it’s a little bit of a lyudin to settle for the “words of a slave”. The law regulates the development of the bondage of the Russian Truth and the transfer of these types of messages: the very sales of slavery, the people of the rabbi, the befriending of the slave, the "housekeeper", tobto. I entered the service until the pan, and without being shy about preserving the status of a vilnoy people. Naybilsh we will broaden the dzherel of servitude, we will not guess the same
Rosіyska Truth, buv poloneny. Ale if the servant was full of absent - "from the rati taken", then the same tribesmen could vikupiti yogo. The price for a full bull with a high one is 10 gold coins, more important gold coins of the Russian chi vizantij karbuvannya. It’s not a skinny way to pay for a new wikup. And as a slave, having walked in his own Russian clan-tribes, todi check and bazhav in the death of his pan. The Lord, with the command of his spiritual ones, will encourage him to spokutuvati earthly sin, to let the lackeys into freedom. Pislya tsi perevoryuvavsya servant on the wild lettuce, to be released into the wild. Serfs stood at the bottom of the table even at the old hour of social gatherings. Dzherela slavery buli is also: condemnation of evil (also punishment, as “potik and robbery” transferred the appearance of slavery “with the head”, transformed into a slave), in the course of purchasing from a pan, evil bankruptcy (may be a merchant). obrok zb_lshuvalis. Rozorennya by unbearable extortions of stinkers-giants gave rise to another category of fallen people-izgoyev. The outcast of a lyudin, expelled by the power of important living conditions from his stake, rozorilsya, wasted the day, family, domination. The name izgoy to be like, mabut, is from the old word "goity", which is synonymous for the old hours
"live". In the same vein of a special word for such people to speak about a great number of deer. Prosperity as a social phenomenon widened widely in Ancient Rus, and feudal legislators were led to include in the crypt of ancient laws statutes about izgoyev, and to the fathers of the church constantly zgaduvati in their sermons

So it’s possible to deyake a statement about the legal establishment of the main categories of the population.
Rusi.

VISNOVOK

Bezperechno, Rossiyska Pravda is a unique memory of old Russian law. Being the first written knowledge of laws, won, protest, to reach the wider scope of today's news. Won є the stars of the rooted feudal law, in which the norms of the criminal and civil rulership and the process.

Rossiyska Pravda є official act. At the її text, takings against princes, who took over and changed the law (Yaroslav
Mudriy, Yaroslavichi, Volodymyr Monomakh).

Rossiyska Pravda is a monument of feudal law. Won’t all the wonders of the interest of the panic class and the doorway of the wrong-headed non-workers - serfs, servants.

Russian Truth in all editors and lists is a memory of the majestic historical significance. Stretching a few tables, it served as the main criterion for the hour of the ship's inspection. At that chi іnshomu viglyadі Rossіyska Truth went to the warehouse or served as one of the most recent ship letters: Pskov ship charter, Dvіnskoy statutory charter 1550, find some articles of the Cathedral Code of 1649 fate.
Dovga stasis of the Russian Truth at the courts on the right will explain to us the appearance of such views of the Russian edition of the Russian Truth, which were given to the rear-end units and to the additions of the XIV and XVI centuries.

Rosіyska Pravda nasіlka kindly pleased the consumers of the princely courts, which included up to the legal rules right up to the XV century. Lists
Shirokoi Pravda actively expanded from the 15th to the 16th century. I only in
1497 buv visions of the Code of Law of Ivan III Vasilovich, which replaced Rozlog
The truth is that it is mainly the rights of the territories shared by the warehouses of the centralized Russian state.

LIST OF VIKORISTANO LITERATURI.

1. GREKIV B.D. Kyivska Rus. Politvidav. 1953.

2. ZIMIN A.A. Serfs in Russia. M. Science. 1973.

3. ІСАЄВ І. A. History of the State and Law of Russia. M. 1999.

4. Sverdlov M.B. From the law of the Russian to the Russian Truth. M. 1988.

5. TIKHOMIROV M.M. Collection of articles of the Russian Orthodox Church of the Truth. Vidavnitstvo

Moscow University. 1953.

