Convertible from Volt-Ampere (VA) to Watts (W). Convertible Watt(W) to Ampere(A)

On household appliances (mixer, hair dryer, blender), the manufacturers write about the strength of cotton wool, on appliances that generate great electrical power (electric stove, vacuum cleaner, water heater) – in kilowatts. And on sockets or automatic power outlets, through which they are connected to the limit, it is customary to indicate the power of the current in amperes. To understand the outlet of the devices you plug into, you need to know how to transfer amperes from the power supply.

Units of effort

The transfer of water into amperes and vpaki is understandable, since there are different units in the world. Ampere is the physical value of the strength of an electrical current, which is the speed of passage of electrical energy through a cable. Watt is the amount of electrical power, and the fluidity of electrical energy. However, such a transfer is necessary in order to understand that the significance of the strength of the struma indicates the significance of your tension.

Ampere transfer at Vati ta kіlovati

Knowing how to determine the voltage of ampere watts is necessary in order to determine which device is used to reduce the stress of the people who are connected. Dry or switching equipment is brought to such devices.

Before you select any automatic switch or dry connection device (DW) to install, you need to understand the ease of use of all the devices that are connected (sander, lamps, washing machine, computer, etc.). Otherwise, knowing what the cost of the machine and the dry device of connection is, which means what kind of possession is visible, and what not.

To convert an ampere to kilowatts, the following formula is used: I = P/U, where I is ampere, P is watt, U is volt. Volts are not voltage limits. In residential areas, a single-phase circuit is used - 220 V. At the production plant, to connect industrial equipment, an electric three-phase circuit is used, which is equivalent to 380 V. Coming from this formula, knowing the amperes, it is possible to Please note the relevance of watts and, finally, convert watts to amperes.

Situation: є automatic derivation. Technical parameters: nominal power supply 25 A, 1-pole. It is necessary to take care of the looseness of the installation of the building machine.

The easiest way is to enter the technical data into the calculator and check the details. You can also use the formula I=P/U to get: 25 A=x W/220 U.

x W = 5500 W.

To convert vat to kilovat, it is necessary to know the onset of tension in vat:

• 1000 W = 1 kW,
• 1000000 W = 1000 kW = MW,
• 1000000000 W = 1000 MW = 1000000 kW etc.

Otje, 5500 W = 5.5 kW. Proof: an automatic machine with a nominal pump of 25 And you can see the importance of all devices with a nominal power of 5.5 kW, no more.

Create a formula with the voltage and force data in order to select the type of cable based on tension and force. The table shows the type of stream across the dart:

They lived in wires and cables

Peretin lived, mm²	They lived in wires and cables
	Voltage 220 V		Voltage 380 V
	Strum, A	Pressure, kW	Strum, A	Pressure, kW
1,5	19	4,1	16	10,5
2,5	27	5,9	25	16,5
4	38	8,3	30	19,8
6	46	10,1	40	26,4
10	70	15,4	50	33
16	85	18,7	75	49,5
25	115	25,3	90	59,4
35	135	29,7	115	75,9
50	175	38,5	145	95,7
70	215	47,3	180	118,8
95	260	57,2	220	145,2
120	300	66	260	171,6

How to convert watt to ampere

It is necessary to convert watts to amperes in a situation where it is necessary to install a dry device and select which nominal power it will produce. It is clear from the operating instructions how much power is needed for a household appliance that is connected to a single-phase circuit.

The task is to find out how many amperes the battery has or what the socket for connection is, since the micro-hair stove can handle 1.5 kW. For simplicity, it is better to translate the power supply: 1.5 kW = 1500 W. The values ​​are presented in the formula and subtracted: 1500 W / 220 V = 6.81 A. The values ​​are rounded up and subtracted 1500 W from the ampere per ampere - the low-frequency flow rate is not less than 7 A.

If you connect a number of devices at the same time to one device, then in order to determine how many WAT amperes there are, you need all the values ​​of the connection at once. For example, the room is illuminated with 10 LED lamps. 6 W each, power washing 2 kW and TV 30 W. From now on, all the displays need to be translated from you, exit:

• lamps 6 * 10 = 60 W,
• sanding 2 kW = 2000 W,
• TV 30 W.

60 +2000 +30 = 2090 W.

Now you can convert the ampere of the current, for which the value is represented by the formula 2090/220 V = 9.5 A ~ 10 A. Evidence: the current level is close to 10 A.

You need to know how to convert amperes without a calculator. The table shows the speed of the combined electrical energy and power flow in single-phase and three-phase modes.

Ampere (A)	Pressure, kW)
	220 V	380 V
2	0,4	1,3
6	1,3	3,9
10	2,2	6,6
16	3,5	10,5
20	4,4	13,2
25	5,5	16,4
32	7,0	21,1
40	8,8	26,3
50	11,0	32,9
63	13,9	41,4

Weightiness is the amount of energy expended, expressed as energy per hour: 1 W = 1 J/1 s. One watt is equivalent to one joule (unit of vibration) to one second.

