Repair of LED lamps on stocks. Status of LEDs in electronic circuits LED hl1 Technical characteristics

Regardless of high voltage, the energy consumption of LED lamps (LED) is much lower, the heat consumption of lamps is lower, and the service life is 5 times longer. The LED lamp circuit operates when 220 volts are supplied, when the input signal that triggers the candle is converted to an operating value using an additional driver.

LED lamps for 220 V

Regardless of the live voltage, a constant voltage of 1.8-4 V is supplied to one LED.

Types of LEDs

A light-emitting diode is a conductor crystal made of many balls that transforms electricity into visible light. When changing this warehouse, the song color will be changed. The LED operates on the basis of a chip - a crystal with a connector for connecting life conductors.

To create a whiter light, the blue chip is coated with a light phosphor. When the crystal is vibrated, the phosphor vibrates. Mixing yellow and blue light creates white.

Various methods of folding chips allow you to create 4 main types of LEDs:

1. DIP – consists of a crystal with a multi-layered lens and two additional conductors. It has the greatest expansion and is used for highlighting, for light colors and the display.
2. "Piranny" - a similar design, but with a different visor, which makes it more reliable for installation and reduces the heat dissipation that can be seen. There is a lot of stagnation in the automotive industry.
3. SMD LED – placed on the surface, the design of which makes it possible to change dimensions, improve heat dissipation and provide a variety of wattage options. Vikoristovatsya at any dzherelah light.
4. SOV technology, where the chip is soldered to the board. For this reason, contact is less likely to damage due to oxidation and overheating, and the intensity of the light also significantly increases. If the LED burns out, it requires constant replacement, so DIY repairs involving replacing small chips are difficult.

Not a lot of LED is small in size. To create a great bright image, you need a lot of resources from the group. In addition, the crystal is getting old, and the brightness of the lamps is gradually decreasing. In clear models, the wear process proceeds even more completely.

LED lamp device

The lamp warehouse includes:

• frame;
• base;
• rozsiyuvach;
• radiator;
• LED block;
• transformerless driver.

Installation of LED lamps for 220 volts

The little one shows a current LED lamp using OWL technology. The light-emitting diode of Vikoniya is one and the same, with the absence of crystals. This does not require unsoldering of numerical contacts. It is enough to bring just one pair. If you are trying to repair a lamp with an LED that has burned out, you will need to change it completely.

Behind the shape, the lamps are round, cylindrical and others. Connections continue to operate through threaded or laminated bases.

For outdoor lighting, lamps with color temperatures of 2700K, 3500K and 5000K are selected. The gradations of the spectrum can be whatever they are. They are often used to highlight advertisements and for decorative purposes.

The simplest driver circuit for driving a lamp in the middle is shown below. The number of details here is minimal, except for the presence of one or two resistors to extinguish R1, R2 and the parallel-parallel inclusion of LEDs HL1, HL2. So the stinks steal away one type of return voltage. In this case, the frequency of the interfering lamp increases to 100 Hz.

The simplest diagram for connecting an LED lamp up to 220 volts

The live voltage of 220 volts goes through the interconnecting capacitor C1 to the direct line, and then to the lamp. One of the LEDs can be replaced with a primary straight-line one, but in this case the frequency will change to 25 Hz, which is bad in comparison.

The picture below shows the classic diagram of a live LED lamp. It is found in many models and can be twisted to make repairs yourself.

Classic circuit for switching on LED lamps up to 220 V

On the electrolytic capacitor the voltage is rectified and smoothed out, which reduces the frequency of 100 Hz. Resistor R1 discharges the capacitor when the voltage is turned on.

DIY repair

A simple LED lamp with high-quality light-emitting diodes can be repaired by replacing faulty elements. It’s easy to figure out how to carefully reinforce the plinth from the glass body. In the middle there is a light LED. The MR lamp has 16 x 27 pieces. To access the cardboard where it is located, you need to remove the dry cover that has screwed it in place. It is important to complete this operation.