6. CHRESTOMATIYA of powers and rights of the USSR. Dozhovtnevy period.

Edited by YU.P. TITOV and V.O. CHISTYAKOVA M. 1990.

7. KLYUCHIVSKY VO The course of the Russian history part 1.5-type.

8. Shchapov Ya.M. Princes of statues and churches near Ancient Rus 9-14 centuries.

9. YUSHKOV S.V. Rossiyska Truth: Pokhodzhennya, dzherela, її meaning. M.

The term "truth", which is often found in old Russian dzherels, means legal norms, on the basis of which the court is being conducted (zvidsi virazi "judge the right" or "judge in truth", to be objectively, fairly). Dzherela codification - the norms of the law of the wives, the princely court practice, as well as the postulated norms of the authoritative dzherel - in front of the Holy Letter. Є dumka, what do you do? Russian truth having snoozed Law Ukrainian(On yogo norms є posilannya in the text The agreement Rusi z Vizantinu 907), the protest from this article was extended to the text of the Russian Truth, and they were original, there are no exact tributes. In one hypothesis, the name "Pravda Roska" resembles the lexemi "ros" (abo "rus"), which means "vigilante". And here, in the text of the crypt of the norms of the Bachiti code, the adoption of the regulation of vidnosin from the princely-druzhinnaya middle. The meaning of the tradition of the norms of zychaychnyh law (nowhere recorded by anybody) was boiled down among the lesser, below the middle of the community.

Rosіyska Shchopravda went up to the present on the lists of the 15th century. that eleven lists of 18-19 Art. It is known from the traditional Russian history, the texts and the lists are subdivided into three editions. Ruskoi Pravda: Short, Rozlogі Skorochenu.

Found a list of the first editors Pravdi Ruskoiє Short Shchopravda(20-70-tі rocky 11 st.) The truth of Yaroslav the Wise(1019-1054) ta Truth Yaroslavichiv... First 17 articles Truth to Yaroslav(according to the breakdowns of the previous ones, the marks at the very text of the dzherela podil on the statistics of the German), as in two lists of the 15th century. at the warehouse of Novgorodsky I wrote a list, so there is more early layer - the first 10 recorded norms, "Yashkir Yaroslav judging" - they call it Finding the Truth (« Truth Rosіyskoyu"). The text її bulo was added not earlier than 1016 to rock. Through a quarter of a century text Found Truth lіg in the basis of all Truth to Yaroslav- The Code of Case Law. Tsi norms were regulated at the borders of the princely (chi boyar) domination; in the middle of them - decide to pay for driving, drawing an image, kalitstv and beatings, stealing and fiddling with someone else's mine. ear Short Truth overturned in the fixation of the norms of simple law, fragments in those who go about blood feud (Art. 1) and circular responsibility (Art. 19).

Pravdoyu Yaroslavichiv(synonym of Yaroslav the Wise) are called statutes 19–41 in the text Short Truth... The qia chastin to the code of the bula is stored at the 70s of the 11th century. and until the end of the century, we were constantly updated with new articles. Before them, articles 27–41 are submitted, which are submitted to Pokin virniy(tobto Fines statute at the prince's reproach for driving in vilny people and the norms of getting through the collection of payments), I will Lesson to bridge builders(Tobto Rules for quiet, hto bridging the passage of a part at the places). Zagalom Short editorial Ruskoi Pravda transforming the process of formalizing the laws from the rims of vypadkіv to zagalny norms, from the definition of specific food to the formalization of zalnogo rights at the stage of the formation of the middle feudal order.