Practical skin of people's chula about parameters of electricians Volt, Ampereі Watt.

What is this tension? Watt [W]

Watt, Subject to the system SI - one of the world of tension. Today, a vikorist is used to adjust the tension of all electrical and other devices. Corresponding to the theory of physics, weight is the fluidity of the energy expended, expressed as energy per hour: 1 W = 1 J/1 s. One watt is equivalent to one joule (unit of vibration) to one second.

Today, to indicate the tension of electrical appliances, one unit of kilowatts (abbreviated as kW) is often used. It is not difficult to guess how many watts there are in a kilowatt - the prefix “kilo” in the SI system means the value subtracted by multiplying by a thousand.

For swelling caused by tension, do not immediately remove the wool on its own. Sometimes, if the quantities that are measured, even large or even small, it is much easier to use the unit of measurement with standard prefixes, which allows you to eliminate constant calculations of the order of value. Thus, when designing and developing radars and radio receivers, it is most common to use PW or NW, for medical devices, such as the EEG and ECG, to use μW. In industrial electrical engineering, as well as in the design of industrial locomotives, megawatts (MW) and gigawatts (GW) are required.

What is the voltage | Volt [V]

Voltage- this is a physical quantity that characterizes the size of the robotic drains
electric field in the process of transferring a charge from one point A to another point B to the value of the charge itself. To put it simply, it is the difference in potentials between two points. Visible in Volta.

The voltage is essentially similar to the magnitude of the water pressure in the pipe, the faster the water flows from the tap. The voltage value is standardized and is the same for all apartments, cottages and garages at 220 Volts with single-phase power supply. It is also allowed under GOST 10 100-volt household electrical system. The voltage value is no less than 198 and no more than 242 Volts.

1 Volt revenge:

• 1,000,000 microvolts
• 1,000 millivolts

What is the strength of the stream. Ampere [A]

Strumu power This is a physical quantity that is equal to the amount of charge in a given period of time that flows through the conductor up to the value of that same period of an hour. Measured in Amperes.

1 Ampere current:

• 1,000,000 microamps
• 1000 milliamps

Sometimes it’s also a matter of converting amperes from power to amperes, or otherwise – power from power to amperes, which can be difficult. It’s also rare that anyone among us remembers the formula of the school lava. It’s extremely important not to get stuck behind the fence because of the burying.

In fact, if you are familiar with such speeches, you may need to learn them often. For example, on the socket or fork there is a marking indicated on the visor: “220V 6A”. This marking represents the maximum permissible tension of the connection that is connected. What does this mean? What is the maximum tension of the adjuster that can be plugged into such an outlet or connected with a plug?

Coming from this marking, it’s important that the voltage is too low, to ensure that this device is insured, set it to 220 volts, and the maximum power supply to 6 amperes. To get the voltage values, just multiply the two numbers: 220 * 6 = 1320 watts - the maximum voltage for a given plug or socket. Let's say that a sander with steam can be used only twice as hard, and an oil heater can be used only half as hard.

How many volts are equal to 1 ampere?

It’s difficult to get food information. However, in order to make it easier for you to deal with these foods, we encourage you to familiarize yourself with the relationship tables.

For a quiet strum

For the grinding strum

How many Watts in 1 Ampere?

So, to remove the watts, you need to multiply the indicated amperes by volts:

Its P stands for Watt, I stands for A, and U stands for Volt. Then multiply the power by the voltage (the socket has approximately 220-230 volts). This is the main formula for determining tension in single-phase electric lancets.

However, the washing machine operates from a 220 Volt outlet with a power supply of 10 A, 10 A * 220 V = 2200 W or 2.2 Kilowatt, because one Kilowatt is equal to 1000 Watt.

We convert VAT to ampere

Sometimes the voltage of the VAT needs to be converted to amperes. For example, people are faced with such problems when they decide to choose a dry machine for their water heater.

For example, on the water heater it is written “2500 W” - this is the nominal power at a voltage of 220 volts. Then, in order to obtain the maximum amperes of the water heater, we divide the nominal voltage by the nominal voltage and subtract: 2500/220 = 11.36 amperes.

Well, you can change the circuit breaker to 16 amps. A 10 ampere circuit breaker will obviously not be enough, but a 16 ampere circuit breaker will work as quickly as possible to safely shift the values. Thus, in order to remove amperes, it is necessary to divide the VAT into life volts - divide the voltage into voltage I = P / U (volts in the daily range 220-230).

