Laser buildings scanning. Ground laser scanning
Laser scanning of buildings, houses and various structures is performed using a 3D scanner as a result of which the cloud of points is obtained. Each point has a spatial coordinate and color. After the so-called sewing of several databases, scanning cloud points can have weight from a gigabyte to 10-20 GB depending on the scan settings and the number of database scans. After this cloud of points is possible, in the presence of a powerful computer, browse in AutoCAD, ArchiCAD, Revit, 3D MAX, Recap and other programs. After relatively minimal processing, the execution of orthophotoplans is possible - a raster image, for example, the facade, which is designed to the plane and the scale and coordinates. And most importantly allows you to perform high-precision drawings of the model of buildings and structures and other objects.
Examples of laser scanning of buildings
Three-dimensional laser scanning allows you to get high-precision drawings of various objects. Our staff will hold a laser measurement of premises at an affordable cost in Moscow and the Moscow region, with further processing the result obtained on the computer. Our services are available for everyone.
Architectural measurements of cultural heritage objects, buildings and structures are performed using high-precision equipment: 3D scanners and Leica 3D Disto, which allows you to get accurate measurements of objects. Very often, buildings and structures with complex architecture come in the role of such objects, which causes complexity when performing measurements by theodolites, tacheometers and other geodetic devices. Our devices and work experience allow you to perform these work with maximum accuracy. According to the results of measurement work, our specialists can prepare not only floor plans, cuts, facades, roof plans, etc., but we can quickly and qualitatively create an accurate 3D model of the object. For budget organizations, we will perform the cost of work on estimated standards and closing the volume of work performed according to CS-2 and COP-3.
Examples of work on architectural events
We clearly understand, from what stages architectural measurements are consisting. In no case impose other services and do not take an additional fee for work, which is already included in this service. At first, our experts prepare the technical task, after that, measurements are already performed at the facility and prepare the necessary drawings.
We are ready to make measurements of any accuracy, complexity and square: small sketches and understandable schematic images, detailed and accurate measurements. The cost of such a service depends on which area of \u200b\u200bthe object, our manager will help you in the calculations.
Measurements for BIM models
Informational modeling of the BIM building This is a three-dimensional model of a construction object, a building associated with an information database, in which each model element can be assigned additional attributes. The peculiarity of this approach lies in the fact that the construction object is actually prohibited as a whole. And the change in any one of its parameters will attract the automatic change in the remaining parameters associated with it and objects, up to drawings, visualizations, specifications and calendar graphics. Our country has developed a road map BIM technology behavior in construction until 2020. Our specialists operate in the AUTODESK Revit modeling system. The model will be executed according to the scanning results from the clouds of points.
To create, process and storing information about the design, features of operation and current technical condition, a complex building modeling system is used (Rus. Abbr. - Bim). The complexity of BIM is complete information about the construction site: ranging from geological and geodesic description, ending with the actual dimensions of the building and communications.
Creating an information model
The digital model of a building or structure is created at different stages of the "life" of the object:
- At the design stage using CAD and becomes an integral part of the draft proposal. The information package includes: construction calculations, project and estimated documentation.
- At the construction stage, measurements are made to measure the actual values \u200b\u200bof the size of the object. Certified devices are used for the measurement, whose data format is compatible with BIM format. The measurement is made at key stages of construction.
- At the stage of operation, the state of the building or structure is monitored. The frequency and scope and volume of the object is determined by the master plan.
Data format At all stages of creating an information model, and can be adjusted and / or updated in an automated mode.
Laser scan is an advanced contactless technology of three-dimensional measurement of objects and surfaces. Compared with traditional optical and satellite geodesic methods, laser scanning technology is characterized by phenomenal detail, incredible speed, high measurement accuracy. This technology is truly revolutionary in the field of engineering research, since it is his appearance that predetermined the powerful high-quality jerk of the entire industry. Today, laser scanning is widely used in architecture, industry and energy, geodesy and markets, at the facilities of transport infrastructure, in civil and industrial construction, the production industry, archeology, is also in demand in many other industries and national economy.
What is three-dimensional laser scanning?
What needs to be done to build an exact three-dimensional model of a building or a drawing of the workshop? Of course, first carry out measurements and obtain the coordinates of all objects (spatial x, y, z or x, y on the plane), and then present them in the desired graphical form. It is the measurement of the object coordinates, in other words, the shooting is the most time-consuming and costly part of all work. As a rule, geodesists or other measurement specialists use modern equipment, primarily electronic tacheometers that allow the coordinates of the points with high accuracy (up to several millimeters).