LED lamp 220 volts

LEDs that have burned out will be replaced immediately. For other traces, call the tester or apply a voltage of 1.5 V to the skin. The correct ones will light up, the others will require replacement.

The generator lights up the lamps so that the working stream of light-emitting diodes is stronger. This significantly reduces its resource, and it is impossible to sell “eternal” devices. Therefore, you can connect a resistor in series to the LEDs, which will interconnect.

If the lights blink, the cause may be a failure of capacitor C1. Replace this with another one with a rated voltage of 400 V.

Prepare with your own hands

New light-emitting diode lamps rarely fail. It is easier to prepare a lamp from a faulty one. In fact, it turns out that repairing and preparing a new one is one process. For this purpose, the LED lamp is disassembled and the LEDs that have burned out and the radio components of the driver are replaced. Original lamps with non-standard lamps are often on sale, so it is important to find a replacement. A simple driver can be taken from a faulty lamp, and a light-emitting diode can be taken from an old lamp.

The driver circuit is built in a classic way, let’s take a closer look. Just before it, a resistor R3 is added to discharge the capacitor C2 when a pair of zener diodes VD2, VD3 is connected for shunting in case of breakage of the light-emitting diodes. You can get by with one zener diode if you select the stabilization voltage correctly. If you select a capacitor for a voltage greater than 220 V, you can do without additional parts. However, in this case, its size increases and after repairs are made, the board with parts may not fit into the base.

LED lamp driver

The driver circuit is designed for a lamp with 20 LEDs. If their volume is different, it is necessary to select such a value for the capacitance of capacitor C1 so that a flow of 20 mA passes through them.

The life circuit of an LED lamp is most often transformerless, and you should be careful when installing it yourself on a metal lamp, so that there is no short circuit of the phase or zero to the body.

Capacitors are selected according to the table according to the number of LEDs. They can be fixed on an aluminum plate in quantities of 20-30 pcs. For this purpose, the openings are drilled and LEDs are installed on the hot-melt adhesive. Their song vibrates consistently. All parts can be placed on another board using sklotekstolite. The stench grows on the side, where there are no other paths, behind the vine of light-emitting diodes. The rest are secured by soldering pins on the board. It’s best to set it to close to 5 mm. Then the devices are collected from the lamp.

LED table lamp

Lamp 220 St.

You can learn about making a 220 V LED lamp with your own hands from this video.

The self-generated circuit of the LED lamp has been correctly prepared to allow the operation of its many resources. Repairs are possible for her. The power supply can be either: from an emergency battery up to a 220 volt circuit.

Light-emitting diodes or light-emitting diodes (in the English version LED - Light Emitting Diode) are familiar to skin electronics. These are the conductor devices that transform the electric current on the light circuit. Their main advantages: high CCD, close to monochrome display, miniaturization, mechanical efficiency, high reliability, low thermal vision, up to 10 cycles of operation without loss of life. Let's face it, LEDs are low-voltage devices, and therefore, as electrically safe as possible.

The first commercial products of red-colored LEDs appeared in 1962. (General Electric Corp.). Born in 1976 there were divided orange, green and yellow LED colors, and in 1993 The first producers of blue colors appeared (Nichia Corporation). Amateur designs most often have “red” and “green” lights, and sometimes “blue” and “white”.

The characteristic values ​​of CCD for standard light-emitting diodes range from 1 to 10%. For leveling, set the efficiency factor of the steam engine to 5...7%. In the case of daily light-emitting diodes, this indicator drops to 12...35%.

At Table 2.1 shows the parameters of low-intensity LEDs with a light intensity of no more than 1000 MK. They are characterized by a significant technological difference in the current-voltage characteristic (volt-ampere characteristic). As a result, for a particular LED, the direct flow/PR and direct voltage V np are more orientally visible. In case of swelling, it is necessary to wet your eyes, since most of the light-emitting diode splinters require a statement of the fact “exposed” or “exposed”.