Rozloga True- friend of the editorial board Ruskoi Pravda, a monument to the rooted feudal suspension Stvoreno at the 20-30s of the 12th century. (A number of precedents will link up with the Novgorod insurgents of 1207-1208 and that they will be brought up to the 13th century). I saved 100 lists at the warehouse of legal zbirniks. Samiy early - Synodal List of the Expanded Pravda- warehouses near Novgorod in 1282, contributions to the Keeper of the book and being a zbori of vizant and Slovenian laws. The first early list is Troitsky, 14th century. - enter the warehouse Mirila righteous, and find a found Russian legal book. Most lists Broad Truth- Пізніші, 15-17 st. All the wealth of texts Broad Truth can be combined in three types (in dzhereloznstvі - izvodu): Synodal-Troitsky, Pushkinsko-Archaeographicі Karamzin... Sleep for all types (or stars) є explaining the text Short Truth with the norms of the princely legislation of Svyatopolk Izyaslavich, who ruled Kiev from 1093 to 1113 r., as well as the Statute of Volodymyr Monomakh 1113 r. (the statute of the start of the size of the list, which was contracted for the agreed positions). For volume Rozloga True mayzhe five times more Short(Statute 121 with amendments). Articles 1–52 called yak Yaroslav's court, stattі 53-121 - yak Statute of Volodymyr Monomakh... Normy Broad Truth diali to the Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia and yogo period.

Deyakі prelіdniki (M. N. Tikhomіrov, A. A. Zimin) respected, Rozloga True bully in front of the memory of the Novgorod collegiate legislation, which became all-Russian norms. Stage "official" Broad Truth not a home, like the exact border of the region, housed by the norms.

Nayspirnіshim monument of old Russian law є so called Fast Truth- about the third edition Ruskoi Pravda, scho vinikla at 15 st. Vona went all the way on two lists of the 17th century, patronized by Helms down special warehouse. Vvazhaєtsya, scho qia editorship of vinikla yak fast text Broad Truth(Name of the name), the bullock was stored in the Perm land and became a kind of transfer to the Moscow principality. It’s not a matter of fact, but in the base text there was more early and unavoidable memory of the other half of the 12th century. Among those who are there to reach the super-lists of the latest editions The truth, especially - tsієї, third.

On the cob 14 tbsp. Russian Truth I thought I’ve got my own meaning yak dyuche dzherelo right. The sensibility of being victorious at these terms became impertinent to rewriting and editors, which led to the whole text. On the cob 15 tbsp. Russian truth have ceased to turn on before legal zbіrnikіv, scho talk about the waste of її norms of legal force. At the same hour, the text began to be entered into the literary crypt - it became history. Text Ruskoi Pravda(Rіznih editsіy) lіg in the basis of legal dzherels - Novgorod and Smolenska with Riga and the Gotsky coast (nіmtsy) 13 century, Novgorodskyі Judicial charters, Lithuanian Statute 16 tbsp., Code of Law Casimir 1468 і nareshty zalnorosіyskogo cryptinnya norms of the era of Ivan III - Code of Law 1497.

Short Truth was first seen by V. N. Tatishchev in 1738 and seen by A. L. Schletser in 1767. Rozloga True first published by I. N. Boltinim at 1792. At the 19th century. above The truth Most prominent Russian lawyers and historians - I.D. Evers, N.V. Kalachev, V.I. Sergiyovich, L.K. Getts, V.O. Ruskoi Pravda, in exchange between lists, the day they see their legal norms, their turns in the vizant and Roman law. At the Radianskiy іstorіography, the head of uvaga turned into a "class day" dzherela, how to look (pratsi B.D. Grekov, S.V. Yushkov, M.M. Tikhomirov, I.I. Smirnova, L.V. Cherepnina, A.A. .Zimina) - tobto for vivchennya for help Ruskoi Pravda social issues and class struggle in Kiev Rus. Radianskі іstoriki have spoken out, scho Russian Truth Has consolidated social inequality. Everywhere, having stolen the interests of the non-professional class, she was out of the door with the rightless non-workers - lackeys, servants (so the life of a lackey was estimated at 16 times lower, less than the life of a rival “person”: 80 hryvnias). Good luck with the pictures of the radio history, Russian Truth There was a disparity between women and men, as well as in private spheres, but it’s not like that (NL Pushkarova). For the last few hours, it was accepted to talk about Russian Truth like about one dzherelo, three editions are not enough. The whole set of ideological attitudes towards the founding of Old Russia into a single legal code, like the Old Russian state itself, was seen as a "Koliska" of three Slavonic peoples. In the Danish hour, Russian prelates (I.M.Danilevsky, A.G. Golikov) often talk about Short, Rozlogoyі Fast Truth as about independent memorials, which may be the most important for the vivchennya of the new parts of the state of Russia, analogous to the zalnoros and motssevimi scripts.