The principle of operation of the electronic tacheometer is based on the reflection of the narrow-controlled laser beam from the reflective goal and measuring the distance to it. The reflector in general serves a special prism, which is attached on the surface of the object. The definition of two angles (vertical and horizontal) and the distance makes it possible to calculate the three-dimensional spatial coordinates of the reflection point. The speed of measurement of the tacheometer is low (no more than 2 measurements per second). This method is effective in filming a rarefied area, lowered area, but even in this case the complexity with which it is necessary to encounter when attaching reflective prisms (at high altitude or in a hard-to-reach place), are often irresistible.
The relatively recent appearance of irrecipient electronic total stations, which work without special reflectors, produced a "velvet" revolution in geodesy - now it is possible to carry out measurements without long and tedious searches of stairs for the rise of the reflector under the roof of the house, all kinds of stands for installing the prism over the floor indoors with high The ceilings and other similar difficulties are just enough to visit the required point, because the beam can be reflected from any smooth surface.
When using the method of traditional tacheometric measurements, how long, for example, it will be necessary for a detailed shooting of the facade of the building with a height of 20 m or the workshop of the metallurgical plant with an area of \u200b\u200b2 hectares? Weeks, months? The use of an irrecipient tachometer can significantly reduce the terms, but, nevertheless, even in this case, a specialist will conduct long hours and days behind the device. And with what density it can perform the facade shooting - one point per square meter? It is unlikely that it will be enough to build a high-quality detailed drawing with all the necessary elements. And now imagine that you have an irrepresentation of a tachometer that leads the shooting automatically, without the participation of the operator, at a speed of 5 thousand measurements per second! More recently, such a proposal was no less fantastic than flight to the moon hundred years ago. Today it has become as real as the traces of American astronauts or the Russian "lunost" on the surface of our heavenly neighbor. Name of this miracle - laser scan. This is a method that allows you to create digital models of the entire surrounding space, representing it with a set (cloud) of points with spatial coordinates.
The shooting at a speed of 5 thousand points per second was miraculously when the technology of laser scanning was just beginning to conquer the world of geodesic surveys. Now modern laser scanners allow you to shoot with a truly incredible speed - more than a million points per second! It really greatly reduces labor costs at the field stage of work, while giving an opportunity to quickly receive superfront data of measurement results with high accuracy.
Where does the laser scanning applied?
As many technical innovations and technologies that recently released from the laboratories of scientists, the laser scan is only at the beginning of the way of mastering a variety of applications. But now you can list several technological areas in which 3D laser scanners are applied more and more actively and have already become almost indispensable:
- shooting industrial facilities (plants, refineries, complex production);
- shooting of energy objects (atomic, hydro and thermal power plants);
- shooting bridges;
- shooting and profiling of tunnels;
- industrial measurements (determining the volume of tanks, liquid and bulk materials);
- mining;
- Restoration and construction;
- Architecture and archeology.
The use of laser scanning technologies in architecture has become already everyday matter. Indeed, in most cases, only using a laser 3D scanner, you can most fully, accurately, quickly and efficiently perform the following works:
- facade shooting;
- architectural measurements;
- creating and restoring executive documentation;
- three-dimensional fixation of the state with identification of defects and deformations;
- return engineering (reengineering) with the construction of three-dimensional models of existing buildings and structures;
- monitoring the state of the object at the subsequent operation stages;
- exercise of the author's supervision when conducting a project;
- control of construction work (volume and percentage).
Of course, the appearance of three-dimensional technologies did not cancel the use of the usual 2D drawings. At the exit, the customer still receives standard two-dimensional floor plans, sweeps of facades, cuts, sections and other drawings. But now it is performed faster and better.
Omerfire work
The measurements are precise measurements of all elements of the architectural structure or complex, followed by fixing their size in the drawing. The measurements serve as one of the main sources for restoration or recreation of works of architecture and are included in the complex engineering and technical research.