Table 2.1. Parameters of low-energy light-emitting diodes

Umovna voltage 1.6; 1.7; 1.8; 3.5 To characterize the beginning point of the I-V curve, apparently, for “red”, “yellow”, “green” and “blue”/“white” indicators. These numbers themselves are indicated in electrical circuits for the assignment of light-emitting diodes. However, the actual operating voltage U is approximately 0.1 ... 0.4 more than the cob, which lies in the stream that flows (Fig. 2.1).

Small 2.1. Typical current-voltage characteristics of low-power LEDs from Kingbright.

Respect is important.

1. Do not install a constant direct stream/PR through the LED close to the maximum limit specified in the data. Zazvichay tse 20 mA. Trival of a robot with such a strum reduces reliability. To obtain a pleasant brightness of the glow, it is enough to set the 4...10 mA source.

2. LEDs allow a pulsed operating mode, in which the direct flow / PR can be increased 3...6 times to 60...120 mA, saving the average flow for a period of no more than 20...25 mA. In case of degeneration, it is important to remember that the flow and tension increase with the displacements. For example, for a “green” LED with a flow of 15 mA, the voltage PR = 2.1 V, and with a flow of 75 mA, V np = 2.7 V.

3. The red color of the indicator does not guarantee that the LED will reach the group with the intellectual edge of the VAC curve 1.6 (although in most cases this is the case). A “red” light-emitting diode can produce a “green” current-voltage characteristic with a point at 1.8 V. Everything is kept in a chemical warehouse from which a viprominuvac is prepared, and this parameter is a priori unknown when purchased on a radio market. The situation is similar with pressurized “green” LEDs, which can reduce the “blue” I-V characteristic to a point of 3.5 Art.

4. In some datasheets on the LED, the maximum permissible return voltage is indicated at OBR = 2...5 V. However, this is not the test voltage, when at the factory the return flow is checked, equal to several tens of microamps.

5. The LED does not go out of tune due to a high return voltage, but due to excessive tension that dissipates on the new one. Research shows that green and red colored LEDs produce a “stable-voltage” VAC with a twist of vigin. With a turning voltage of 12...35, a turning breakdown of the n-p junction occurs. If the current during breakdown is drawn from 2...4 mA, then the voltage of the switch is lost within the regulated datasheet limits of 75...150 mW.

A practical concept - with a voltage of life MK in the range of 3..5, you can not be afraid of “confusing” the polarity when the “red-orange-yellow-green” indicators are sealed. All the stench is guaranteed to be lost.

“Blue” and “white” light-emitting diodes in this regard are richly sublime. They are afraid of electrostatic potentials, which can accumulate on people’s clothes and bodies. The return voltage for them does not have to exceed 5 and they need to be handled in approximately the same way as with field-field transistors.

Rice. 2.2, as well as showing diagrams for connecting single light-emitting diodes to one MK line. Rice. 2.3, a...M shows connection diagrams for single LEDs up to several MK lines.

Small 2.2. Schemes for connecting single LEDs to one MK line (cob):

a) a standard circuit for exchanging the flow through the HL1 LED with the help of resistor R1. For reference, the idealized MK has G 1H = 4.75 V at a voltage current of 5...10 mA and G 1H = 4.5 V at a voltage current of 20 mA;

b) similar to Mal. 2.2 a, also with the inversion of the signal at the output of the MK For reference, the idealized MK V OL = 0.15…0.3 V at the current level

5.. . 10 mA i V OL = 0.4…0.5 with a current of 20 mA. Since the MK output may have a symmetrical design, then between the diagrams in Fig. 2.2, and on Mal. 2.2 there is no difference;

c) direct connection of the HL1 LED to the MK line is possible, but only for low voltage. Operating point KPR = 2 V at / PR = 15 mA. However, for each specific type, you need to consult the graphs of the data availability of the MK lines according to the datasheet;

d) connecting the HL1 light-emitting diode to the +9 voltage booster through extinguishing the zener diode VD1. Reversal - the sum of the life voltage MK (5 V) and the stabilization voltage VD1 (5.6 V) is due to the larger difference between the applied voltage (9 V) and the voltage drop on the LED HL1 (1.7…1.9 V); About

