The lesson of the snouts the death of Yermak. Detailed analysis of ryleev's "death of Yermak"

P.A.Mukhanov (1)

The word Siberia means the now immeasurable space from the Ural ridge to the shores of the Eastern Ocean. Once the Siberian kingdom was a small Tatar possession, of which the capital, Isker, was located on the Irtysh River, which flows into the Ob. In the middle of the 16th century, this kingdom depended on Russia. In 1569, Tsar Kuchum was taken by the arm of Ivan the Terrible and undertook to pay tribute. Meanwhile, the Siberian Tatars and the Ostyaks and Vogulichs under their control sometimes invaded the Perm regions. This forced the Russian government to pay attention to the provision of these ukraines with fortified places and the increase in population in them. The wealthy merchants of that time, the Stroganovs, got possession of the vast deserts on the borders of Perm: they were given the right to populate and process them. Summoning the freemen, these active landowners turned to the Cossacks, who, not recognizing any supreme power over themselves, plundered industrialists and merchant caravans on the Volga. In the summer of 1579, 540 of these brave men came to the banks of the Kama; they had five leaders, the main one was called Ermak Timofeev. The Stroganovs joined them with 300 people of different all-seamen, supplied them with gunpowder, lead and other supplies, and sent them beyond the Ural Mountains (in 1581). Over the next year, the Cossacks defeated the Tatars in many battles, took Isker, captured Kuchumov's nephew,
Tsarevich Mametkul, and ruled in Siberia for about three years. Meanwhile, their number gradually diminished: many perished from an oversight. The overthrown Kuchum fled to the Kyrgyz steppes and plotted ways to exterminate the Cossacks. One dark night (August 5, 1584), with heavy rain, he launched an unexpected attack: the Cossacks defended themselves courageously, but could not stand for long; they had to succumb to the force and the force of the blow. Having no means of salvation, except for flight, Ermak rushed to the Irtysh, intending to swim to the other side, and died in the waves. The chroniclers represent this Cossack hero as strong-bodied, dignified and broad-shouldered, he was of average height, had a flat face, quick eyes, a black beard, dark and curly hair. Several years later Siberia was abandoned by the Russians; then the tsarist troops came and took possession of it again. During the 17th century, the incessant conquests of various daring leaders carried the borders of the Russian state to the shores of the Eastern Ocean.

The storm roared, the rain rustled
Lightning flew in the darkness
Thunder roared without interruption
And the winds raged in the wilds ...
Breathing passion for glory,
In a country harsh and gloomy,
On the wild bank of the Irtysh
Ermak sat, enveloped in thought.

Companions of his labors,
10 Victories and thunderous glory,
Among the outstretched tents
We slept carelessly near the oak grove.
"Oh, sleep, sleep," the hero thought,
Friends, under the roaring storm;
At dawn my voice will be heard,
Calling for glory or for death

You need rest; sweet dream
And in a storm he will calm the brave;
In dreams he will recall glory
20 And the strength of the warriors will double.
Who did not spare his life
In robberies, mining gold,
He will think about her.
Dying for Holy Russia?

Flush with your own and enemy's blood
All the crimes of a violent life
And deserved for victories
Blessings of the Fatherland, -
Death cannot be terrible for us;
30 We have completed our work:
Siberia has been conquered by the tsar,
And we did not live idly in the world! "

But his fateful destiny
Already sat next to the hero
And looked with regret
At the victim with a curious look.
The storm roared, the rain rustled
Lightning flew in the darkness
Thunder roared without interruption
40 And the winds raged in the wilds.

The Irtysh seethed in steep banks,
Gray waves rose
And scattered with a roar in macaws,
Biya about Breg, goat boats.
Rest in the arms of sleep with the leader
The brave squad ate;
There is only one storm with Kuchum
I did not sleep on their death!

Fearing to fight the hero
50 Kuchum to the tents, like a despicable thief,
Crept a secret path
Tatars surrounded by crowds.
Swords flashed in their hands -
And the valley was bloody,
And the terrible fell in battles,
Without drawing swords, the squad ...