The text of the Russian Truth was published several times. Є Outside the academic view of all the lists.

Lev Pushkarov, Natalia Pushkarova

ADDITIONER

ROSISKA TRUTH IN SHORT EDITOR

RUSSIAN LAW

1. If a lyudin is in a lyudin, then a brother will take revenge for (driving) a brother, a sin for a dad chi a two-year brother, whose nephew is from the side of a sister; if there will be no one, who would take revenge, pay 40 hryvnia for the hammered in; if (killed) bude Rusyn, Gridin, merchant, yabidnik, swordsman or izgoy і Slovenin, then pay for a new 40 hryvnia.

2. If you will be beaten to the blood, or to the sins, then there will be no shukati of people of svidkiv; if there will be no more slidіv (beatings), then don’t let the svіdіv come; if you can’t (bring up information), then please ask; If you cannot take revenge for yourself, then don’t take it from the wine 3 hryvnia of wine and to the likar who suffered the same payment.

3. If you hit someone with a batog, a pole, a p'yastka, a bowl, a horn or a sword with a plaz, then (pay) 12 hryvnias; If you don’t sleep well, then you have to pay, and it’s on the right to end.

4. If you strike with a sword, if you didn’t win it (z pіkhv), or if you use a handle, then (pay) 12 hryvnias for the victim.

5. If you hit (with a sword) on the hand and if the hand is out, then (pay) 40 hryvnia.

6. As soon as the leg is lost, (ale) as it is almost kulgati, so do not let the (wine) household (wounded) be conquered.

7. If you (hto) vіdsіche (comus) like a finger, then (pay) 3 hryvnias of wine and the victim.

8. And for (bismicnut) vus (pay) 12 hryvnia, and for a piece of beard - 12 hryvnia.

9. If you want to bare your sword, if you don’t hit it (їm), then you’ll pay the hryvnia.

10. As soon as a lyudin shtovhne lyudinu see himself, for himself (to pay) 3 hryvnia, as if to display two svidkiv; ale yaksho (beatings) if the Varangian chi kolb'yag, then (don't you yourself) go to the oath.

11. If you are a servant to cling to a Varangian, or to a kolbyag, but you cannot turn it for three days (for a colossus), then, having recognized it on the third day, you (for a colossus) take your servant, and (3 hryvaca pay) wine and the victim.

12. If you want to ride someone else's horse, without a drink, you pay 3 hryvnia.

13. If you are in the presence of someone else's horse, I’m ready for you, and (gentleman) know (їх) in your svytі, then don’t win your own, and (pay the villainy) 3 hryvnias of wine and tolerate.

14. If you know what you have (your own riche at be-someone), then you can't take it, it seems (with tsom) "moє"; ale, do not say: "Go to the crypt (z'yasuєmo), de taking її"; if (that) does not come, then do not let (whistle) the guarantor, (come to the crypt) after five days.

15. As soon as here (hto) it is less tight with kogos іnshe, and then if you get confused, then go to the crypt in front of 12 people; and if you appear, but ominously not seeing (the subject of the call), then (for the needy ric) go (pay) to him (to the victim) a penny and (for that matter) 3 hryvnias of wine and to the victim.

16. If you know your servant, if you zaginu, you want to take it, then bring it to the one who has a purchase, and that virus to another (reseller), if you go to the third, then don’t tell you: Ti me see your servant, and whine your pennies at the meeting.

17. If the servant to hit a vila lyudin and then in a mansion, and the pan does not want to see it, then the servant should take his own and pay for a new 12 hryvnia; and for that, if here you know the servant was beaten by him a ludin, do not hay yogo vb'є.

18. And if (hto) zlamaє is written off, the shield is abo (zipsuє) odyag if you want to leave it for yourself, then (my lord) get rid of (for compensation) a penny; if you are angry, if you try (evil) to turn, then pay him a penny, giving (sir) when you buy a speech.

The law, regulations for the Russian land, if izyaslav, Vsevolod, Svyatoslav, Kosnyachko Pereneg (?), Nikifor Kiyanin, Chudin Mikula were selected.

