What is parapsychology. All books about: "parapsychology How to develop in yourself parapsychological abilities

To begin with, what is parapsychology ... It is a discipline aimed at investigating the existence and causes of supernatural psychic abilities of people, animals and plants, the phenomena of life after death and the like. This is a pseudo-scientific area concerning the unusual phenomena and abilities of a person that have dropped out of the consideration of modern natural sciences (from ancient Greek - near, about). Hence the particle "vapor". Parapsychology explores the energy of a person and the sacraments of the soul. Parapsychology includes research related to other areas of psychology: transpersonal psychology, which studies the spiritual or transcendental (going beyond) aspects of the human mind; abnormal psychology, which explores unaccountable beliefs and subjectively abnormal events in traditional psychological settings.

Who is a parapsychologist and what is the difference between a psychiatrist, psychotherapist, psychologist? "Psycho" from ancient Greek. - soul.

The physician works with matter. Psychiatrist and psychotherapist are medical specialists with higher medical education and specialization in the relevant field. Psychologist (psychologist) - works with the unconscious. Parapsychologist (parapsychologist) - works with the soul and energies.

The psychiatrist deals with the treatment of mental illness. Psychiatry (German psychiatrie from ancient Greek - soul and treatment) is a branch of clinical medicine that studies mental disorders through the prism of medicine methodology, methods of their diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Psychiatrists deal mainly with "severe" mental illnesses, while giving preference to drug treatment methods.

Psychotherapist, therapy (Greek - treatment, recovery) - a process whose purpose is to alleviate, remove or eliminate symptoms and manifestations; the field of activity of a psychotherapist is milder disorders, as well as borderline states - those cases when a person is ill, but call this condition a disease it is impossible. A psychotherapist, like any doctor, has the right to prescribe medications, conduct medical examinations, and diagnose diseases. The main tool of a psychotherapist is a word, a conversation.

A psychologist (psychology from ancient Greek psycho - soul, logic - knowledge), having received the appropriate education and acquiring skills in practical psychological activity, as well as applying methods and techniques, helps the client to understand a difficult situation. Listens carefully to the client's story; asks clarifying questions if something is not clear to him. Finds out what exactly worries the client in the whole situation.

A parapsychologist is a specialist who studies the hidden side of phenomena and events that happen in a person's life, and he is also a researcher of paranormal phenomena. In their work with people, parapsychologists, in search of causes and effects, turn not only to the secret corners of the human soul, but also deeper, for example, they can look into the past or the future with the help of tools that are not popular in orthodox psychology, for example, various mantic systems, numerological matrices , astrological calculations, associative cards, conscious altered states and other techniques ... In his work, the parapsychologist does not turn to matter (this is in the competence of doctors), and not even always to the unconscious of a person (this is in the part of psychologists and psychotherapists), but to energy, as to the foundation of all that exists. But it often happens that in your work with a client you have to combine the processing of psychologists and various techniques of parapsychologists and therapeutic methods of psychotherapists. All this together gives wonderful results!

Paprapsychologist - a person with the ability to extrasensory perception and influence - psychic, medium, clairvoyant, bioenergetic, cosmoenergetic, healer, fortuneteller, soothsayer, stalker, spiritual healer ... Psychometrist (medium, psychic, clairvoyant) - a person with psi-ability to extrasensory perception of information through contact with any object about its owner, about events related to this object. The perception of such information occurs, as a rule, in a narrowed state of consciousness of the psychometrist, most often in a meditative trance or a state close to this trance ... The perception of such information can also occur in an ordinary, waking state. The general name of the class to which the term "psycho-metrist" belongs is psychic, and, naturally, in the second sense - "parapsychologist".

The tasks for a parapsychologist can be in different areas of your life, on the solution of which he works together with the client:

• interpersonal relationships - unrequited love, sexual sphere, inability to enter into new relationships and maintain existing ones, dependence on a partner;
• family relationships - issues of couple compatibility, family roles of husband and wife, sex in marriage; help in changing the family situation (the appearance of a new family member, divorce, remarriage);
• parapsychological roots and correction of functional disorders of health and energy;
• self-knowledge and personal growth;
• "internal barriers" in career development;
• dissatisfaction with oneself, lack of confidence in one's strengths and abilities;
• desire to understand yourself, improve the quality of your life, maximize your potential;
• emotional sphere: instability of mood, anxiety, stress, living grief and loss, overcoming the consequences of mental and physical trauma, emotional dependence.

A parapsychologist is a person who possesses deep esoteric knowledge about the world, about the person in it, about the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of mankind and the individual human soul, and who applies this knowledge for the good and to help people!

Let us take the liberty of breaking a tradition that is firmly rooted in all work on parapsychology. We will not begin by listing parapsychological facts, nor will we analyze the history of parapsychological research. You can read about all this in any book on parapsychology. From our point of view, it is best to start by looking at the subject of scientific psychology. It must be said that in scientific psychology itself there is still more than enough mysterious things.

Hereinafter, we are forced to break somewhat not only the parapsychological, but also the psychological tradition. Those representatives of scientific psychology who, nevertheless, are inclined to recognize the reality of parapsychological phenomena, attribute them to a field outside the boundaries of psychological science, but we think that there is every reason to believe that the scientific basis of parapsychological phenomena and facts related to scientific psychology is one ...

Psychology is one of the ramified experimental observational and theoretical sciences of our time. The development of natural science and the development of psychology make it imperative to consider the question of the subject of psychology.

The main subject of psychology should be considered the disclosure of the patterns of construction and operation of brain information models of objects in the external world serving the behavior of animals and humans. Analysis shows that the life of animals is impossible without those informational processes modeling the surrounding world, which are called mental processes. These processes are, therefore, the most important factor in the existence of living nature.