Ermak rose from sleep
And, death in vain, strives into the waves,
The soul is full of courage
60 But the boats are far from the shore!
Irtysh worries more -
Ermak strains all his forces
And with his mighty hand
It cuts the gray shafts ...

Floating ... close to the shuttle -
But the power gave way to fate,
And, boiling worse, the river
She swallowed the hero with a noise.
Having deprived the strength of the hero
70 Fight the fierce wave,
Heavy Carapace - Gift of the King (2)
Became his death.
< br />The storm roared ... suddenly the moon
The boiling Irtysh became silver,
And a corpse spewed out by a wave
The copper armor lit up.
The clouds were rushing, the rain was rustling,
And the lightning was still sparkling
And the thunder in the distance still thundered,
80 And the winds raged in the wilds.

RI, 1822, Ќ 14. January 17, without dedication, with note. publisher: “The composition of a young poet, still little known, but who will soon become alongside the old and glorious. IN<оейков>". Reprint. in C, 1822, 4 and in “North. Flowers for 1825 " (in the article by P.A.Pletnev). Presented in VO 28.XI.1821, this thought, as worthy of "special respect", was the basis for renaming Ryleev from associate members to full members of the Society (see M., p. 195). The historical basis of the thought is the materials about the death of Ermak in the presentation of Karamzin (I, vol. 9, ch. 6). The Duma became widespread and became a folk song.
1 Mukhanov Pavel Alexandrovich (1798-1871) - Decembrist, historian, friend
Ryleev, at whose request until January 1825 he participated in the preparation for the publication of "Dum".
Heavy armor - a gift from the tsar - the armor mentioned by Ryleev was presented by Ivan IV to Ermak after his victory over Kuchum on the banks of the Irtysh, on Cape Podchuvash (1582).

Thoughts, which were created on real life events, are the most interesting for readers. From such creative works, we learn about the real historical events that filled the old days. One of these thoughts is the great work "Death of Ermak". Its creator is K.F. Ryleev. It was the main character, the Cossack Yermak Timofeevich, who played a very important role in the difficult process of the unification of the Siberian Territory and Russia.

These historical events took place during the reign of Ivan the Terrible. Cossack Ermak was able to destroy the army of Khan Kuchum, although the Khan himself fled. And at night, the khan made a sudden raid on the settlement of the Cossacks, and the latter had to retreat.

Crossing the river, the Cossack Ermak died in a stormy and deadly river. It is the night of the Cossacks' retreat that the author depicts with all the formidable elements of nature - lightning flashed, rain was constantly rustling, a storm hovered over the earth.

Many Cossacks in their past life were criminals, but now they are loyal to the service of the king. Ermak reflects on the fact that all these Cossacks have long since washed away their guilt with the blood of their enemies. After all, now, they stand to death and give their lives for holy Russia.

At this time, he still does not know that a difficult battle awaits them ahead. After all, at night, Khan Kuchum, secretly attacks the Cossack camp and they fall in battle without even fighting.

Such a vile and low character as Khan Kuchum is opposed to the strong and powerful Cossack Ermak. During the retreat, the glorious hero could not cross the river and overcome the stormy anger of the water element. He's drowning. And the fault is the heavy shell, which was a gift from the king.

The Cossack dies defending his native land and serving Russia. It was her, not the king. This is a very important detail that the author emphasizes in his thought.

Let's go straight to our topic and start the analysis. Ryleev's "Death of Ermak" was largely due to the life of the writer himself. Therefore, we will plunge a little into the events that preceded the writing, and briefly familiarize ourselves with the biography of the author - Kondraty Ryleev. This is necessary, first of all, in order to better understand what thoughts the author had in his head at that moment and what prompted him to write this thought.

The poem "Death of Ermak" by Ryleev is included in a kind of cycle of philosophical and patriotic poems, which also include: "Dimitry Donskoy", "Bogdan Khmelnitsky", "Volynsky", "Prophetic Oleg", "Derzhavin" and others. As for the assessment of Ryleev's work Pushkin, he wrote that in his thoughts there was nothing Russian and national, except for names.

short biography

Kondraty Ryleev was a Russian poet and public figure who was born on September 18, 1795 in the village of Batovo, St. Petersburg province, in the family of a landowner. From 1801 to 1814 Kondraty studied at the First St. Petersburg Cadet Corps. He participated in the period from 1813 to 1814.