The purpose of the measurement is to obtain the most complete spatial geometric and graphical fixation of the object under study and its parts in their modern state. Under facilities are individual buildings or structures, architectural or engineering complexes, sculptural compositions, and so on. The results of measurement work are used in the future as the starting material for:
- identifying or clarifying actual design solutions at the facility;
- definitions of the spatial position of the object and its parts;
- clarifications of geometric forms of individual elements of the object;
- definitions of deformations of object designs;
- architectural monitoring of the state of the object;
- carrying out the design calculations of the object or its elements;
- preparation of baseline materials for design and restoration work;
- constructing three-dimensional models with subsequent 3D visualization;
- use in GIS and other consumer applications.
Requirements for measurement work, their composition (species and volumes), details and accuracy are determined by the technical task approved by the Customer, the Program of Work and Regulatory Documentation.
Stages of work and results
Omnic work is performed in two stages: field and desk.
- Catchy works are usually produced in the office, using specialized computer programs. The processing of the data obtained is performed, drawing up graphic materials and reporting documentation.
Field work is made directly on the object itself. The instrumental collection of the geometric characteristics of the object is performed (measurements using 3D scanning technologies) and photo scan.
In the field stage, except for the measurement themselves, when collecting information about the facility, photo scatter is carried out - natural, document-protocol, artistic or combination thereof. In recent years, it becomes especially popular 3D fixation. It is also performed using laser scanning and is a spatial raster that retains the exact geometry. This allows the designer to get absolutely any necessary types of object. Moreover, on such a raster model (cloud of points), you can perform any measurements, being on your workplace, that is, without re-departure to the object.
At the cameral stage, based on the obtained measurements (measurements of the field stage), large-scale orthogonal drawings of the main projections of the building and its parts are performed. The so-called graphic part of the reporting documentation. As a result of camera scanning data, the following materials are created:
- three-dimensional constructions;
- drawings of individual structures;
- drawings of details of architectural elements, templates;
- interior drawings;
- drawings of plans;
- drawings of cuts;
- drawings of facades.
3D modeling
With the advent of modern technologies of ground laser scanning, it is three-dimensional constructions (3D modeling) become the most relevant and sought-after work type. After all, the 3D model obtained is an accurate computer copy of the object on 1: 1 scale. It is easily loaded and processed in the usual CAD-environment of the architect or constructor.
As a rule, three-dimensional constructions are applicable in cases:
- volume fixation of the object, its parts and features that cannot be fully described in flat buildings;
- settlement and calculations, analysis of the state of structures and the basis of the monument, the construction of settlement models requiring a surround approach;
- the need to recreate individual parts and structures;
- more detailed analysis of volume-planning solutions due to volumetric computer design;
- analysis of the geometric parameters of the object for monitoring purposes;
- maketing, including using three-dimensional printers;
- volume visualization of the object.
Difference of measurement work for three-dimensional construction from planar is a more complete collection of field materials. The preferred method is a terrestrial laser scanning or a combination of laser scanning with any other measurement method.
IMPORTANT: Conducting three-dimensional constructions when performing measurement work at the objects of the cultural heritage of the federal significance (Russian Federation) and the UNESCO World Entities before.
On the basis of three-dimensional constructions, it is possible to develop an object model model (creation of BIM). This refers to the assignment of additional elements of additional attribute information (type, material, security status, year of construction, the year of repair, reconstruction), as well as the entertainment of information on the identified defects, the results of the examination of structures, etc.
In the case of a three-dimensional construction of the object of measurement work, topographic plans are also presented in three-dimensional form and may further comprise information about the soil base of the subject of the subject.
Types of measurements
Obd measurements, depending on the desired degree of detail and saturation of graphic materials, are divided into the following types:
- schematic;
- architectural;
- architectural and archaeological.
Schematic measurements are overview and serve to determine the basic sizes and planning structure of the object of cultural heritage. Performed at an early stage of work to draw up a general idea of \u200b\u200bthe object and preliminary determination of its volume.
Architectural measurements are accurate measurements of all elements of the structure or complex with subsequent construction of measurement drawings and three-dimensional models. They are affixed with dimensions, high-rise marks, important notes are made.
If necessary, the measurement of internal engineering networks and communications may be included in the measurement work.
Architectural and archaeological measurements - research fixation of the object of cultural heritage. Performed in intrinsic studies of the object to obtain the most complete materials characterizing the volume, design, outdoor and internal decorative decoration, as well as drawings of disclosures and prodes produced at the facility. Give comprehensive information about an object that takes into account all deviations from an ideal geometric scheme.