About Mal. 2.2. Schemes for connecting single LEDs to one MK line (completed):

e) LED HL1 drives an integral resistor that interconnects the direct line. In this data, instead of the resistor support, it is indicated that the operating voltage of the LED at a current is no more than 20 mA. Classification row for contracting: 3; 5; 12 V;

e) it is transmitted that the HL1 LED is located at the significant position in front of MK and in connection with the contact mounts XI, X? long wires. Resistors R1, R2 - protect the circuit, in case of wire breakage or short circuiting, the metal housing is attached, which is connected to the GND clamp (“mass”);

g) the effect of smooth dimming of the HL1 LED. At the output station at the output of MK there is a low level, the LED is off. A high level at the MK output indicates that the LED is turned on, and then its brightness gradually changes in accordance with the charge of capacitor C1. Diode VD1 helps to discharge capacitor C/ when the level at the output MK is low.

Small 2.3. Connection diagrams for single LEDs up to several MK lines (cob):

a) turning on the LEDs HL1...HLn results in one output at a time when the level at the MK output is HIGH. Resistors R1…Rn are interconnected between the streams through the LEDs and indicate the brightness of their glow. The total flow through the output of +5 V at HIGH level at all outputs is not guilty of exceeding 100...300 mA (see the data for a specific MK);

b) similar to Mal. 2.3, a, but with an active low level and with a strong life-saving device for LEDs. If the output of MK can be set to +5 V, then the circuits in Fig. 2.3, a th on Mal. 2.3 b_equal;

c) a typical technique for reducing the number of resistors. It becomes difficult to understand that it is not necessary to light up many indicators at once, otherwise its brightness will be reduced through the biased voltage on resistor R1\

d) similar to Mal. 2.3, c, ale z “running zero” at the MK outputs;

e) the HL1 indicator lights up when a HIGH level is set on the top line of MK, and a LOW level on the bottom line, in which case other nodes can be connected to the MK outputs;

e) MK forms 8 gradations of brightness of the HL1 LED. Resistors R1…R3 indicate the dynamic range and stage of linearity characteristics;

g) for the high-voltage LED HL1, it is necessary to move the strings in order to reach the paralleling of the MK lines. On each of them, equal parts are installed synchronously;

h) similar to Mal. 2.3 g, with synchronous HIGH levels at the MK outputs;

i) HL1 LED indicates the presence of “one to run” pulses at three MK outputs; j) automatic dialing of the long cable. On MK lines it is programmatically formed

“Big unit” (some lines are HIGH, others are low). If some life is cut off, then the light-emitting diode of that person will be gradually extinguished; About

About Mal. 2.3. Connection diagrams for single LEDs up to several MK lines (completed):

l) at the output station on all outputs of MK HIGH RIVAL, indicators HL1, HL2, HL4 light up. In the event of an emergency on one or more MK outputs, the LOW level is set, the corresponding indicator goes off, at which point HL3\m automatically starts to light) with a large number of LEDs, there is a sense of power dissipation and MK crowns, straightening the streams, which flows and flows, in different lances. Zokrema, LEDs HL1...HL8 reduce the voltage to the +5 V MK pin, and LEDs HL9...HL16 - to the GND MK pin.

We know everything with LEDs. Without them, modern technology is simply inconceivable. These are light-emitting diode lamps and lamps, indication of operating modes of various household appliances, illumination of screens of computer monitors, televisions and a lot of other speeches, such as winds. I can’t guess. All these devices use light in the visible range of different colors: red, green, blue (RGB), yellow, white. Modern technologies allow you to select almost any color.