The higher the level of development of an animal, the more complex its brain, the more important is the construction of internal information brain models in its life and behavior. These brain models play a special role in human activity, being the basis of all types of his labor and creativity.

Our models of objects in the surrounding world are not just dead copies of these objects, like, for example, their photographs or reflections in a mirror. A specific feature of these models is that they are alive. This means that the matter from which they are created is living matter.

Each displayed object is experienced by a person in its own way. One and the same object is displayed by different people in different ways, finds a different life in their psyche. This amazing property of the psychic is very difficult to define. It can only be called a subjective experience.

In connection with the specificity of living matter, which is the substrate of information processes that regulate life and behavior, the understanding of life that was developed by Academician V.I.Vernadsky is of great interest (331). In a number of his works, V.I. Vernadsky clearly distinguishes between lifeless matter - he calls it inert matter - and living matter and convincingly proves that life cannot arise from inert matter, no matter how complicated this latter may be. The starting point of his reasoning is the statement about the eternity of living matter.

Vernadsky wrote: "... inevitably we have to admit that there was no beginning of life in the cosmos that we observe, since there was no beginning of this cosmos. Life is eternal, since the cosmos is eternal" (331, vol. 5, p. 137) ... The eternity of life, according to V.I. Vernadsky, presupposes a qualitative uniqueness of the matter and energy that underlies life. Developing this idea, V. I. Vernadsky acts as a consistent materialist-dialectician. For him, the implementation of the principles of materialism consisted not in reducing complex forms of matter and energy to the already known manifestations of the material world, but in investigating the matter and energy of life in all the complexity of their manifestations.

He wrote: "... the recognition of the eternity of life seems to indicate some kind of fundamental difference between the living and the dead, and this difference must be reduced to some kind of difference in matter or energy in a living organism, in comparison with their forms, which are studied in physics and chemistry, that is, in ordinary inert, lifeless matter, or it indicates the inadequacy of our usual ideas about matter and energy, derived from the study of inert nature, to explain all processes of living ... "(331, vol. . 5, p. 142).

Understanding the mental modeling of the surrounding world with the help of the brain as a manifestation of this living matter, we can use the doctrine of V. I. Vernadsky about the specificity and qualitative uniqueness of this matter.

Based on the concept of Vernadsky in connection with the question of interest to us, we can say that the mechanisms of parapsychological phenomena should be sought among those specific manifestations of matter and energy that are characteristic only of living matter. In any case, the basis of the psyche in its both psychological and parapsychological qualities are such material structures that, possessing the signs of life, allow us to form models of the surrounding world.

An analysis of the material foundations of the psyche should begin with a description of some of the features of the brain. This description alone makes it possible to advance in understanding the emergence of certain parapsychological features, which, in essence, are psychological features.

The brain is comprehensively described from its anatomical point of view. But much more in the work of this amazing organ remains a mystery. His connection with the psyche, participation in the construction of models of the surrounding world, in the regulation of behavior are indisputable. But how is this connection made? An exhaustive answer to this question is not yet available in modern science.

It is known that the brain provides a simulation of the surrounding world using the work of billions of nerve cells - neurons. A neuron consists of a cell body, short tree-like processes (dendrites), through which impulses enter the cell, and a long process (axon), through which information flows from the cell. The joint, well-coordinated work of neurons allows the construction of models of the external world and regulation of behavior.

It should be emphasized here that those information processes that are carried out on the basis of the work of nerve cells and which are called mental ones are closely related to bioinformation processes in ordinary somatic cells, in other words, with the information service of ordinary cells.

Modern data on the information service of living cells allow us to conclude that this service is objectified in certain chemical structures and includes three components: a) initial, hereditary information, which is encoded in molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), b) transport of this information carried out by ribonucleic acid (RNA), and c) the embodiment of this information using protein structures.

Analysis shows that these three components of the information service are also characteristic of the functioning of a nerve cell - a neuron. In this case, there are also three constituent parts - initial information, information transport and information embodiment. The difference lies in the fact that the initial information in the work of nerve cells, for example, those serving eyes, does not come from genetic structures, but from the outside world. As for the other two components of the information process, there is reason to think that these components are provided by the same structures as in somatic cells: information is transported along the nerve fiber with the help of RNA, the information received by the nerve cell is fixed in protein structures.

This commonality of the contours of the information systems of the somatic and nerve cells indicates that the psyche is not introduced into living systems from the outside, but is a specialization and modification of information systems that are originally characteristic of life. A commonality of this kind prompted researchers to look for the substrate and nature of the psyche in chemical compounds. However, the totality of modern research on remote transmission of information (see the chapter on bioinformational contact "man-plant") indicates that molecules are only structures on the basis of which the finest biophysical processes are played out, participating in the provision of mental processes.

It was found that the cerebral cortex, as well as other parts of the brain, is characterized by a multilayer cellular structure, and it turned out that in different regions of the cortex there is a different ratio of cell layers, consisting of different types of cells. The map of the cerebral cortex compiled on the basis of such studies turned out to be at the same time a map of various mental functions (Fig. 2).

The most specific is the occipital cortex. The neural pathways that reflect the state of the retina come to the occipital region (this is the 17th field on the map below). The objects in front of the eyes are projected onto this field. Other fields of the occipital region surrounding this field (fields 18 and 19) provide complex forms and phenomena of perception, the integrity of the perception of objects, their position in perspective, etc.

The center of auditory perception is the field of the temporal region, indicated by the number 41. If the cortex of this field is damaged, partial or complete deafness may occur. The neurons of the nearby 22nd field provide the perception of more complex sound phenomena associated with the integration of sound quality, such as intensity, timbre, rhythm.

The entire posterior part of the cortex is associated with various types of sensitivity, while the parietal region performs a special intercentral function. In this vast area, there are fields that combine different types of sensitivity. There are also areas that control not so much the direct display of surrounding objects as the process of establishing relationships between objects. Such a field that establishes relations between objects (objects) and performs in this connection the most important intellectual function is field 39, which is located, as it were, at the junction of the temporal, occipital and parietal regions of the cortex.