How many amperes in kilowatts and how many kilowatts in amperes

It often happens that on an electrical appliance the voltage is indicated in kilowatts (kW), so you may need to convert kilowatts to amperes. The fragments in one kilowatt are 1000 watts, then for a boundary voltage of 220 volts it can be assumed that in one kilowatt there are 4.54 amperes, therefore I = P/U = 1000/220 = 4.54 amperes. Correct for the limit and turn-hardening: in one ampere 0.22 kW, therefore P = I * U = 1 * 220 = 220 W = 0.22 kW.

For approximate ruptures, it is possible to restore those that with single-phase ventilation, the nominal strum I ≈ 4.5 R de R - increased tension and kilowatts. For example, when P = 5 kW, I = 4.5 x 5 = 22.5 A.

Vatti to kilovatti

So, 1 kW = 1000 W (one kilowatt equals thousands of watts). The reverse translation is so simple: you can divide the number by a thousand or move it by three digits left-handed. For example:

• power of the washing machine 2100 W = 2.1 kW;
• power of a kitchen blender 1.1 kW = 1100 W;
• electric motor tension 0.55 kW = 550 W, etc.

Kilojoules in kilowatts and kilowatt-years

It is sometimes useful to know how to convert kilojoules to kilowatts. To illustrate the power supply, let's go back to the basic ratio of watts and joules: 1 W = 1 J/1 z. It doesn’t matter to guess what:

• 1 kilojoule = 0.00027777777777778 kilowatt-year(there are 60 seconds in one year, and 60 seconds in one year, and 3600 seconds in a year, and 1/3600 = 0.000277778).
• 1 W = 3600 joule per hour

Vati in kin forces

• 1 power = 736 watts, then 5 horsepower = 3.68 kW.
• 1 kilowatt = 1.3587 kine forces.

Watts in calories

• 1 joule = 0.239 calories, then 239 kcal = 0.00027777777777778 kilowatt-year.

Variation of flow and voltage values

In order to change the voltage, you need to switch the multimeter to the alternating voltage mode, and then set the upper limit. For example, 400 Volts. And then touch the zero and phase measuring probes in the socket or terminal block and on the screen and increase the voltage value.

It is more important to meter the voltage, for this mode it is necessary to switch to the mode in amps and connect so that the stream passes through the meter, the multimeter must be connected in series with the power supply. And in expensive models of multimeters there are two different additional probes, which require pressing the keys apart and passing through the middle of the wire, on which it is necessary to measure the value of the struma. There are two important points here: start only one phase wire and follow it so that the electrical probes meet thoroughly.

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Since you are not a math buff, we have already done a lot of work for you and created an online translation calculator! Simply fill in the empty fields and press the “Unfold” button to convert watts to amperes.

When converting the voltage to amperes online, be aware that the voltage may lose its constant value, while the volts and voltage may change. A small number of electrons at a high potential can provide a lot of energy, and a large number of electrons at a low potential can provide a large amount of energy.

Online calculator to convert Watts to Amperes

If you don’t want to understand what processes take place in the wires, but you just need to quickly understand how to convert the voltage to amperes, then enter the voltage in the watts and the voltage in the volts, first press the “Unlock” button, which turns the switch enny. The exact result in amperes is displayed below, and you can cancel the calculations after resetting the calculator.

Strength of the strum: one vimiru ampere. The flow of electrical energy or electric current is visible. Zokrema, this indicator indicates the number of electrons that flow per second.

Volts: this is the voltage. The pressure of the stream is similar to the pressure of water in the hose, and this parameter shows the strength to which the wire must be added. Volts are the whole force of the electron, which is called “potential”, and this potential is what causes electricity to flow.

Vatti: one of the dimensions of tension, which in this period shows the amount of energy that is supplied to the person. The greater the increase in electrical potential and strength, the greater the tension. For example, the more painful your skin is, the more you cook your hedgehog.

The daily comfort of our lives is beyond the most electric current. It lights up our veins, generating vibrancy in the visible range of light-colored stoves, preparing and feeding it in various devices for the installation of electric stoves, micro-furnaces, toasters, etc. saving us the need to search for fire for the rich. We always move quickly near the horizontal plane in electric trains, subways and trains, and we move near the vertical plane on escalators and in elevator cabins. The warmth and comfort in our homes is due to the very electric flow that flows in air conditioners, fans and electric heaters. Various electric machines, which are driven by an electric current, make our work easier both in practice and in production. Truly, we live in an electric century, since our computers and smartphones, the Internet, TV stations and other smart electronic devices rely on electricity. It is not for nothing that humanity is so keen to report on the oscillation of electricity at thermal, nuclear and hydroelectric power plants - electricity itself is the most powerful form of energy.

As paradoxical as it may sound, the idea of ​​a practical use of electric power was one of the first to be adopted by the most conservative part of the family - the naval officers. Apparently, breaking through to the top in this closed caste was a difficult task, it was important to convey to the admirals, who started out as cabin boys in the sailing fleet, the need to switch to solid metal ships with steam engines, then young officers and from the beginning they focused on innovation. The very success of the installation of fireships during the Russian-Turkish war in 1770, which determined the result of the battle in Chesma Bay, provided power for the defense of ports not only with coastal batteries, but with the current defense forces on that day - by small fences.