In addition to the visible range of LEDs, infrared and ultraviolet light is produced. The main area of ​​use of such LEDs is in automation and control devices. Finish the fortune telling. Yakshcho Pershi Model PDU was stalling for Kervannya by TVsors, now for the same pre-Heap of the nastіnni ovigrivachi, confectionery, fans of the Kuhonna Technika, Castra-Multivarka Tu Klibopіchika.

What is a light-emitting diode?

In fact, there is little difference from the original - still the same p-n junction, and still the same basic power of one-way conductivity. In the world, the relationship with the p-n junction was clear that in addition to the one-way conductivity of the veins, this very junction may have a number of additional powers. During the process of evolution, technology and power have been developed, developed and perfected.

A great contribution to the development of radio physicists was made by Radyansky radiophysicist (1903 - 1942). In 1919, the family joined the famous and well-known Nizhny Novgorod Radio Laboratory, and in 1929 they worked at the Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology. One of the directions of activity was the investigation of the weak, traces of waste, and the light of the crystals of the conductors. This is the effect on which all daily light-emitting diodes operate.

This weak light appears when the stream passes through the p-n junction directly. However, at this time, the surfaces have been thoroughly prepared and the brightness of these LEDs is such that you can simply get blinded.

The color range of LEDs is very wide, almost all colors are cheerful. The color does not change at all from the color of the LED housing. This is achieved because the p-n junction is accessible to light houses. For example, introducing a small amount of phosphorus or aluminum allows you to change the colors of the red and yellow ones, and gallium and indium to change the light from green to black color. The LED housing can be transparent or matte, since the housing is colored, then it is simply a light filter that matches the color of the light to the p-n junction.

Another way to maintain the required color is to introduce a phosphor. A phosphor is a substance that gives visible light when exposed to other effects, such as infrared. Classic butt - daylight lamps. In combination with light-emitting diodes, a white color comes out by adding a phosphor to the light-emitting diode crystal.

To increase the intensity of the propagation, all the LEDs light up the line that focuses. Often, like a lens, the end of the clear body is shaped like a lens, which has a spherical shape. With infrared LEDs, the lens has a dim-gray color appearance. Although infrared LEDs are always released from a transparent body, they themselves are subject to different maximum permissible concentrations.

Bicolor LEDs

It is also known to practically everyone. For example, a charger for a mobile phone: while charging, the indicator glows red, and when charging is complete, it turns green. This indication is possible due to the use of bi-color LEDs, which may be of different types. The first type is trivial LEDs. One housing contains two LEDs, for example, green and red, as shown in picture 1.

Malyunok 1. Connection diagram for a dual-color LED

On the little reading is a fragment of a circuit with a bicolor LED. In this type of indication, a trivial LED with a carbon cathode (also available with a carbon anode) is connected to . For this type, you can turn on either one or another LED, but it will be very offensive. For example, the color will be red or green, but when two LEDs are turned on, it will appear yellow. If you use additional PWM modulation to regulate the brightness of the skin LED, you can remove a number of intermediary shades.

This circuit is based on the fact that the interconnecting resistors are connected to the skin LED, although it would seem that you could get by with one by including it in the main circuit. However, when this is turned on, the brightness of the LEDs will change when one or two LEDs are turned on.

What kind of voltage is required for a light-emitting diode? This power supply can be added quite often, ask those who are not familiar with the specifics of the operation of a light-emitting diode, or simply people are far from being electricians. Can anyone explain that the LED is supplied with a ceramic wire, and not by tension? You can turn the LED on to 220V, but you don’t have to exceed the permissible limit. This is achieved by connecting the ballast resistor in series with the LED.

Still, having thought about the voltage, you should know that it also plays a great role, even though the LEDs run under great voltage. Since the original silicon diode has a voltage of the order of 0.6...0.7 V, then the LED starts at two volts and a voltage. Therefore, with a voltage of 1.5 V, the LED will not light up.