The neurons that provide motor functions are located in the anterior cortical regions. Their violations lead to disorders of the motor sphere. Among the fields of the motor zone, a special role is played by the field 44 located in the posterior lower frontal region, which controls the movements of the speech apparatus.

The most differentiated, complex and still mysterious area of \u200b\u200bthe cortex is its frontal region, especially its anterior part. Neurologists note that when the frontal lobes are damaged, attention is disturbed, distraction appears, easy distraction, and criticism of one's own actions decreases. A characteristic feature of the so-called frontal patient is indifference, indifference to the environment, apathy, lack of activity. Reduced self-control is also characteristic of the frontal patient: he laughs for no reason, abruptly switches from laughter to tears and back.

All this suggests that the frontal lobes are the instance that provides the function of general regulation of behavior. It is in the cells of these shares that the goal is formed and the entire set of actions is controlled to achieve this goal.

Such a regulator is really necessary. After all, many different influences from the external world come to all human senses at the same time. And in order to see something, it is necessary to select one object from the set of those around, the rest must become the background, recede into the background.

The entire cerebral cortex can be viewed as a self-governing system. The neuropsychological data presented here allow us to consider the modeling work of the cortex as the functioning of two large and interconnected blocks of this system - the block of cognition and movement and the block of higher regulation of behavior. The system of cortical self-regulation is primarily a system of interaction between cells and the information they contain, which ensures the emergence of integral pictures and models. A kind of communication channel between these two blocks is the area of \u200b\u200bthe cortex, which provides control of the speech area. It is characteristic that this area is located at the junction of the cognitive-motor zone with the cortex of the frontal lobe. Thus, the diagram of the cerebral cortex can be regarded as a functional diagram of mental activity. This diagram is not just an indicator of the distribution of anatomical structures, but directly indicates the performance of certain psychological functions by these structures.

An important point in the regulation of this activity is the simultaneous paired work of the cerebral hemispheres. Simulation of the environment is carried out using two symmetrical and at first glance similar cerebral hemispheres. In this case, each center of sensitivity in one or another hemisphere of the cortex receives impulses both from the sense organ located on its side, and from the sense organ of the opposite side.

Such a simultaneous representation of the right and left sense organs in the fields of both cortical hemispheres can be seen with particular clarity in vision. The nerve fibers coming from the retina have a partial cross - chiasm. The fibers coming from the retina of the left eye, thanks to chiasm, partly end up in the 17th field of the right hemisphere, partly in the left. The same thing happens with the routes of nerve fibers coming from the right eye: some of them go to their own hemisphere, some to the opposite hemisphere.

There is reason to believe that this double display in both hemispheres probably provides that double objective-background regulation of reality display, thanks to which a person simultaneously gets the opportunity to see the object and the objects surrounding him (background). This dual display regulation and its psychological significance will be discussed in detail below.

It should be pointed out here that the anatomical similarity of the two hemispheres does not mean their functional identity. Recent studies indicate that the cortical fields of the right and left hemispheres, although they serve a single mental activity and provide a display of the same environment, each do it in their own way. So, it is now recognized that the left hemisphere in right-handers, being the dominant hemisphere, is associated with the display of separate, discrete objects separated from each other. As for the right hemisphere, it determines the creation of a certain integral picture of the environment.

The structure of the brain regulation of mental activity will help us understand a number of amazing phenomena of the human psyche. First of all, this structure allows one to approach the understanding of hypnosis. It is known that the hypnotic state as a specific state of sleep arises under the influence of a hypnotist who inspires words and various monotonous influences. The person falls asleep and, it would seem, is completely disconnected from all external stimuli. We have already said that the regulator of human behavior and cognition - the cerebral cortex - in turn, is a kind of self-governing system, in which higher levels control levels located below.

The most complex and highly organized structures are located in the frontal lobes of the hemispheres, in which the highest forms of human behavior are controlled. And the more complex the nerve formations, the sooner they are exposed to external influences. Therefore, when the hypnotic effect begins, it is these higher cells that are inhibited, turned off. This process of inhibition of cells in the frontal lobes leads to the state of sleep observed in hypnosis. As for the rest of the cortex, they can stay awake. Their independent activity is due to the fact that the higher regulator is disabled.

It is known that speech is an important link between higher frontal regulation and all cognitive processes. The speech areas of the cortex are located at the back of the frontal lobe. The hypnotist uses speech as a tool for controlling all mental activity of the hypnotized. Thus, a cross-control scheme arises in hypnosis. The hypnotist, as it were, deprives a person of his own frontal lobes and puts his frontal lobes in their place, which, with the help of speech, control the cerebral cortex of the hypnotized person.

In general, speech is a regulatory channel that connects the frontal lobes with the rest of the cortex. But in the ordinary mental activity of people, this controlling function is carried out with the help of internal hidden speech. A person needs vocalized speech mainly for communication. In hypnosis, however, this speech becomes the main channel of regulation that takes place between the hypnotist and the patient.

We needed a brief description of the basics of hypnosis because it is hypnosis that is often used as a method of actualizing some hidden unusual properties of a person, which are called parapsychological abilities. The brain mechanism of hypnosis sheds some light on how these abilities are controlled.

From the analysis of brain function, it can be concluded that various psychological functions are associated with certain anatomical brain structures. This means that among the anatomical structures of the brain, it is necessary to look for those that control the corresponding parapsychological phenomena.

The materials contained in the collection devoted to the work of the VI All-Union Congress of Psychiatrists (1975) provide data that directly testify in favor of the existence of special cerebral anatomical structures that determine, for example, telepathy. Thus, it is indicated that in some patients with lesions of the basal-temporal parts of the cerebral cortex, among other symptoms, the presence of telepathic abilities is noted (308).