The development of underwater mine systems has been carried out since the beginning of the 19th century, and the most common structures were autonomous ones that were powered by electricity. The 70s rock. In the 19th century, the German physicist Heinrich Hertz discovered a device for the electrical detonation of nuclear mines with a depth of up to 40 m. These modifications are familiar to us from historical films on the military sea. this topic - it’s all about the “horned” mine, in what kind of lead “rig”, what place an ampoule filled with electrolyte, changing upon contact with the hull of the vessel, as a result of which the simplest battery began to discharge, the energy of which was sufficient to detonate the mini.

The sailors were the first to appreciate the potential of the still incomplete hard-wired light cores - a modification of Yablochkov's candles, in which an electric arc served as the light core and ignited a positive carbon electrode, which glowed - for victorious by signaling and illuminating the battlefield. The use of searchlights gave an important advantage to the sides, who either stagnated them during early battles or simply used them as a signal for the transfer of information and coordination of the actions of naval forces. And equipped with intense searchlights, the lighthouses experienced navigation in the coastal, unsafe waters.

It is not surprising that the fleet itself, having adopted with a bang the methods of drone-less transmission of information, the sailors were not bothered by the great size of the first radio stations, and the remaining space of the ships made it possible to accommodate such thoroughly, although at that time it was cumbersome build a link.

Electric machines helped to simplify the charging of the ship's harmonics, and electric power units promoted the rotation of the harmonics and the maneuverability of the harmonic strikes. The commands transmitted by the ship's telegraph promoted the efficiency of the interaction of all commands, which gave the ship great advantage in combat battles.

The most significant stagnation of electric power in the history of the fleet was the destruction of U-class raider diesel-electric submarines by the Third Reich. Hitler's "Wolflight" submarines sank a large number of ships of the Allied transport fleet - to guess the sum of the convoy PQ-17.

British sailors were able to obtain a few copies of the Enigma (Riddle) encryption machines, and British intelligence successfully deciphered the code. One of the prominent scientists who worked on this is Alan Turing, famous for his contribution to the foundations of computer science. Having denied access to Admiral Dönitz's radio dispatches, the allied fleet and coastal aviation were able to drive the "Will I Play" back to the shores of Norway, Germany and Denmark, which was the result of the stagnation of submarine forces since 1943. The boule is surrounded by short-line raids.

Hitler planned to equip his submarines with V-2 missiles for attacks on the rally, saving the United States. Fortunately, the speed of the Allied attack on the Western and Skhidny fronts did not allow these plans to come to fruition.

The current fleet is inexorable without aircraft carriers and nuclear submarines, the energy independence of which is ensured by nuclear reactors, which have been developed by the technologies of the 19th century of steam, the technologies of the 20th century of electricity, and nuclear technology ії 21st century. The reactors of nuclear powered ships generate an electric current at a rate sufficient to ensure the vitality of the whole place.

Moreover, the sailors once again turned their attention to electricity and tried to build up railguns - electric devices for firing kinetic projectiles that produce great destructive force.

Historical background

With the appearance of reliable electrochemical devices of the permanent strum, dissected by the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta, a whole galaxy of miraculous scientists from various countries began to investigate the phenomena associated with the electric strum, and the timidity of this practical stagnation among the rich people of science and technology. Dosit the German scientist Georg Ohm, who formulated the law of flowing the stream for the elementary electric lancet; German physicist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, who developed a method for breaking up folding electric coils; French physicist Andre Marie Ampere, what is the crooked law of the interaction of stationary electric currents. The work of the English physicist James Prescott Joule and the Russian scientist Emil Khristianovich Lenz led directly to the discovery of the Kolkis Law of Estimation of the Thermal Activity of the Electric Stream.

A further development of the study of the powers of the electrical stream was the work of the British physicist James Clerk Maxwell, who laid the foundations of modern electrodynamics, neither known as Maxwell’s disciple. Maxwell also developed the electromagnetic theory of light, conveying a lot of phenomena (electromagnetic coils, the pressure of electromagnetic vibration). Years ago, the German scientist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz experimentally confirmed the existence of electromagnetic coils; Its work on image tracking, interference, diffraction and polarization of electromagnetic waves formed the basis of modern radio.

The work of the French physicists Jean-Baptiste Biot and Félix Savard, who experimentally discovered the manifestation of magnetism during the passage of a steady stream, and the wonderful French mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace, who confirmed their results in the eyes of mathematics According to the same laws, two sides of one box were first connected, having started the electric mag. The baton was then taken up by the brilliant British physicist Michael Faraday, who discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction and gave birth to modern electrical engineering.