But, unfortunately, Ryleev's life tragically ended on July 13, 1826. He was only 30 years old, he was one of the leaders of the Decembrist uprising and was among the five officers executed on the scaffold.

Creation

And now we come close to his work, in 1820 he created his famous satirical ode "To the temporary worker". In 1821, he became a member of the Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature and was listed in the service of the assessor of the St. Petersburg Criminal Chamber, and in 1824 he headed the management department of the Russian-American enterprise. From 1823 to 1825, together with Alexander Bestuzhev, Kondraty Ryleev worked on the publication of the almanac "Polar Star" and was a member of the Masonic lodge "To the Flaming Star".

Ryleev, "Death of Ermak": idea

In 1822, Ryleev also wrote a thought dedicated to the ataman Yermak, which was partially set to music, and it became a song.

The Duma "Death of Ermak", the content of which will be presented further, is based on real historical events. The main character is a famous historical character - a Cossack chieftain named Ermak Timofeevich, who played a major role in the annexation of Siberia to the Russian state in the second half of the 16th century during the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible. Ermak and his army constantly fought with Khan Kuchum, who did not want to obey the Russian tsar and pay tribute to Moscow. Kuchum wanted to rule himself and did not obey anyone, and then completely made a coup and killed his Muslim brothers, who agreed to accept Russian citizenship and pay bribes to the winners.

Khan Kuchum

The Duma "Death of Ermak" further describes how in the next battle between Kuchum and Yermak many people were killed. Kuchum fled to the steppe, and Yermak with the remaining soldiers, of whom there were only 50 people, passing the way along the Irtysh, stopped to spend the night at the mouth of the Vagai River. At night, Kuchum suddenly attacked the sleeping Cossacks and killed almost everyone. Only a few people survived. Ataman Ermak, burdened with two chain mail, one of which was presented by the king, and the weapon he carried, rushed into the river to get to the plows, but drowned in the Irtysh. However, according to Tatar legends, he was wounded in the throat by the spear of the hero Kutugai.

The body of Ermak was pulled onto land by a Tatar fisherman, many Murzas and even Kuchum himself came to see the body of the chieftain from all over the area. For several days, the Tatars shot the body of a brave Russian warrior from a bow and feasted merrily, but then they threw his remains, and, according to eyewitnesses, they lay in the air for a whole month and did not spoil. Then the Tatars, taking off all the equipment and clothes from him, dividing them among themselves, buried him in a place of honor in the village of Baishevo (Vagaysky district of the Tyumen region).

Analysis: "Death of Ermak", Ryleev

Ryleev, inspired by the exploits of the Russian soldiers, decided to devote his thoughts to them. This is how the thought “Death of Ermak” appeared. The poet studied the ancient legends about Yermak well and knew that on the day of the hero's death there was a strong thunderstorm with a storm, and Yermak died in the waves of the raging river. Ryleev begins his thought with a description of that terrible stormy night when nature itself is ominously agitated, the storm roars, the rain rustles, lightning flies in the darkness of the night, thunder continuously thunders, and the winds rage.

The Duma "Death of Yermak" describes how a deeply thoughtful Yermak sits on the banks of the Irtysh, as if anticipating his imminent death, reflects on life, about friends and whether they lived their lives right. After all, many Cossacks were in the past desperate criminals and thugs who went into the service of the tsar. Yermak in no way condemns them, but on the contrary, admires their courage and courage. He believes that they washed away all their "crimes of a violent life" with the blood of enemies and now do not spare their lives for the Holy Russia and the Tsar.

The courageous and brave ataman Yermak was opposed in the Duma by the leader of the enemy camp, Khan Kuchum - an insidious and vile man who, fearing to directly enter into battle with Yermak's retinue, secretly crept up to them with his people and destroyed all of them, the soldiers fell "without drawing their swords." ...