The cerebral regulation of mental activity, briefly described here, is absolutely necessary for understanding the amazing abilities developed with the help of special training, created in ancient times in India. The results of this training clearly indicate the important regulating role of the frontal lobes in the work of individual body systems that contribute to the realization of its reserve capabilities. As the yogi training system shows, the possibilities for developing the ability to control the processes occurring in the body are enormous.

This unity of the organism was well understood by many researchers in ancient times. Thus, the ancient Indians developed methods of controlling their bodies and their own behavior. If we analyze the path of development proposed by them, then without much difficulty one can notice in this path a very strong natural-scientific orientation, taking into account the work of various brain structures, the peculiarities of the functioning of nerve and somatic cells.

Indian thinkers taught that work on the development and formation of higher psychological processes should begin when a person has sufficiently mastered the technique of controlling his bodily functions. Reliable evidence suggests that people who have specially trained themselves according to the methods of ancient Indian psychophysiology, for example, can plunge into a state in which they are able to live without eating, water and without access to air. This amazing state can last, as you know, for days, weeks or even months. There is reliable evidence that a person who brought himself to such a state was walled up or completely buried in the ground. Many days later, this man was pulled out of his "grave" and could be brought back to his usual state rather quickly. Only after a person has become subject to his purely material processes, such as, for example, breathing or relaxation of the body, can he proceed to the development of his psychological abilities.

This point of view of representatives of Indian psychophysiology on the development and formation of a person is in full accordance with a rather strong natural-scientific materialistic trend in Indian philosophy. So, already in the ancient philosophical monuments of India, called the Upanishads, there are provisions that air, as some material substance, is the basis of human mental activity.

More recently, the methods of human development obtained by the ancient Indian civilization were considered in the West as pure mysticism. However, the further science develops, the less strange and mysterious these facts and methods become. These facts can be brought into direct connection with the achievements of Russian neurophysiology and medicine. So, there is no doubt that the facts obtained in India fully coincide with the principle of nervousism put forward by the famous doctor of the last century S.N.Botkin (311a), according to which all processes occurring in the body, to one degree or another, are directly influenced by the processes occurring in nerve cells. There is no doubt that the principle of nervousism will explain many facts cited by Indian researchers that previously seemed completely inexplicable and mystical.

Recently, more and more various scientific literature has appeared, in which the analysis of ancient Indian methods and facts obtained using these methods is carried out. The studies of the Soviet philosopher V.V.Brodov are of great interest (70). His book shows that the worldview of such representatives of Indian philosophy, who developed the teachings of the ancient Indians about the formation of man, like Sri Ramakrishna and his disciple Swami Vivekananda, had a direct impact on the liberation movement of the Indian people against foreign oppressors.

It was the ideas of Ramakrishna and Vivekananda that shaped the worldview of one of the most prominent figures in the struggle for the national independence of India - Mahatma Gandhi, who, in turn, influenced the minds of that generation of Indians, which, led by Jawaharlal Nehru, achieved the complete expulsion of the British from the ancient Indian land. Jawaharlal Nehru highly appreciates the Indian psychophysiological methods of working on oneself. He pointed out that it was the use of these methods that strongly supported his steadfastness and will to resist during those difficult years that he had to spend in prison, where he was thrown by the colonialists.

As already mentioned, these methods of working on oneself are based on such purely material moments as body control and breathing control. The body was controlled through the practice of specially designed static postures, which are called asanas. As for the control of breathing, with its help, as the ancient Indians believed, it is possible to extract energy directly from the air around us. Since the energy is called "prana", the system of special exercises, with the help of which this energy is extracted from the air, is called "pranayama". Psychophysiological studies have shown that breathing exercises, pranayama, really have a beneficial effect on the human central nervous system.

The mechanism of this effect consists primarily in the fact that the cells of the cerebral hemispheres during the performance of breathing exercises receive increased oxygen supply, as a result of which their regulatory activity increases, and this ultimately actualizes the hidden resources of the nervous system and the body as a whole. In any case, the experience of ancient Indian psychophysiologists allows one to draw one fundamental conclusion about the ways of development of human mental abilities. This conclusion is that this psychological development itself should be carried out with simultaneous reliance on the development of the ability to control the bodily systems of the body.

From the point of view of the problem of actualizing the hidden psychological capabilities of a person, special techniques developed by the ancient Indians and aimed at direct training of the brain are of great interest.

At first glance, these methods are surprisingly simple. The main technique in this case is to train a person's ability to keep one object in his field of attention for a long time. For example, you can attach a sheet of white paper with a dot on the wall, sit in front of this sheet in a comfortable position and concentrate all your attention on the dot. If you try to make this simple experiment, then very soon you can see how difficult it is to continuously keep your attention on some object.

At first, you really manage to keep all your attention on the point. But this is only possible for the first few seconds. Very soon the point begins to blur, as if it leaves the field of vision, and it takes quite a lot of willpower to keep it in the center. After some more time, however, completely extraneous thoughts begin to come to mind, which lead away from the object in question. These thoughts are getting harder and harder to fight.

Special psychological experiments have shown that none of the people who have not previously practiced this exercise are able to continuously fix, hold their attention on a point for more than two tens of seconds. What does this mean? This suggests, first of all, that the cerebral cells of the cerebral cortex, which control voluntary eye movements, have only a very insignificant regulatory capacity. These cells quickly get tired, their energy is depleted, and the gaze, which was focused on the object in the first seconds, loses obedience.

We talked about the fact that one of these higher centers that control eye movements is located in the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex. Let us imagine that a person, day after day, will try to focus his gaze on a point for some time. This will lead to the fact that certain groups of nerve cells will be forced to systematically perform static work associated with gaze control. Such static work will inevitably draw an increased amount of blood to these cells. And this is understandable: the more one or another cell has to work, the more they must consume nutrients.