A major contribution to the explanation of the nature of the electric current was made by the Dutch theoretical physicist Hendrik Anton Lorentz, who created the classical electron theory and developed a formula for the force that acts on a charge that collapses on the side of the electromagnetic field.

Electric strum. Viznachennya

Electrical flow - straightening (ordering) the flow of charged particles. The result of this flow is determined by the number of charges that passed through the conductor in one hour:

I = q/t where q is the charge in coulombs, t is the hour in seconds, I is the charge in amperes

Another importance of the electrical current is related to the power of conductors and is described by Ohm’s law:

I = U/R de U - voltage in volts, R - opir in ohms, I - power in amperes

Electric current is expressed in amperes (A) and in tenth multiples and submultiples - nanoamperes (billionths of an ampere, nA), microamperes (millionths of an ampere, mA), milliamperes (thousandths of an ampere, mA), kiloamperes (thousands) oh ampere, oh megaampere (millions of amperes, MA).

The size of the stream in the CI system is indicated as

[A] = [Cl] / [sec]

Peculiarities of the flow of electric struma in different media. Physics of boxes

Electric current in solids: metals, conductors and dielectrics

Under the hour of looking at the flow of the electric stream, the trace reveals the presence of different flows of the stream - elementary charges - attached to this physical state of speech. The liquid itself can be solid, rare or gas-like. A unique application of such compounds, which most people are wary of, can be the conversion of dihydrogen monoxide, or, otherwise, water hydroxide, or simply pure water. We protect the solid phase by removing pieces of ice from the freezer to cool drinks, the basis for the most part is water in a rare state. And when brewing tea or coffee, we pour it with dill, and the readiness of the remainder is controlled by the appearance of mist, which consists of droplets of water that condense in the cold air from gas-like water vapor that comes out of the spout of the kettle.

There is also a fourth stage of speech, which is called plasma, from which the upper spheres of stars, the Earth's ionosphere, half, the electric arc and the speech in fluorescent lamps are formed. High-temperature plasma is important to create in earthly laboratories, and the fragments reach even high temperatures - more than 1,000,000 K.

At first glance, the structures of solids are divided into crystalline and amorphous. Crystalline speeches form an ordered geometric structure; the atoms or molecules of such speech create their own volumetric or flat structures; Metals, their alloys and conductors are brought to crystalline materials. The same water in the form of snowflakes (crystals of different shapes, which are not repeated) miraculously illustrates the phenomena about crystalline speech. The amorphous speeches of the crystalline rocks do not waver; This kind of behavior is typical for non-electricians.

In the primary flow of solid materials, a process of displacement of high electrons occurs, which are created from the valence electrons of atoms. Based on the behavior of materials during the passage of an electrical current through them, the remainder are divided into conductors, conductors and insulators. The power of various materials, similar to the zone theory of conductivity, is determined by the width of the shielded zone, which cannot be penetrated by electronics. The insulators cover the widest protected area, sometimes reaching 15 eV. At a temperature of absolute zero in insulators and conductors there are no electrons in the conductivity zone, but at room temperature there will already be a few electrons knocked out of the valence band due to the amount of thermal energy ї. In conductors (metals), the conductivity zone and valence band overlap, so at a temperature of absolute zero there is a large number of electrons - the conductor stream, which is saved even at higher temperatures of the materials, right up to complete melting Lenny. The conductors are located in small protected areas, and their premises conduct electrical current depending on temperature, radiation and other factors, as well as the presence of houses.

Let us emphasize the importance of flowing the electrical current through the elements of the superconductors - materials that provide zero support for the flowing current. The electronic conductivity of such materials creates ensembles of particles, interconnected by quantum effects.

Insulators, as their name implies, are extremely bad for conducting electric shocks. This power of insulators is used to separate the flow of fluid between the surfaces of the different materials that are being carried out.

In addition to the existence of streams in conductors with a constant magnetic field, the effects associated with this change or the so-called vortices are responsible for the presence of a changing stream and the changing magnetic field associated with it. and strumas, also called Foucault strumas. The faster the magnetic flow changes, the stronger the vortex jets are, as they do not flow like song lines near the wires, but, when they close at the conductor, they create vortex circuits.

Vortex jets exhibit a skin effect, which results in a significant electric current and magnetic flow expanding mainly in the surface ball of the conductor, resulting in energy consumption. To reduce energy consumption on vortex jets, freeze the bottom of the magnetic cores of the vortex jet on the edges of electrically insulated plates.

Electric strum at the rivers (electrolytes)

All units, that is, in another world, initially conduct electric current when the electric voltage is stagnant. Such substances are called electrolytes. The currents in them contain positively and negatively charged ions - similar to the cations and anions that arise from speech disorders due to electrolytic dissociation. The strum in electrolytes for the rate of movement of ions, in addition to the rate of movement of electrons characteristic of metals, is accompanied by the transfer of speech to the electrodes with the creation of new chemical compounds around them or osadzhennyam tsikh rechovin abo novih spoluk na elektroda.