Death

Ermak rushes into the river, straining with all his might under the whipping waves of the raging river, dressed in the "heavy armor-gift of the king", he drowns. Ryleev believes that it was the heavy equipment of the hero that caused his death. The river almost immediately swallowed up the brave warrior. The hero died, he exchanged his freedom and began to faithfully serve the autocracy. In any case, the analysis of the Duma speaks about it. Ryleev's “Death of Ermak” again ends with a description of raging winds and thunders.

For Ryleev, the problem of personal freedom is very important, serving Russia and serving the tsar are not the same thing for him. He admires Yermak's courageous heroism and his service for the good of Russia, but does not agree that he accepted an expensive gift from the tsar, who became the cause of his death. This is where the consideration of a well-known thought can be ended. Analysis told us a lot. Ryleev's "Death of Ermak" shows that the author had his own negative attitude towards the autocracy, for which he paid with his own head.

(the historical basis of the Duma

K.F.Ryleev "Death of Ermak")

teacher of Russian language and literature MOU

"Lyceum No. 1" village Chamzinka Republic of Mordovia

Pechkazova Svetlana Petrovna

• prepare for the perception of the thought of K.F. Ryleev "Death of Ermak",
• to acquaint with the historical basis of the work,
• analyze the traits of the Russian national character, shown by K.F. Ryleev in the image of Ermak,
• foster patriotic feelings

Konstantin Fedorovich Ryleev (1795 - 1826) -

russian poet, public figure, member of the Northern Secret Society, Decembrist

During the life of Kondraty Ryleev, two of his books saw the light:

in 1825 the collection "Duma" and the poem "Voinarovsky" were published.

The poet included more than 20 works of this genre in the collection "Duma":

"Oleg the Prophet", "Boyan", "Mstislav the Udaly", "Death of Ermak",

"Ivan Susanin", "Peter the Great in Ostrogozhsk" and others.

Konstantin Fedorovich Ryleev

set before his poetic creativity the task of reminding young people of the patriotic feats of arms of their ancestors, acquainting them with significant epochs of folk history, instilling sincere affection for the homeland, genuine love for the homeland.

Dumas of K.F. Ryleev

"Mstislav Udaly"

"Peter the Great in Ostrogozhsk"

"Boyan"

"Oleg the Prophet"

"Death of Ermak"

"Ivan Susanin"

The Duma is a poetic genre of Russian literature, representing the poet's reflections on philosophical, social and family and everyday topics.

Duma K.F. Ryleev "Death of Ermak"

based on real historical events.

Cossack Ermak Timofeevich played an important role in the annexation of Siberia to Russia during the era of Ivan the Terrible. He defeated the army of Khan Kuchum, but Kuchum himself fled to the steppe.

At night he unexpectedly attacked Yermak's camp, the Cossacks fought bravely, but they had to "yield to the force and surprise of the blow." They were forced to flee, but there was only one way to salvation: by swimming through the Irtysh.

The historical basis of the thought of K.F. Ryleev "Death of Ermak"

It happened on August 6, 1585. Ermak Timofeevich with a small detachment of 50 people spent the night on the banks of the Irtysh at the mouth of the Vagai River. Kuchum attacked the Cossacks and destroyed almost the entire detachment. Only a few Cossacks managed to escape.

According to the recollections of eyewitnesses of that terrible night, the chieftain was burdened with his armor, in particular, two chain mail donated by the king. Trying to swim to the plows, he drowned in the Irtysh.

It is possible that Yermak was also wounded. According to Tatar legends, Ermak was mortally wounded by a spear in the throat by the Tatar hero Kutugai.

The historical basis of the thought of K.F. Ryleev "Death of Ermak"

According to legend, Yermak's body was soon caught from the Irtysh by a Tatar fisherman Yanysh. Many noble Murzas, as well as Kuchum himself, gathered to look at the body of the ataman.

They say that the Tatars fired at the body of the chieftain with bows and feasted for several days.