Work in combination with the increased blood supply caused by it must inevitably lead to the strengthening of this group of cells, to their development. And then everything happens as with the development of muscles during daily strenuous physical work: systematically exercised muscle cells develop. It is the same with nerve cells. During training, a person becomes able to keep his gaze on the point longer and longer.

As for the blood that feeds the brain, it flows not only to limited areas of the frontal cortex. She generally begins to more intensively nourish the entire frontal lobe. And the frontal lobe, as we have already noted, is the highest cerebral regulator of behavior. She governs all our mental activity. In addition, in the lower, basal part of the frontal lobe, there are cells that regulate various processes associated with the work of human internal organs. Therefore, attracting an increased amount of blood to the frontal lobe and developing its cells, a person acquires special power over his body as a whole.

Thus, behind a simple exercise that has been practiced by the Indians since ancient times, the most complex and interesting processes are hidden. They have a completely definite psychophysiological meaning and do not contain anything mysterious or mystical. This is an attempt to directly influence those areas of the cerebral cortex that provide the highest regulation of human behavior.

It is known that it is the frontal lobes that are responsible for the level of personality development; it is the cells of this area that provide the personality's own creative activity. It is therefore natural to assume that different methods that have a positive effect on the development of the frontal lobes, thereby will affect not only volitional processes, not only the control of behavioral acts and processes occurring in the internal organs, but will undoubtedly affect the general creative level of a given person.

The method of concentration, which originated many centuries ago in India, has, of course, certain disadvantages, especially when viewed from the point of view of a European. First of all, such a method, associated with setting attention to a certain object, seems too contemplative for a European. Indeed, for the restless and highly mobile European thinking, a person who seeks to develop his creative activity and for this, without moving, sitting in one place, staring at one point, may seem somewhat strange.

The development of will, the activity of a person is usually understood as an activity to overcome obstacles, as curbing one's instinctive urges, as achieving difficult goals associated with significant stress. And in the course of such vigorous activity, in the course of the struggle with one's instincts, in the course of curbing immediate impulses, the higher regulatory mechanisms of the cerebral cortex can indeed form and are being formed 1.

1 (European psychological science has already assimilated many of the Eastern methods. In particular, this applies to the theory and practice of will development. See, for example, the book by R. Assagioli "The Act of Will", which is included in the main theoretical foundation of humanistic psychology.)

However, even in the case when psychological regulation was not trained specifically, but developed spontaneously in the process of vital activity, the mechanisms necessary for such higher regulation also developed in the cells of the frontal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres. And each conflict that arises in a person, each unexpected task before him, inevitably causes an increased work of the nerve cells of the frontal cortex.

Parapsychology is a branch of scientific research that studies various anomalous phenomena related to the supernatural capabilities of humans and animals. In its attempts to explain many unexplored phenomena of this world, parapsychology relies on scientific methodology, which makes the results obtained more reliable than in the case of many similar directions.

The history of the emergence of parapsychology

Parapsychology has its roots in the nineteenth century. It was at this time that the first societies studying mental processes appeared in England and America. Among the founders of science, mention should be made of a psychologist and philosopher from the United States of America - William James.

The London parapsychological research community was formed by philosophers, scientists, educators and politicians. They studied telepathy, hypnosis, clairvoyance, spiritism and other similar phenomena.

One of the important achievements of society is that he carried out a census of the population, according to the assumptions, faced with the phenomenon of hallucinations (ghosts). This was the very first serious study of the paranormal, which had a scientific basis.

In the United States in the early twentieth century, there was a rapid development of parapsychological research at Stanford University. A little later, Duke University got involved in the process. And in 1957 in the USA (North state) the Association of Parapsychology was created.

But this science reached its heyday in the seventies of the last century. At this time, a huge number of institutes and other organizations appeared, studying it. Also at this time, parapsychology for beginners began to be very popular, ordinary people in many countries of the world began to actively study it.

After the 80s, interest in parapsychology declined slightly. For this reason, a sufficient number of research centers have been closed. But despite this, parapsychology has already firmly established itself as a scientific direction. And the training of parapsychology for many has turned from fiction into reality.

What parapsychology studies

Parapsychology is concerned with the study of various forms of sensitivity that provide the reception of information not through traditional senses. This includes the ability of some living beings to influence the phenomena of the physical world that occur outside the body (while muscular efforts are not applied - with the help of desires, mental energy, and so on).

Today, parapsychologists call such forms of sensitivity that can be developed by every person, but at the moment are unclaimed and therefore are lost.

• Telepathy - the ability to transmit and receive information through thoughts.
• Clairvoyance is the process of obtaining information about specific incidents in the surrounding reality without the participation of traditional feelings and reasoning of the mind.
• Foresight (proscopy) is a kind of clairvoyance, in which it becomes possible to predict what will happen.
• Dowsing - finding the accumulation of groundwater, ore, voids using special indicators (metal wire, vines, and the like).
• Paradiagnostics - the definition of a medical diagnosis, for the establishment of which there is no need to contact the patient.

All of these forms of sensitivity often form the basis of extrasensory perception. In addition, forms of influence on external phenomena of the physical world are popular.

These include psychokinesis, which is the mental influence of a person on objects around him.

It also includes paramedicine, which is a field of activity adjacent to parapsychology. Paramedics use specific therapies that cannot be scientifically explained (hands-on treatment, mental suggestion, and the like).

It should be noted that most scientists are rather skeptical about parapsychology and the results of its research, consider it a pseudoscience, and classify those who practice it as charlatans.

As for parapsychologists, they argue that all anomalous phenomena really exist, but due to the lack of their research, it is not yet possible to finally establish their nature.

Scientists, who represent official science, argue that today there is no scientific evidence that could confirm the anomalous capabilities of humans. And all parapsychological research is carried out in violation of scientific methodology.