This laid the foundation for modern electrochemistry, which gave gram-equivalents to various chemical substances, thereby transforming inorganic chemistry into an exact science. Further development of the chemistry of electrolytes made it possible to create one-time charged and recharged chemical devices (dry batteries, accumulators and burning elements), which, in their turn, gave great progress to the development of technology. All you have to do is look under the hood of your car to get the best results from what generations of chemical engineers have done to look at a car battery.

A large number of technological processes, based on the flow of fluid in electrolytes, make it possible not only to give an effective appearance to the end viruses (chrome plating and nickel plating), but also to protect them from corrosion. The processes of electrochemical deposition and electrochemical etching form the basis for the production of modern electronics. Due to the most demanding technological processes, the number of components that are prepared using these technologies amounts to tens of billions per river.

Electrical flow on gases

Electrical flow in gases of formation reveals that they have high electrons and ions. Gases with their rarefied properties are characterized by a long period of time before the molecules and ions are formed; Through this, the stream in normal minds is crossed, through which there are obvious difficulties. You can also harden as many gases as possible. The natural mixture of gases is atmospheric, which in electrical engineering is considered a bad insulator. This is typical for other gases and their sums for the most basic physical minds.

The flow through the gases may be due to various physical factors, such as pressure, temperature, storage conditions. In addition, a variety of ionizing effects can be used. So, for example, being clarified by ultraviolet or X-ray radiation, or being exposed to cathode or anode particles or particles released by radioactive substances, or, allegedly, under high temperatures, gases become powerful It is easier to carry out an electric shock.

The endothermic process of the release of ions from the absorption of energy by electrically neutral atoms and gas molecules is called ionization. Having lost sufficient energy, the electron and a few electrons from the outer electron shell, adding a potential barrier, deprive the atom or molecule, leaving free electrons. At the same time, the gas molecule melts away from its positively charged ions. Free electrons can attach themselves to neutral atoms or molecules, creating a negative charge on them. Positive ions can bury free electrons back during the dark hours, remaining electrically neutral again. This process is called recombination.

The passage of the stream through the gas medium is accompanied by a change in the gas, which implies the folding nature of the flow of the stream under the applied voltage and, therefore, is subject to Ohm’s law only for small streams.

Non-self and independent discharges in gases are separated. In the case of a non-self-discharge of strum in the gas, it is only due to the presence of external ionizing factors, for their absence that there is no significant strum in the gas. During the self-discharge of the streams, the impact ionization of neutral atoms and molecules is promoted when free electrons and ions are exposed to an accelerated electric field after the removal of external ions yuzyuchih tides.

A non-self-sustaining discharge with a small significant potential difference between the anode and cathode of a gas is called a quiet discharge. When the voltage is increased, the force of the current increases in proportion to the voltage (section OA on the current-voltage characteristic of a quiet discharge), then the increasing flow increases (section of the curve AB). If all the particles that have fallen under the action of the ionizer go to the cathode and anode in the same hour, there will be no increase in the flow and voltage increases (section of the BC graph). With further increase in voltage, the stream grows again, and the quiet discharge transforms into a non-self-propelled avalanche discharge. A type of non-self-discharge is a discharge that glows and creates light in gas-discharge lamps of different colors and types.

The transition of a non-self-sustaining electrical discharge in gas to a self-sustaining discharge is characterized by a sharp increase in the flow (point E on the current-voltage characteristic curve). This is called an electrical breakdown of gas.

All overcharged types of discharges are brought down to the types of discharges that have been established, the main characteristics of which do not lie at the same time. The number of discharges that occur, there are discharges that are not established, that arise in strong non-uniform electric fields, for example, in hardened and twisted surfaces of conductors and electrodes. There are two types of discharges: corona and spark discharges.

In the case of a corona discharge, ionization does not lead to breakdown; it simply causes a non-self-discharge to occur in the enclosed space of white conductors through a repeated process. The impact of a corona discharge can be caused by light from the atmospheric air near highly elevated antennas, lightning conductors or high-voltage power lines. Corona discharge on power lines is responsible for wasting electricity. For a long time, this candle on the top of the goldfinches was known to the sailors of the sailing fleet as the sailors of St. Elmo. The corona discharge is installed in laser printers and electrographic copying devices, where it is formed by a corona - a metal wire, which is supplied with a high voltage. This is necessary for the ionization of the gas and the charge on the photosensitive drum. Once a crown discharge brings bark.