However, with this switched on, it is 220V, do not forget that the return voltage of the LED is small, a little more than tens of volts. In order to protect the LED from high return voltage, special steps are used. The simplest method is to connect a dry diode in parallel, which can be especially high-voltage, for example KD521. Under the influx of alternating voltage, the diodes open through the circuit, thereby protecting one type of high return voltage. The circuit diagram for switching on the dry diode is shown in baby 2.

Malyunok 2. Connection diagram parallel to the LED hysterical diode

Double-color LEDs are also produced in the housing from two pins. Changing the color of the lighting will require changing the color directly. The classic butt is an indication of the direct wrapping of a stationary engine. Don't forget that the interconnecting resistor is always switched on next to the LED.

The rest of the time, an interconnecting resistor is simply installed at the LED, and then, for example, on the price tags of the store they simply write that this LED has a voltage of 12V. LEDs are also marked according to voltage to blink: 3V, 6V, 12V. In the middle of such light-emitting diodes there is a microcontroller (which can be seen through the clear body), so any attempts to change the frequency of blinking do not give results. With this marking, you can connect the LED directly to the power supply at the indicated voltage.

Insights from Japanese radio amateurs

Radio amateurism, it appears, is engaged in the countries of the Soviet Socialist Republic, and in such “electronic countries” as Japan. Of course, the Japanese ordinary radio amator is not capable of creating even more complex devices, and the axis around the circuitry solutions deserves credit. Few decisions in any scheme can be beneficial.

Let's take a look at the many awkward devices that contain light-emitting diodes. Most of the time, management is done through microcontrollers, and that doesn’t get you anywhere. For a complex circuit, it’s simpler to write a short program and solder the controller to the DIP-8 case, the bottom solder is a bunch of microcircuits, capacitors and transistors. Another advantage is that microcontrollers can operate without external parts.

Scheme of double-color LED lighting

This circuit for heating with a high-pressure bicolor LED is demonstrated by Japanese radio amplifiers. More precisely, here two high-pressure LEDs are used with a voltage of up to 1A. Alas, it may be possible to see the light of the double-color LEDs. The diagram shows baby 3.

Malyunok 3. Scheme of heating with a double-color LED

The TA7291P microcircuit is designed for low-pressure, steady-state jet engines. There will be a number of modes, and the same: wrapping forward, backward, stop and galvanization. The output cascade of collection microcircuits is behind the bridge circuit, which allows you to save all overloaded operations. Ale varto put your imagination and axis, be a caress, microcircuits have a new profession.

The logic behind installing microcircuits is simple. As you can see in the little 3 microcircuit, there are 2 inputs (IN1, IN2) and two outputs (OUT1, OUT2), before which two high-voltage LEDs are connected. If the logical levels at inputs 1 and 2 are the same (either 00 or 11), the potentials of the level outputs cause the LED to be extinguished.

With different logical levels at the inputs, the microcircuit operates in this way. If one of the inputs, for example, IN1 is a low logic level, the output OUT1 is connected with a ground wire. The cathode of the HL2 LED through resistor R2 is also connected to the igniter. The voltage at the output OUT2 (obviously the input IN2 is a logical unit) is equal to the voltage at the input V_ref, which allows you to adjust the brightness of the HL2 LED.

At this voltage level V_ref comes out from PWM pulses from the microcontroller behind the additional integrated switch R1C1, which regulates the brightness of the LED connected before the output. The microcontroller also has inputs IN1 and IN2, which allows you to change high-voltage lighting outputs and LED control algorithms. The support of resistor R2 is saturated beyond the maximum permissible flow of LEDs. Yak tse robiti will be rewarded lower.

Little 4 shows the internal device of the TA7291P microcircuits, its block diagram. The diagram was taken directly from the datasheet, because it depicts an electric motor.

Malyunok 4.