According to the third point of view (which representatives of esoteric teachings have), the phenomena described above belong to the spiritual sphere, which is scientifically unrealistic to know, therefore, in this case, one must rely solely on faith. It should be noted that parapsychologists themselves hold a similar opinion, who argue that their research cannot be reproduced under the same conditions. For example, when a person enters a special mental state, he acquires the ability to telepathy, but due to external interference (from the side of scientists) the fine structure is disturbed, and telepathic abilities disappear.

Even without taking into account the ambiguity of the attitude towards parapsychology, one cannot fail to note its scientific, esoteric and spiritual value. Especially the research of parapsychology influenced the New Age movement, whose supporters saw in parapsychology an opportunity to harmoniously combine the scientific and the spiritual.

As for the experiments of parapsychology, the most famous of them is the study of human extrasensory abilities, as well as intuition. Usually, the subject was asked to guess the options for the correct answers - to set the color of the card on the other side, hidden numbers or letters, and so on. And if a person gave more correct answers than on average, one can speak of strong intuition.

At the same time, researchers need to detect and fix those states of the researched when intuitive knowledge will be at its peak. We have already mentioned that it is quite difficult to use a scientific approach in experiments of such a plan, because the states of superconsciousness are purely individual for each person and tend to pass very quickly.

Parapsychology has greatly influenced culture - there are a large number of works of literature and cinema that study various inexplicable phenomena. The high degree of popularity of this topic lies in the fact that people are attracted by everything phenomenal, unique and mysterious, that is beyond our comprehension. But we - Western people, with great difficulty perceive information of such a plan. But unlike us, the representatives of the Eastern tradition do not require scientific confirmation of the phenomena of such a plan, it is enough for them to realize their spiritual essence, and not a dry theory.

As for the serious future prospects of parapsychology, they are based on two components:

• general development of technical and scientific progress, due to which it becomes possible to identify and study previously inaccessible processes;
• the impasse in which the official science is now, the absence of progressive directions, due to which more and more attention is being paid to alternative methods, to which parapsychology can be attributed. If she manages to justify the hopes that are placed on her, then in the twenty-first century we have every chance to observe the amazing results of even more impressive and interesting parapsychological research.

Parapsychology is a science that studies all kinds of anomalous phenomena associated with the latent capabilities of human and animal organisms, near and post-death experiences. If we translate the meaning of this word from ancient Greek, we can distinguish two words "about" and "psychology".

In their research, parapsychologists, relying on scientific research methods, parapsychologists try to answer questions that are often closed to modern science. Having examined in more detail what parapsychology studies, one can single out such areas of research as: extrasensory perception, telepathy, telekinesis, transmigration of souls, obsession and other areas of esotericism.

The history of the emergence of parapsychology

The date of birth of the science of the extraordinary abilities of living organisms is not exactly known. We can only say that it originated in the nineteenth century. It was at this time in Great Britain and the United States of America that societies for the study of human mental abilities began to appear en masse. It is believed that one of the founders of parapsychology in its modern form was a practicing American psychologist, and later a parapsychologist, William James.

Prominent politicians, philosophers, scientists and educators have been members of the London branch of the parapsychological community. Members of the society of that time were engaged in active research in the fields of reading thoughts at a distance, hypnosis and suggestion, summoning the spirits of the dead and many others. The first serious parapsychological study is considered to be a census of people who have experience of communicating with ghosts, who have seen various kinds of hallucinations associated with this anomalous phenomenon. All data had a clear structure and were statistically processed.

At the beginning of the last century, research in the field of parapsychology was actively conducted on the basis of Stanford University in the United States. A little later, specialists from Duke University joined the research. In the fifties, an association of parapsychologists was created in America. The seventies saw a golden era in the study of anomalous phenomena in America. A large number of scientific institutions and research associations are opened, societies and religious groups are created that have devoted their efforts to the study of parapsychological phenomena. These organizations have conducted extensive research in areas related to rebirth, out-of-body experience, mind reading, predicting future events, etc.

At the end of the eighties, interest in this area has noticeably cooled, which led to the closure of many research centers. But they accomplished the most important task - they singled out parapsychology as a separate branch of science. Without a doubt, all promising developments in the field of parapsychology have successfully migrated to the location of the special services and are actively used.

The specifics of the work of a parapsychologist

A parapsychologist is a scientist specializing in the study of anomalous phenomena associated with the psychological activity of humans and other living organisms. So who is a parapsychologist really? Some consider parapsychology a pseudoscience, questioning all the results achieved in this direction, respectively, parapsychologists - charlatans. This happens for a number of reasons. First, modern science is still not able to create an objective practical basis for describing the processes of parapsychology, although there are some progress. Secondly, all progressive areas of research that potentially pose a threat to the country's security are classified and exposed to black PR.

Representatives of the official branch of science, in their criticism of parapsychologists, resort to the arguments that the traditional scientific methodology is violated in the research of parapsychologists and all the results and conclusions are obtained with many inaccuracies. Research is often artificially adjusted to the desired result.

In turn, researchers of esoteric phenomena appeal that many of their studies lie in the spiritual realm, which cannot be measured by modern technological means. Parapsychologists often have to rely on the properties of human consciousness, and take the word of researchers. The task is further complicated by the fact that there are no two people with the same psyche, which introduces an error in the results obtained.

Although the attitude towards the research of parapsychologists is ambiguous, nevertheless, their contribution to the life of modern society is hard to underestimate. Many modern directions of science have grown and are based on the ideas laid down in this area. And if we turn to popular culture, the contribution of parapsychology is simply enormous. Modern cinematography just stands on parapsychology as a foundation.