The spark discharge, in addition to the corona discharge, leads to breakdown and may appear as intermittently sparkling discolored, filled with ionized gas, thread-channels that emerge and disappear, accompanied by visions of great heat and heat We like the candles. The effect of a natural spark discharge can be a flash, destrum can reach a value of tens of kiloamperes. The light from the flash transmits the created conductive channel, the so-called downward “dark” leader, which creates a conductive channel in conjunction with the inducted upstream leader. The flash causes a carbon dioxide spark discharge in the created conductivity channel. A high-pressure spark discharge has its technical characteristics also in compact igniters, in which the discharge is generated between the electrodes of a quartz glass tube, which is filled with ionized gases.

The troubles of supporting the breakdown of gas are caused by an arc discharge and stagnation in welding technology, which is the outer stone of the technology of steel structures of our time, from cold water to aircraft carriers and cars c. It stagnates both in welding and cutting of metals; The intensity of the process is determined by the strength of the stream that flows. At significantly lower values, the flow results in the welding of metals; at higher values, the flow results in an arc discharge cutting the metal to remove the molten metal from the electric arc using various methods.

Other forms of arc discharge in gases include gas-discharge lighting lamps, which break up the darkness on our streets, squares and stadiums (sodium lamps) or automobile halogen lamps, which immediately replaced the original lamps and frying in car headlights.

Electric strum near vacuum

Vacuum is an ideal dielectric, so an electric current in a vacuum is possible only due to the presence of strong electrons or ions that are generated due to thermal or photomic reactions, or other methods.

The main method of removing electrons from vacuum is the method of thermoelectronic emesis of electrons with metals. Around the heated electrode, called the cathode, a supply of electrons is created, which ensures the flow of electric current through another electrode, called the anode, due to the presence of a conductive voltage between them or the necessary polarity. Such electric vacuum devices are called diodes and have the power of one-way conductivity of the stream, closing at the return voltage. This power is used to straighten the alternating stream, which is transformed by a system of diodes into a pulsed stream of constant directness.

The addition of an additional electrode, called a mesh, placed near the cathode, allows you to remove the booster element of the triode, in which small changes in the voltage on the mesh before the cathode allow you to remove the value of the change in the flow that flows Yes, and, obviously, the value of the change in voltage on the vantage, switched on in series with the light bulb Dzherela vitality is used to strengthen various signals.

The introduction of electric vacuum devices in the form of triodes and devices with a large number of grids for various purposes (tetrodes, pentodes and heptodes), created a revolution in the generation and strengthening of rads іfrequency signals, and led to the creation of modern radio and television systems.

Historically, the first developments of radio waves itself were based on the methods of converting low-frequency signals, such as transmission, as well as the circuitry of primary devices from the amplification and conversion of radio frequencies and the conversion of the acoustic signal. I'm sorry.

During the time of the creation of the television tower for the reconversion of optical signals, electric vacuum devices - iconoscopes - were set up, and the electronics were used to produce photomics from the incident light. Farther away, the signal was strengthened by electronic tubes. For the reversal of the television signal, kinescopes were used to give images of fluorescent patterns to the material of the screen under the infusion of electrons, which are accelerated to high energies under the infusion of voltage. The system for reading the iconoscope signals and the kinescope image retrieval system were synchronized to create television images. The first kinescopes were monochrome.

Next, a color TV system was created, in which iconoscopes, which read images, responded only to their color (red, blue or green). The vibrating elements of kinescopes (color phosphor), for the flow of the stream, which vibrates so-called “electronic harmonics”, reacting to the receipt of accelerated electrons in them, vibrated light in the singing range in Uniform intensity. To replace the color of the skin with your own luminophore, use special masks to screen it.

Today's television and radio equipment consists of more progressive elements and less energy-consuming ones - conductors.

One of the most widely used methods for capturing images of internal organs is the fluoroscopy method, in which the electrons that are emitted by the cathode are removed very quickly, so that when they hit the anode, they generate X-ray vibration, creating penetrate through the soft tissue of a person’s body. X-rays provide medical professionals with unique information about the deterioration of brushes, teeth and other internal organs, which can lead to serious illnesses such as leg cancer.

Burnt, electric streams, formed as a result of the collapse of electrons in a vacuum, cover the largest area of ​​stagnation, to which all radio tubes, accelerated charged particles, mass spectrometers, electron microscopes, vacuum generators are brought over high frequency, the lamps looked like they had to run, klystrons and magnetrons. The magnetrons themselves, to the point, heat up and cook for us in micro-furnace ovens.

Of great importance is the technology of applying fusible coatings in a vacuum, which play the role of a dry-decorative and functional coating. The core of such coatings consists of coatings with metals and their alloys and with acid, nitrogen and carbon. Such coatings will change the electrical, optical, mechanical, magnetic, corrosive and catalytic powers of the surfaces that are covered or drained by a number of powers.

A collapsible chemical warehouse for coatings can be maintained using either various types of ion sawing technology in a vacuum, various types of cathode sawing or industrial modification - magnetron sawing. In the end rakhunku the electric strum itself The ions' vibration vibrates the deposition of components on the surface, which is deposited, giving it new power.