19. If you hit the butler, pay for the (zavdanu їm) image, then pay 80 hryvnia for the new one, but people (pay) do not need: but (for driving) the prince pid'їzny (pay) 80 hryvnia.

20. And if the butler is thrown into rogue, and the (people) don’t make a noise, then they’ll pay the trust, the corpse of the murdered person is known to have been found.

21. If you kill the butler (for stealing) at the house (for stealing) a horse for stealing a cow, then let’s kill (for stealing) like a dog. Also, the establishment (dіє) і for driving the tіun.

22. And for the (killed) prince tiun (pay) 80 hryvnia.

23. And for (driving in) the senior stableman at the herd (pay) 80 hryvnia, yak grabbed Izyaslav, if the expensive people had driven the groom.

24. And for driving the (prince's) old age, which had given in villages chi rillami, (pay) 12 hryvnias.

25. And for (driving) the prince Ryadovich (pay) 5 hryvnia.

26. And for (driving in) a stinker for (driving in) a slave (to pay) 5 hryvnias.

27. Yaksho (hammered in) a slave-godvalnitsa or an uncle-whip, (then pay) 12 (hryvnia).

28. And for a prince's horse, as a result of a brand (pay) 3 hryvnias, and for a stink - 2 hryvnias, for a kobila - 60 rubles, and for an ox - a hryvnia, for a cow - 40 rubles, and (for) a tririchka - 15 kunas , For a dvohrіchka - pivgrivnі, for a calf - 5 pounds, for a lamb - a leg, for a ram - a leg.

29. And if (xthos) is introduced to someone else's servant and slave, then I should pay 12 hryvnias of wine to the victim.

30. As soon as the beats come to the blood, the choloviks are not shouted to them.

31. And if a horse steals a will chi (robbery) dim, if there is only one crush, then pay one hryvnia (33 hryvnia) and thirty money; if the villains are 18 (? navit 10), then (pay the skin) three hryvnias and 30 rubles to pay people (? princes).

32. And if you want to fight the prince, or to knock (from her) bjoli, (to pay) 3 hryvnias.

33. Yaksho, without the princely order, katuvatimut smerd, (or rallying) 3 hryvnias per image; and for (katuvannya) vognischanin, tyun and swordsman - 12 hryvnia.

34. And if (хтос) there is a break between or to devalue the line mark on the tree, then (pay) 12 hryvnias to the victim.

35. And if the choven is stolen, then you have to pay 30 rubles for the choven, and 60 rubles for the fine.

36. And for a pigeon, for a cock (pay) 9 kunas, and for a pitching, for a crane, for a swan - 30 rubles; and the fine is 60 rubles.

37. And if you steal someone else's dog, the hawk and the falcon, then (pay) the wine and the victim 3 hryvnia.

38. If there is a villainy in his own house in the house of chi bilya khlib, then so will it be; if they saw him to the svitanka, then bring him to the prince's yard; and if people used it, then pay for it.

39. If you steal sino, then (pay) 9 kunas; and 9 kn for firewood.

40. If you steal a vivtsyu, a goat or a pig, before that one vivtsyu stole 10 (lyudin), then don’t pay 60 new fines (kozhen); and to the tampered one (the evil of paying) 10 rubles.

41. And from the hryvnia of swordsmen (to lay) a kun, and in tithe 15 kunas, and to the prince 3 hryvnias; and for 12 hryvnias - 70 kunas, scho catching the villainy, and in tithe 2 hryvnias, and for the prince 10 hryvnias.

42. And the axis of the installation for the virnik; take 7 bottles of malt for a day, as well as a ram or a pint of meat or two legs; and in the middle of the rizan chi siri; also at Friday, and the bread and butter (take) a little bit of food; and chickens (brothers) two for a day; to put 4 horses and I want to live; and the virnyk (pay) 60 (? 8) hryvnia, 10 r_zan and 12 veverin; and when you enter the hryvnia; if it is necessary for an hour to post (yom) ribi, then take 7 ribs for riba; only a penny 15 kunas; and hliba (davati) skilki can z'ist; Let the wives pick up the wind by holding out the money. The axis is also ordered by Yaroslav.