Later, after dividing his property, in particular, taking two chain mail donated by the Tsar of Moscow, he was buried in the village, which is now called Baishevo. They were buried in a place of honor, but behind the cemetery, since Ermak was not a Muslim.

Vocabulary warm-up

1. Explain the meaning of phrases:

Breathing passion for glory -

wanting the glory.

Comrades of his labors -

fighting friends, like-minded people.

We did not live idly in the world -

not intentionally.

Fatal destiny -

unhappy fate.

I rose from sleep -

woke up.

2. Choose synonyms for words:

thicket, wilderness, thickets.

Wilds -

Embraced -

surrounded, hugged.

Tent -

tent, camp.

Ratnik -

warrior, vigilante.

Cheln -

ship, boat.

Armor -

armor, chain mail, shell .

Vocabulary warm-up

Holy Russia -

Motherland, fatherland, native land.

Fatherland's blessing -

the mercy of the motherland, the wish of victories and happiness.

• Explain why the events at the beginning of the thought occur at night, during a thunderstorm?
• What is Yermak thinking on the night before the battle?
• How do you understand the words of the hero: "And we did not live idly in the world"?
• How did Ermak's squad die? What does the author see as the cause of her death and who does he blame for this?
• What is the theme and idea of \u200b\u200bRyleev's thought?
• What feelings did the author try to convey?
• Find patriotic lines in the text of the Duma.
• Re-read the thought out loud expressively. Why does it especially excite the hearts of readers?
• What features of the Russian national character did K.F. Ryleev in the image of Ermak?
• What works of oral folklore are close to Ryleev's thought?

B. Dekhterev. "The death of Ermak"

What episode from the thought “Death of Ermak was portrayed by the artist B. Dekhtyarev”?

Monuments to Ermak

The world's first linear icebreaker "Ermak"

Stele to Ermak

in Tobolsk

Monument to Ermak

in Novocherkassk

Don money - Ermak, 100 rubles. Rostov, 1918

Five men prepared for execution by hanging in caps stand on the scaffold. Ryleev is among them. The rotten ropes snapped. Ryleev got up and rapped out: "We are perishing in torment, in suffering." He was only thirty-one years old.

The Moiraes wove him a formidable fate, not soft, not fluffy, but all in knots, about which he will be stripped into blood all his life. They identified the inevitable, and insensibly cut the thread of life when they saw fit.

It all started in childhood

Father Kondraty Ryleev had a formidable father. Just a whipping. The mother could not look at it calmly and assigned the five-year-old boy to the cadet corps. But he was out of luck. The director changed, and the humanity that preceded the appearance of Kondraty disappeared. Rods here were also a reliable basis for education. Ryleev was an ardent and enterprising tomboy. He was punished incessantly. Often he took on someone else's blame. For this, they had both respect and trust in him. This is how the past “illuminates” the future. What is the theme and idea of \u200b\u200bRyleev's thought, which will come to him much later? Of course - the theme of freedom.

After study

Ryleev was assigned to a corps stationed in Dresden. Only recently ended. He also went on campaigns in Bavaria, Saxony, Prussia, Switzerland and Paris. There he visited the fortune teller Lenormand. She predicted a sad fate for him, but she did not specify which one. And the premonition of death, the sacrifice of his path always accompanied Ryleev.

Poet and politician

By the age of twenty-two, Ryleev had formed both as a poet and as a politician. Already in 1821 he became acquainted with Karamzin's "Russian History". And he wrote his first, as he put it, "trinket". A little later, others appeared, including the Death of Ermak. Finally, he gives a name to his miniatures - duma. In addition to Russian history, the genre of the thought of the Polish poet and writer Nemcevich became an impulse. So, with the light hand of Ryleev, thoughts entered Russian poetry. But the Polish poet took advantage of folk art, where thoughts on themes of history in the epic and lyric genre were a phenomenon of musical creativity and where, above all, freedom was glorified. So it is with a Russian revolutionary, if you ask what the theme and idea of \u200b\u200bRyleev's thought are, the answer will be independence and will. After all, it was not for nothing that he was in a literary society, which was an offshoot of the Union of Prosperity. And later Ryleev will become close to Pushchin, who will introduce him to the secret Northern society. And it turns out that it was not an ordinary member who joined it, but a person with an extraordinary revolutionary temperament, for whom freedom is the main goal of life. So, what the theme and idea of \u200b\u200bRyleevani's thought would be, but they completely overlap with his activities. Of course, having lived in Europe, with its jubilant freedom, with the seething political thought, it is very difficult to come to terms with the Russian reality: gloomy, wild, dark and where you want, above all, freedom. What is the theme and idea of \u200b\u200bRyleev's thought? This is a fusion of life and history of Karamzin.