1. The line of intuition is a thin line starting on the edge of the palm at its very base, and going towards the center of the hand (Fig. 169). As a rule, this line is very short and thin, although from time to time you will meet people with a very long line of intuition.If the line of intuition is directed to the line of the mind, a person can be a wonderful spiritual healer, medicine man and psychic. If she strives for the line of fate, a person will be able to manifest himself in telepathy, clairvoyance and prophecy.

Individuals have two lines of intuition that run parallel to each other. This means that they have prophetic dreams.

People with a line of intuition are very sensitive and caring. They subtly capture the mood of those nearby and understand their feelings. They are naturally endowed with healing abilities and are keenly interested in everything related to mysticism and parapsychology.

2. In addition to the line of intuition, you need to pay attention to the presence of Solomon's ring on the hand. It is a semicircle encircling the hill of Jupiter (Fig. 170). Be careful: the ring is easy to confuse with a straight line located on the same part of the arm and known as the line of empathy (Fig. 171). People who have this line treat others with understanding and sympathy. And Solomon's ring, which endows a person with an interest in the world of the occult and the paranormal, always has the shape of a semicircle.

3. The presence of a mystical cross in the quadrangle (see Fig. 166) is also a symbol of a person's deep interest in mysticism and parapsychology. This sign is an independent small cross, the branches of which do not cross any of the main lines of the hand.

MONEY

There is no such person who, having come to the palmist, would not be interested in the money issue! The money that the client will inherit is represented by a thin curved line located at the base of Apollo's finger from the side of the finger of Mercury (Fig. 172). This line only says that at some point in time a person will receive money by inheritance. But when exactly this will happen, it is impossible to determine by it.

The money earned is represented by a triangle, the two sides of which are formed by the intersection of the lines of mind and destiny (Fig. 173). Inside this triangle, you will find another triangle, but much smaller. Ideally, the small triangle should be closed, since this suggests that, having earned money, a person will be able to keep it and increase it. A triangle that is only partially closed means that most of the money that will be

earning a person, he will spend. If the triangle lacks a third side, this indicates that the person will spend everything that he has. The larger the triangle, the greater the person's financial potential. However, you should not conclude that a client will become a millionaire simply on the basis that he has a large money triangle. It is necessary to find other evidence that a person will earn a lot of money through hard work, especially those that would speak of his purposefulness.

Lottery wins are represented by small triangles on the inside of the life line (Figure 174). The life line forms one of the sides of these triangles, and their location allows you to determine the time when money will be won. Winning money triangles are extremely rare because most of us still have to earn money through hard work.

This is the triangle that materialists call the money triangle.
This is not surprising, since he is always in the hands of rich people.
One who has such a triangle will always have prosperity, even if it breaks down, it will still accumulate again.
If there is no such triangle on his hands, then such a person will squander any prosperity.
These qualities, like any other qualities, must be developed, of course, they are not taken and granted by themselves.
Well-being, in the normal sense of the word, is not necessarily money, but one must understand that a person who has wealth and money is also always found.
Well-being is a well-being, a state of self-sufficiency and wholeness.

We will talk about the welfare triangles.
The first triangle is the Great Welfare Triangle.
It is formed by the life lines, the head line and the mercury line.

If the hand is clear

The Great Triangle of Welfare is a sign of generosity, spiritual wealth. As long as this triangle is in good condition, then its owner will be GOOD. The life line is combined with the head line like vectors on a plane, they, the life line and the head line generate themselves, as a result of their productive third line interaction - hepatics. After all, a triangle is always the result of interaction, struggle.
We remember that hepatica is a line of a system of views and beliefs, a line of mental health, a line of information, it is clear in the hands of those who have their own strong system of views and beliefs. That is why a healthy body (strong life line) and a healthy soul (healthy head line), as a result of their interaction, can give a strong hepatic, thereby forming a fundamental figure: the Great Triangle of Welfare.
This triangle promises to its owner constant spiritual, evolutionary growth, promises a good state of affairs in the material, practical and spiritual spheres, this sign, together with the seed of happiness (phala rekha), guarantees that a person is not poor. If we are talking specifically about the Great Triangle of Welfare, then we can say that a person is not poor due to his spiritual qualities, since the line of mercury itself in its highest manifestation is a line of knowledge, if it appeared as a result of the interaction of the line of life and the line of the head, then it becomes clearly, such a person knows his place in the world and does his job, therefore he has all the benefits, since he lives in accordance with the laws of the universe, he has already learned to sacrifice, he has already formed himself and is now in a good state.
If the triangle is not solid, it has breakouts somewhere, looking at that. In which line of breakdowns, then we can say in what area a person needs to develop in order to come to a good state. It is necessary to look for the reason why there is a breakdown on the lines forming the triangle, to see which cycles the person has not completed.
The above triangle is the most important of all triangles. Since it is he who is formed later than all other figures, if he is in good condition, it means that the person has already passed other large triangles. Of course, the larger the area of \u200b\u200bthe triangle, the stronger its effect: generosity, generosity, courage, honesty, prudence, and most importantly: human well-being.
There may be other Welfare Triangles on the hand, the principle of their work is similar to the principle of the Great Welfare Triangle.
For example, this is a triangle formed by the lines of life, the line of mind and the line of fate, realizing that the line of fate is the line of fate and lesson, the line of destination, we can know that this purpose is often very simple, for example, to work all your life in a factory, then if we see the clear sides of the triangle, then we understand that a person is engaged in his business and his work, working out his lesson, with his work he gains prosperity.