Following the structural diagram, it is easy to follow the lines of the struma through the navantage and methods of keruvannya with output transistors. The transistors are turned on in pairs, diagonally: (upper left + lower right) or (upper right + lower left), which allows you to directly change the rotation frequency of the motor. In our opinion, burn one of the light-emitting diodes and brighten it.

The lower transistors are controlled by signals IN1, IN2 and are used simply to turn on the diagonals of the bridge. The upper transistors are controlled by the Vref signal, and they regulate the output string. The control circuit, shown simply as a square, is intended to protect the circuit from short-circuiting and other non-transferable components.

In these cases, as always, Ohm’s law will help. Output data for the development will be available: live voltage (U) 12V, flow through the LED (I_HL) 10mA, LED connections to the voltage source without any transistors and microcircuits as an indicator of on. Voltage drop on LED (U_HL) 2V.

It is completely obvious that the voltage (U-U_HL) is supplied to the interconnecting resistor - two volts of “circuits” from the light-emitting diode itself. The value of the interconnecting resistor becomes

R_o = (U-U_HL) / I_HL = (12 - 2) / 0.010 = 1000 (Ω) or 1KOhm.

Don’t forget about the CI system: voltage in volts, flow in amperes, effect in Ohms. As soon as the LED is turned on by the transistor, then in the first connection from the live voltage, the voltage of the collector section is raised - the emitter of the open transistor. However, as a rule, no one can be bothered at all, accuracy to the hundreds of parts is not required here, and it is not visible through the variety of parameters of the parts. All developments in electronic circuits produce approximate results, depending on the ability to achieve adjustments and fine-tuning.

Tricolor LEDs

The cream of the two-colored trees became more intense during the remaining hours. Their main purpose is for decorative lighting on stages, at parties, at Novorichny districts or at discos. Such light-emitting diodes oscillate the body from a combination of arcs, one of which is a filament anode or a cathode, depending on the specific model.

If there is only one or two LEDs, or tricolor ones, there is not enough light, you have to combine them with a garland, and to control the garlands you will need to use all sorts of control devices, as they are often called be controllers.

Folding garlands with round LEDs on the right are tedious and of little use. Therefore, the remaining fate of the industry began to produce, as well as lines based on tricolor (RGB) LEDs. While single-color stitches are produced at a voltage of 12V, the operating voltage of tricolor stitches is often 24V.

The light strips are marked with voltage, so there are interconnecting resistors, so they can be connected directly to the voltage source. Dzherela are sold in the same place, where they are.

To use tricolor LEDs and stripes, special controllers are used to create different light effects. This can be used to simply re-mix the LEDs, adjust brightness, create various dynamic effects, as well as paint pictures and paintings. The creation of such controllers involves a large number of radio amators, naturally quiet ones, who can write programs for microcontrollers.

With the help of a tricolor LED, you can select almost any color, and even the color on the TV screen can also be mixed by up to three colors. Here it’s time to guess another story about Japanese radio amateurs. The same principle diagram is shown in baby 5.

Figure 5. Tricolor LED connection diagram

Pressure 1W tricolor LED with three power levels. With the resistor values ​​indicated on the diagram, the light color is white. By selecting resistor values, you can change the color: from white cold to white warm. The original design of the lamp is intended for illumination of the car interior. Let the Japanese (Japanese) be in confusion! In order not to change the polarity at the input of the device, transfer to the same place. Installation of viscos on the prototyping board and indications on the baby 6.

Malyunok 6. Breadboard

The development of Japanese radios and automobile equipment is coming. This device for identifying the number, of course, is shown on white LEDs as small 7.

Figure 7. Diagram of a device for displaying numbers on white LEDs

The design has 6 high-pressure high-voltage LEDs with a boundary flow of 35 mA and a light flux of 4 lm. In order to increase the reliability of the LEDs, through them there is a flow of approximately 27 mA behind the additional voltage stabilizer microcircuits connected behind the flow stabilizer circuit.