Accuracy of measurement work
As in any measuring work, in architectural measurements, do not do without errors and errors. Note that, in contrast to the old methods, modern technology of 3D scanning is reduced to zero the overwhelming majority of human factor errors. But only if the instruments are in the hands of professionals. The seeming simplicity of modern laser scanners is deceptive: if you do not own geodesic knowledge, then in the end it is easy to get decimeter errors!
The measurements are the source material for subsequent design work, issuing expert opinions. Therefore, the quality of the project as a whole depends on the quality of measurement of measurement work in many ways. However, the requirements imposed on the accuracy of measurement work are different and are established depending on many factors:
- objectives of measurements;
- architectural and historical value of the cultural heritage object;
- technical condition of the object;
- plans for further adaptation, etc.
Requirements for the accuracy of measurement drawings are given in Appendix A to RNIP, here they are:
Permissible values \u200b\u200bduring measurement work
Methods of architectural measurements, laser scanning
When performing work on architectural approaches, the following methods and combinations are applied:
- natural (traditional) measurement;
- methods of engineering geodesy using linear and corner serfs, perpendiculars, stems, etc.;
- leveling;
- terrestrial laser scanning;
- methods of coordinate geodesy;
- air and short-base photogrammetry, photodolite shooting;
- air and mobile laser scanning;
- gPS measurement methods;
- other methods allowing to achieve the requirements of technical specifications and regulatory documentation.
The equipment selects devices and measurement tools that meet the requirements of the technical task to accuracy and the selected methods of work. It can be metal and laser roulettes, measuring tapes, rangefinders, levels, theodolites, tacheometers, photodolites, calibrated cameras, laser scanners, GPS receivers and other tools.
The selection of this or that equipment is due to the specifics of the object, the requirements of the technical task and regulatory documentation. In the last years, in most cases, the optimal, quality and cost is the choice of laser scanning technologies in combination with classical geodesy and inventory studies.
Laser scan As one of the methods of measurements has several advantages:
- the ability to measure in hard-to-reach places, as much as possible to record the geometry of curvilinear elements, defects and loss;
- the results of scanning of facades and internal spaces are in a single coordinate system, which avoids the possible inaccuracies of the location of individual elements or premises in height and / or in terms;
- to the excess measurement array (points cloud), you can always refer to the need to obtain additional data without additional field work on the facility;
- the speed of work with an unprecedented data completeness. For example, one operator with a tacheometer for a day will be able to remove the object of one thousand points on the object. And the other operator with the laser scanner during the same day will receive a hundred million points. At the same time, according to the cost of both methods of shooting are in the same price range.
In the amount, all this provides high accuracy and completeness of the source information.
Separately, it would be necessary to allocate the indispensability of laser scanning in the overall architectural parts and especially saturated sculptural compositions. After all, in the manufacture of the drawings, it is necessary to have types of composition from several sides, it is necessary to perform the characteristic sections of the sculpture. Only ground laser scanning methods can be issued to the required field data volume and, perhaps, photogrammetry (with limitations) methods.
Reporting documentation
The result of the measurement work is the reporting documentation, which is determined by the terms of reference and the requirements of regulatory documentation. As a rule, the report consists of a textual part, graphic part and applications.
The text part includes information about the tasks, a description of the object, information about the artist, timing and scope of work, etc.
The graphic part includes large-scale orthogonal drawings of the main projections of the object and its details, made according to the results of measurements, as well as sketches, sketches, photographic materials collected in the process of performing work.
The drawings are compiled (or printed) on paper on scale:
- topographic plans - 1: 200 - 1: 500;
- interiors, separate fragments of facades - 1:20;
- nodes and parts - from 1:10 to the natural value, depending on the complexity;
- templates - 1: 1;
- for schematic measurements, scale is taken - 1: 200 - 1: 100;
- plans, cuts, facades of buildings and structures - 1:50 - 1: 100.
The design of the drawings is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the current regulatory documentation of ECCD and instructions for the implementation of measurement work.
When conducting measurements by the method of laser scanning, the final material of field work is the cloud of points recorded on the digital carrier.
For three-dimensional buildings, 3D models files and their printouts on paper in the form of axonometric or promising projections of species and cuts are transmitted as the reporting documentation.
List of used regulatory documents
- GOST 21.501-93. Rules for the implementation of architectural and construction work drawings.