The wider the triangle of fate, the farther the line of fate is from the center of the palm, and the farther the line of fate is from the center of the palm, the freer the person, the more global his lesson, respectively, the greater his well-being. Freedom \u003d awareness \u003d responsibility, and more benefits are always given for more responsibility than for little responsibility. It is similar to how a person, with a greater degree of responsibility, can use a soft sofa instead of a doghouse and have a wider range of pleasures from his life than a dog.
Light triangle:

Formed by the lines of life, the head, and the line of Apollo (light) - a powerful sign that indicates that a person has reached a good state through self-giving, creative, creative realization. After all, the line of light is nothing more than a line of self-giving, a line of sacrifice. So, a woman through the birth of a child can improve in her beauty and wisdom and accelerate her evolution, so an actor on stage will receive a triangle of light on his hand if he animates the inanimate and creates bright light from coarse matter. If the sacrifice is not correct or at all, then there will be no triangle, or it will be with violations. And then the person will be poor — the one who broke the law of sacrifice, the one who does not know how to give, and therefore does not receive.
Unfortunately, in our time, you do not often see the full-fledged Apollo Triangle.
There are three more small triangles - the first Minor Triangle of Saturn is formed by the lines of the head, Saturn and mercury, and the Minor Triangle of Apollo is formed by the lines of the head, Apollo, and mercury, the third is formed by the lines of the head, Apollo and Saturn - these are purely spiritual signs indicating human activity “There, on the top.” They work according to the same mechanisms as the big triangles, but, as we can see, there is no longer the participation of the mother's line of life. Their interpretation will be in additions to this article.

TRAVELS

Travel lines are thin lines located close to the edge of the palm (Fig. 175). Their interpretation should start from the bottom line and end with the top. At times, a series of these lines can reach the beginning of the heart line.

There are no travel lines on the hands of some people. This does not mean that they are never and nowhere

will not travel, but indicates that travel as such is not interesting to them. On the hands of other people, there are tens of travel lines. And again, this does not mean that they will travel a lot. Rather, the abundance of these lines indicates that a person dreams of travel and, if given the opportunity, will immediately go on a trip.

As a rule, people almost always succeed in achieving their goal. However, it is often possible to meet a person on whose hand there are several travel lines, and he has never left his hometown - life circumstances did not allow him to see the world. It could be family commitments, lack of money or incentive, lack of confidence, or something else.

The vast majority of people are somewhere between these two extremes. Several clear, clearly marked lines can be found on their hands. These lines represent important trips. Travel lines are more correctly called lines of restlessness or anxiety. People who have such lines in their hands are constantly striving somewhere, waiting for something. They do not tolerate routine, but they love change and variety. Most of them dream of traveling to exotic countries, and it is these fantasies that are reflected in their hands.

LOVE

In addition to the life line, many people know the meaning of thin small lines horizontally located on the edge of the palm between the base of the little finger and the line of the heart (Fig. 176). These lines are often incorrectly referred to as matrimonial lines. In fact, they are called relationship lines, and thanks to them you can determine how many important love unions will be in a person's life. You may be surprised, but my clients have repeatedly become married and married people, on whose hands there were no relationship lines. This suggests that they are in a comfortable or profitable marriage that does not have much spiritual or emotional significance for them. I have never come across a similar picture on a woman's hand, but I have repeatedly observed it on the hands of men.

Figure: 176. Lines of relationship

Most people have one, two, three, or four lines of relationship. They are interpreted from bottom to top, from the line of the heart to the finger of Mercury. A love union can be considered permanent, which often, but not always, leads to marriage, if the line symbolizing it bends around the edge of the palm and ends on the palm itself. If the line does not reach the middle of the edge of the palm, this suggests that the love union will be short-lived.

The main difficulty that a palmist may face when analyzing the lines of relationships is that if a strong love union breaks for some reason and then recovers, this is reflected on the hand in the form of two lines, despite the fact that the partner remained the same the same as before. This is further complicated by the fact that the double line symbolizes a possible, but not necessarily real, reunion.

CHILDREN

In the past, a person could go to a palmist and find out how many children he would have. The gypsies were especially famous for their predictions in this area. But the lines of children rather reflect only the reproductive potential of a woman, rather than the real number of children she will give birth to. Today, when there is such a thing as birth control, very often there are people with great childbearing potential, but who prefer not to have children. A hundred or two hundred years ago they would not have been able to do this with such ease as they do now!

The lines of children are thin vertical lines located under the finger of Mercury and in most cases connected to the line of relationships (Fig. 177). To count them correctly, you need a magnifying glass. Clear, clearly marked lines indicate how many children a person could possibly have, although these numbers are rarely accurate.

By the hand of a man, you can only determine the number of children with whom he will be associated with spiritual intimacy. The lines of beloved children will be deeper than not loved and not expected

These lines can appear very quickly.

Mirage line

This line is located above the Heart line. It is often fragmented. It can be easily confused with the continuation of the Heart line after the break.

If the mirage line is expressed very clearly, this speaks of a vivid imagination and a desire to escape from the real world into other dimensions. Such a person needs time and space in order to dive into dreams. He is very sensitive to myths, symbols and visions. You may be in front of you a fan of painting, a fan of classic cinema, a screenwriter, an esotericist, an inspirational artist or a cyberspace researcher. Unfortunately, the same line is sometimes associated with drug use. It is found among those who are called "out of this world", and among absolute introverts, that is, people who prefer dreams to reality. If the mirage line is expressed clearly enough and is combined with well-defined lines of the Head and Life, a person is able to soar to the stars and bring his knowledge to Earth in the form of music and inspiration.

Such combinations are often found among composers who “hear” their music, among writers who live the life of their characters, among artisans who know how to “see” the finished work at the very beginning.

When the mirage line is very clearly expressed, the person refuses to be realistic. He will never renounce his illusions, visions are an integral part of his existence. He is prone to hallucinations and visions. It is difficult for him to navigate in the world around him and find the right path.

First, pay attention to the texture of the skin. A person with rough, rough skin is more suitable for active, perhaps even physical work. People with silky skin will do better in intellectual work related to the senses. The shape of the palm will help narrow this interpretation somewhat. A person with an earthy palm and rough skin will feel cramped in an office chair. The one with a watery palm and silky skin in the army will reach a nervous breakdown.