LEDs EL1...EL3, resistor R1 together with microcircuit DA1 create a stabilizer. A stable flow through resistor R1 maintains a new voltage drop of 1.25V. Another group of light-emitting diodes is connected to the stabilizer through the same resistor R2, then flowing through the group of light-emitting diodes EL4 ... EL6 will also stabilize at the same level.

Little 8 shows a circuit for converting the life of a white LED into one galvanic element with a voltage of 1.5 V, which is clearly not enough to ignite the LED. The conversion circuit is very simple and is controlled by a microcontroller. In fact, the microcontroller has a pulse frequency of approximately 40 KHz. To increase the operational efficiency, the microcontroller circuits are connected in parallel in pairs.

Malyunok 8.

The scheme is implemented in this way. If the input PB1, PB2 is low, the outputs are PB0, PB4 high. The capacitors C1, C2 themselves are charged at approximately 1.4V through the diodes VD1, VD2. If the output voltage of the controller is changed during operation, then the sum of the voltage of two charging capacitors plus the voltage of the life battery will be added to the LED. In this way, a maximum of 4.5 V will be applied directly to the LED, which is completely sufficient to ignite the LED.

A similar conversion can be made without a microcontroller, simply on a logic chip. This diagram is shown in baby 9.

Malyunok 9.

Element DD1.1 contains a straight-cut generator, the frequency of which is indicated by the ratings R1, C1. The very same frequency burns out the LED.

If the output of the DD1.1 element is high, the output of DD1.2 is naturally high. At this time, capacitor C2 is charged through the diode VD1 of the life-saving device. The way to charge the offensive: plus dzherela zhivilnya – DD1.1 – C2 – VD1 – DD1.2 – minus dzherela zhivilnya. During this time, the white LED is supplied with too much battery voltage, which is insufficient to ignite the LED.

If at the output of DD1.1 the level becomes low, at the output of DD1.2 there is a high level, which leads to the short circuit of the VD1 diode. Therefore, the voltage on capacitor C2 is supplied by a voltage battery and this amount is applied to resistor R1 and LED HL1. This amount of voltage is entirely sufficient to turn on the HL1 LED. Then the cycle repeats.

How to check the LED

If the LED is new, then everything is simple: the same source, which is a little older, has a positive or anode. You really need to turn it on to the positive side of the life cycle, making sure you don’t forget about the interconnecting resistor. If in some situations, for example, the LED is plugged in from the old board and the new one from the new one, you need to call.

Multimeters in such a situation are used rather foolishly. For example, the DT838 multimeter in the mode of checking the wires can simply briefly illuminate the LED that is being checked, but then the indicator shows an interruption.

Therefore, in some cases it is better to check the LEDs that are fed through the interconnecting resistor to the lifer, as shown in figure 10. The resistor value is 200...500 Ohms.

Figure 10. Scheme for checking the LED

Malyunok 11. Sequential switching on of LEDs

It is difficult to open the support of the intermediate resistor. For this purpose, you need to reduce the direct voltage on all LEDs, increase the voltage from the voltage, and divide the excess into different streams.

R = (U - (U_HL_1 + U_HL_2 + U_HL_3)) / I

Let’s assume that the voltage is 12V, and the voltage drop on the LEDs is 2V, 2.5V and 1.8V. However, if the LEDs are taken from the same box, they can still be such a waste!

Behind the think tank there is a 20mA supply. It was impossible to add all the meanings to the formula and read the proof.

R = (12-(2 + 2.5 + 1.8)) / 0.02 = 285Ω

Figure 12. Parallel switching on of LEDs

On the left fragment, all three LEDs are connected through one flow-exchange resistor. Why is this diagram crossed, why are there shortcomings?

Here are the signs for the different parameters of the LEDs. The greatest current flows through the LED that has less voltage, which has less internal support. Therefore, with this switched on, it will not be possible to achieve uniform illumination of the LEDs. Therefore, the correct diagram is to find out the diagram, showing baby 12 on the right.