43. And the axis of tax (established for) new bridges; If it’s a place, then grab a leg by the robot and from the skin shed of the leg bridge; if they put a splinter of planks on the old bridge - 3, 4 chi 5, then the brothers w.

Monuments of Russian law. Vip. 1.M., 1952.S. 81-85

"Ruska Pravda" is the most comprehensive legal code in Russia, de Bully described old Russian laws for the first time. Found Russian Truth is known until the hour of Yaroslav the Wise. In the period from 1068 to 1072, three blue blues (Izyaslav, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod) added and revised the laws of Rus. The new zbirka became the name Rossiyska Pravda Yaroslavichiv. The statute will briefly tell you about the dzherelo rights in Russia.

Furnish the acceptance of Truth Yaroslavichiv

The middle of the XI century. I saw it especially troublesome for the Kiev rulers. An ear of folk zavorushen poured the rebellion in 1068 to fate. Vono bulo wiklikan not deprive the bazhanny of the evil of the unloved ruler Izyaslav, the blue who killed 70 people "children", and the yazychnitsky viruvannya, like dosi bully widened among the people. Stretching out a few rockies among the small cocks of Russia, they slept the people's revolts. Everyone went to fight: stinkers, villagers, craftsmen, merchants. Frequently, the insurrection of all the places was fooling the yazychnitsky sorcerers. From the same time, feudal boules were taken from the great burial places of the old Russian population.

I want to like to encircle the princely people, the princes were led to drink in deeds. Visoki viruses seized the very sources of the suspension from the common people. Remembering the thrashing of 1068 - 1071 Yaroslavichi destroyed all the ways of preventing new riots and changing the basis of the feudal system. The Zalnorosіysky Codex was signed at Vishgorodі.

Features of Yaroslavl Truth

The new establishment of laws also prodovzhuvalo Ruska the Truth of Yaroslav the Wise, і, right now, it’s right up front, the hijacker of the possible people. However, the tse dzherelo right seized the life of that mano of any inhabitant of Russia. Rossiyska prospravda Yaroslavichiv is a dzherelo of the rights of Rusi, the head particularity of the one who has a lot of bloodshed. So for driving the prince's tyun chi fire-dweller, a fine of 80 hryvnias was imposed, for driving the prince's old age - 12 hryvnias.

The rabbi-godvalnitsa was born to the elder, and that vera herself was paid for her. And the axis of driving a slave in vbivtsi brought him to pay 5 hryvnias, with a fine of 12 hryvnias for the introduction of another's slave. So it’s a stranger’s power that was taken up to the life of the prince’s old age, and it could be twice as bad for the life of a simple slave. It’s not marvelous, the life of the villainous Russian truth of Yaroslavich’s seized also self-defense, right up to his death was allowed, and the axis for death with the witness of an already tied villain was paid.

In one of the many articles of the truth of Yaroslavich, there is about the recognition of a woman. Yake accustomed to vivivstvo, she was paid at the price of 40 hryvnia. The life of the senior vigilante was valued at 120 hryvnia, and for some people the sum was great, as it is possible to reduce the price to the instability in the center of Moscow. If the prince's cholovik was driven in by the rogue, it is impossible to drive him into the image, to visit the visiting persons. Tse Bula is one of the deeds of the prince's power.

For the image that wounded, there were also fines. Begin to punish the one who first repaired the beyku. Tsikavo, the gentleman himself has accepted the lackey. After reading a few days of the Svidkiv Institute, they began to fraternize with the Svidkiv demonstration, the order of the judiciary was revised. In a word, the bloody pomst has pinned down its iznuvannya. I residual early feudal suspension.

For the driving in of the feudal lord, the feudal lord was suvorish, not for a simple community member. However, on the basis of our laws, the legal code of Old-time Russia will make it strong, and if the governor can suddenly ram someone else's car, then in Ancient Russia the prince will pay a fine for a friend to pay a fine.

Slid to mean that in the general viewer, the Russian lawyer Yaroslavich did not protect herself, and more than once she became aware of the editorship. The discovery of the Truth of Yaroslav Svitovoy became the basis of the new criminal code of Russia.

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