History reference

Ermak Timofeevich is known as the conqueror of Siberia. But besides Russia, other peoples also had views on it. First of all, the Tatars, who lived on the Irtysh, which fell into the huge Ob. They did not lay claim to more distant lands up to the Pacific Ocean. The Tatar kingdom depended on the Moscow one and was obliged to pay tribute. But they attacked the deserted Russian Permian lands, which the Stroganovs were supposed to inhabit. To prevent Tatar robberies, the landowners turned to the free Cossacks, whose leader was Yermak. There were few of them. There are about eight hundred people in total. But the Cossacks managed to take the capital of the Tatar kingdom with a fight and even capture the king's nephew. And the overthrown Tsar Kuchum fled and for three years cherished plans to exterminate the Cossacks. This final episode reveals doom. What is the theme and idea of \u200b\u200bRyleev's thought "The Death of Ermak"?

Poetic work

The Duma begins with a refrain full of formidable romance, which will then be repeated in its central part, showing how nature opposes what will happen and end with the same gloomy quatrain. It describes a storm with a raging wind and flashing lightning in total darkness.

The hyperbolic forces of nature are written out with full splendor. In such a harsh and gloomy and wild place on the shore, only Yermak sits.

He does not sleep, guarding the sleep of his comrades. He thought deeply about the glory of his homeland and the lives of his comrades. Where will the fight in the morning lead? To glory or death? This topic worried not only Ermak, but also the author himself. Asking the question: “What is the theme and idea of \u200b\u200bRyleev’s thought“ Death of Ermak? ”, First of all, one must remember what responsibility lay on Kondratiya Fedorovich to preserve secrecy and responsibility for the life and families of his associates. Therefore, when Yermak wants his friends to rest, one cannot but think about Ryleev, who wants the conspirators until the time of rest.

Before the fight

Ermak Timofeevich continues to reflect that everyone needs a dream, which even among the raging nature will bring peace and strength, thoughts should come in dreams and confidence should be strengthened: in glory to fight or die for holy Russia - this is the theme and idea of \u200b\u200bRyleev's thought. What feelings do the reader have with such thoughts? Pride for a handful of heroes who will face a mortal battle and who will wash away the past crimes with their blood and open up immense Siberia for Russia.

What else is Yermak thinking

Yes, the blood of his comrades-in-arms will wash everything away and for that the blessing of the Motherland will be received. The main thing will be done - the revolt will be suppressed, and Siberia, with its enormous wealth and vast expanses, will join Russia. But Yermak does not yet know that fate is inexorable. And already over the small detachment, rock loomed.

This is the theme and idea of \u200b\u200bRyleev's thought. What feelings the author seeks to convey - the inevitability, inevitability of death. With regret, the all-knowing fateful fate watches over the sleeping people, those who will soon become victims. All this is set off by a gloomy black thundering storm.

The fight

Kuchum secretly crept up to the sleeping people and quickly, so that the Cossacks did not even have time to get their swords, he destroyed everyone. Ermak alone managed to shake off his slumber and rushed into the raging waters of the Irtysh, trying to escape. And he has a lot of strength, but you cannot argue with fate, in which everything is predetermined. The river became full of eddies, and boiling waves swallowed Ermak.

The hero died, but nature continued to rage in anger, as if she were protesting against such a death of the faithful son of the Motherland. It was not by chance that such a tragic plot attracted the attention of Ryleev, who always remembered his impending dramatic death. Which one? He didn't know yet.