- GOST 26433.0-85. The system for ensuring the accuracy of geometric parameters in construction. Terms of measurement rules. General.
- GOST R 55528-2013. The composition and content of scientific and design documentation for the preservation of cultural heritage facilities. Monuments of history and culture. General requirements.
- GOST R 55567-2013. The procedure for organizing and conducting engineering and technical research at the objects of cultural heritage. Monuments of history and culture. General requirements.
- RNIP. Restoration standards and rules. Methodical recommendations for research, exploration, design and production work aimed at preserving the objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation. Part 5. Methodical recommendations for measuring and engineering and geodesic works at the objects of cultural heritage.
- SP 13-102-2003. Rules for examination of the supporting structures of buildings and structures. Gosstroy Russia. M.: 2004.
- SRP-2007. Code of Restoration Rules. "Recommendations for research, survey, design and industrial work aimed at preserving the objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation". Regulatory methodological publication. 4th edition. M.: 2011.
The development of geodesic techniques led to the appearance of a 3D laser scanning technology. To date, this is one of the most modern and productive measurement methods.
Ground laser scanning is the contactless measurement technology of 3D surfaces using special devices, laser scanners. In relation to traditional optical and satellite geodesic methods, high detail, speed and accuracy of measurements is characterized by high detail. 3D laser scanning is used in architecture, industry, construction of road infrastructure, geodesy and markedry, archeology.
Classification and principle of operation of 3D laser scanners
3D Laser Scanner - a device that produces up to a million measurements per second represents objects in the form of a set of points with spatial coordinates. The resulting data array, called the cloud of points, may be subsequently presented in three-dimensional and two-dimensional form, as well as used for measurements, calculations, analysis and modeling.
According to the principle of operation, laser scanners are divided into impulse (TOF), phase and triangulation. Pulse scanners calculate the distance as a function of passing the laser beam to the object being measured and back. Phase are operated with a phase shift of laser radiation, in the triangulation 3D scanners, the receiver and emitter are separated for a certain distance, which is used to solve the triangle emitter-receiver object.
The main parameters of the laser scanner - range, accuracy, speed, viewing angle.
For the range and accuracy of measurements 3D scanners are divided into:
- high precision (less than a millimeter, the distance from the decimeter to 2-3 meters),
- average radius of action (error up to a few millimeters, range up to 100 m),
- long-range radius of action (a distance of hundreds of meters, error from millimeters to the first centimeters),
- the surveyors (error comes to decimeters, a quantity of a more kilometer).
The last three classes in the ability to solve different types of tasks can be attributed to the category of geodesic 3D scanners. It is the geodesic scanners are used to perform work on laser scanning in architecture and industry.
The speed of the laser scanners is determined by the measurement type. As a rule, the most high-speed phase, in certain modes, the speed of which reaches 1 million measurements per second and more, impulse is slightly slower, such devices operate with speeds of hundreds of thousands of points per second.
The viewing angle is another important parameter that determines the amount of data collected from one point of standing, convenience and final speed. Currently, all geodesic laser scanners have a horizontal viewing angle of 360 °, vertical angles range from 40-60 ° to 300 °.
Characteristics of laser scanning
Although the first scanning systems appeared relatively recently, laser scanning technology showed its high efficiency and actively displaces less productive measurement methods.
Benefits of ground laser scanning:
- high detail and data accuracy;
- unsurpassed shooting speed (from 50,000 to 1,000,000 measurements per second);
- reflective measurement technology, irreplaceable when performing work on laser scanning of hard-to-reach objects, as well as objects where the finding of a person is undesirable (impossible);
- high degree of automation, practically eliminating the impact of subjective factors on the result of laser scanning;
- compatibility of data obtained with 2D software formats and 3D design leading manufacturers (Autodesk, Bentley, Aveva, Intergraph, etc.);
- initial "three-dimensionality" of the data obtained;
- low fraction of the field stage in common labor costs.
The use of 3D laser scanning is beneficial for several reasons:
- design using three-dimensional data of geodetic surveys not only simplifies the design process itself, but mainly improves the quality of the project, which minimizes subsequent expenses at the construction stage,
- all measurements are carried out extremely fast and accurate method that excludes the human factor, the degree of reliability of information increases at times, the probability of an error is reduced,
- all measurements are carried out by an extensive way, remotely, which increases the safety of work; For example, there is no need to overlap the motorway for shooting cross-sections, build scaffolding for measuring the facade,
- laser scanning technology is integrated with most CAD (Autodesk AutoCAD, Revit, Bentley MicroStation), as well as with "heavy" design tools, such as Aveva PDMS, E3D, Intergraph SmartPlant, Smart3D, PDS.
- the result of the research is obtained in various kinds, the price of laser scanning and timing of work depends on the output format:
- three-dimensional cloud of points (specific CAD works already with these data),
- three-dimensional model (geometric, intellectual),
- standard two-dimensional drawings,
- three-dimensional surface (TIN, NURBS).
The process of laser scan consists of three main stages:
- recognition on the ground,
- field work,
- catchy work, data processing
Application of laser scanning
Work on laser scanning in Russia on a commercial basis is carried out with a dozen years. Despite the fact that the technology is quite universal, during this time the circle of basic applications was determined.
Ground laser scanning in geodesy, the marked site is used to shoot topographic plans of a large scale, shooting CMR. The greatest efficiency is achieved with laser scanning of quarries, open workings, mines, gallery, tunnels. The rate of the method allows you to quickly receive data on the course of earthworks, calculate the volume of the generated rock, to carry out geodesic control of the construction of the construction, monitor the stability of the career sides, monitor landslide processes. For details, see the article.
Today in geodesy to resolve various architectural and construction situations, innovative three-dimensional laser 3D scanners are applied. Software complexes, such as Leica Cyclon, allow you to quickly and efficiently process the data obtained.
Scanning facades of buildings
Geodesic shooting makes it possible to obtain data for the subsequent implementation of installation and construction operations on the facial part of the object. With the help of innovative techniques, the shooting of facades is carried out operational and ultrashoid, regardless of the complexity of the design. The scanning of facades allows you to evaluate the quality and correctness of the installed measures. In addition, the laser scanning of objects is effective when performing work on their reconstruction - it provides recreation of a former type of a unique building or structure with the highest accuracy.
Facade drawings
The results obtained when performing geodesic surveys are made in the form of drawings. They can be performed on any scale, convenient for the customer. This documentation displays basic information about the facade (sizes, degree of deviation from the plane).
Drawings and Decor Elements Models
With a detailed laser scanning of the decor elements, which is aligned with the phased view of the entire design, you can get a general drawing of a building or a drawing-scan with viewing of sections at any places of the structure. Scanning individual elements allows you to create templates, drawings, as well as section of individual parts, fixation of lost elements. Modern technologies allow us to scan fine engraving, as well as build drawings that match the real object, even taking into account the lost decor elements.
Survey of structures and buildings
The basis of the safe operation of any structure consists of its preliminary technical examination. It includes a number of calculations and research, on the basis of which further decisions are made. On time detected by the laser defects of structures and the reasons for their appearance allow you to see the whole picture as a whole, explore the building in the context.
Formation of defective statements and reporting
A successful compilation of defective statements is preceded by a preliminary examination of the structure, identifying the types of damage and optimal measurement accuracy, as well as the data presentation format. Using the resulting cloud points, you can draw in detail the model and see all the shortcomings, the flaws of the building or structures obtained during the construction or operation. Calculate the corners of the deviation and make all the necessary measurements.
The method of drawing up defective statements with laser scanning is characterized by the highest accuracy. As the reporting documentation, the customer receives 3D models files and their paper printouts (axonometric or promising projections of common species and cuts).
Odd work. Creating plans and cuts
For the work of measurements of facades of buildings, a technology is used that combines the scanning methods with a laser and digital photogrammetry. In this case, the shooting is made by a scanner with an integrated camera. Exemplary work performance:
- program preparation
- fastening the reference points with the subsequent definition of their coordinates
- directly the work of the laser scanning and the process of photographing the building from the specified points
- creating a single block of points from each individual scanner
The drawings obtained transmit a real picture and the size of structures, with the ability to measure any individual element. Based on the 3D model, you can get the necessary design plans.
The laser scanning method allows accurate measurements in a short time and get full information about the object in a single array of cloud points or 3D project. This greatly simplifies the process of using and managing information, and also makes it possible to obtain any data from one source. When sharing a variety of methods and technologies, it is possible to accompany projects convenient to use and comprehensive in the content of the documentation, which facilitates the performance of work.