In this way, it is possible to extract the so-called ion reactive coatings (melts of nitrides, carbides, metal oxides), resulting in a complex of extraordinary mechanical, thermophysical and optical properties (with high hardness, wear resistance brush, electro-thermal conductivity, optical strength), which cannot be taken away by others methods.

Electric strum in biology and medicine

Knowledge of the behavior of struma in biological objects provides biologists and physicians with an effective method of investigation, diagnosis, and treatment.

According to electrochemistry, all biological objects contain electricity, regardless of the structural features of the object.

When observing the flow of a stream through biological objects, it is necessary to protect its tissue. The main element of the cell is the cell membrane - the outer membrane that protects the cell from the influx of unfriendly organs and vibrational penetration of various types of speech. From a physics perspective, the membrane membrane can be seen in the form of a parallel connection of a capacitor and several lances with series-connected jets and a resistor. This means the extent of the electrical conductivity of the biological material depends on the frequency of the voltage that is supplied and the shape of its voltage.

Biological tissue is made up of tissues in the organ, intercellular tissue (lymph), blood vessels and nerve cells. Those who remain in response to the influx of electric current indicate awakenings, the flesh and bloody vessels of the creature are quickly felt and relaxed. It should be noted that the passage of the stream in biological tissue is nonlinear.

A classic example of the infusion of electric current onto a biological object can be traced to the Italian physician, anatomist, physiologist and physicist Luigi Galvani, who became one of the founders of electrophysiology. In his previous research, the passage of an electric current through the nerves of a toad's leg led to the curing of the flesh and the squeezing of the legs. In 1791, in the “Treatise on the Power of Electricity in Meat Russia,” Galvani’s famous invention was described. The very phenomena discovered by Galvan were for a long time called “galvanism” in scientific articles. This term is still used in the names of various devices and processes.

Further development of electrophysiology came from neurophysiology. In 1875, one of the English surgeon and physiologist Richard Keton and the Russian physiologist V. Ya. Danilevsky showed that the brain is a generator of electrical activity, so that they open the brain’s bioactive tissue.

During their lifetime, biological objects create both microstreams and great stresses and streams. Much earlier than Galvani, the English anatomist John Walsh described the electrical nature of the stingray strike, and the Scottish surgeon and anatomist John Hunter gave an accurate description of the electrical organ of this creature. The investigations of Walsh and Hunter were published in 1773.

Modern biology and medicine have a variety of methods for tracking living organisms, both invasive and non-invasive.

A classic example of invasive methods is a laboratory test with a bundle of electrodes implanted in the brain, which runs through the labyrinths, or other problems facing it in the future.

Before non-invasive methods, there is a need for such well-known studies as those obtained by encephalologists and electrocardiologists. In this case, electrodes, which read the biomass of the heart and brain, are taken directly from the skin of the skinned person. To improve contact with the electrodes, the skin is moistened with a physiological solution, such as a non-toxic electrolyte.

In addition to the stagnation of the electric current during scientific research and technical control of the development of various chemical processes and reactions, one of the most dramatic moments of its stagnation, visible to a wide range, is the launch of the “suppressed "The heart of the current film's hero.

Effectively, the passage of a short-hour impulse of a significant stream will only allow the heart to start beating in single episodes. Most often there is a restoration of the normal rhythm of the chaotic court soon called heart fibrillation. Devices that quickly restore normal heart rhythm are called defibrillators. The current automatic defibrillator itself takes a cardiogram, indicates fibrillation of the heart sac and vibrates on its own - it can beat with a strum or not beat - it can sufficiently pass through the heart a small impulse that triggers it. There is a growing trend of installing automatic defibrillators in large communities, which could significantly reduce the number of deaths through an unsatisfactory part of the heart.

Practicing doctors in the Swedish medical system have no doubt about the need to rely on the defibrillation method - they have started to determine the physical condition of the patient using a cardiogram, and they decide to use an automatic defibrillator. , intended for the general public.

It’s also worth mentioning about artificial heart rhythm agents, also called pacemakers. They are designed to be implanted under the skin or breast tissue of a person, and such a device, through an electrode, supplies impulses to the myocardium (heart muscle) with a voltage of approximately 3, stimulating the normal functioning of the heart. Daily electrocardiostimulators will ensure uninterrupted operation for a period of 6-14 years.

Characteristics of the electric current, its generation and stagnation

The electric strum is characterized by its size and shape. Its behavior is divided into a constant stream (does not change with the hour), an aperiodic strum (changes with the hour) and a variable stream (changes with the hour according to a song, usually periodic law). Sometimes, in order to achieve various tasks, the immediate presence of a stable and changeable flow is required. This is the time to talk about the changeable flow from the stable warehouse.

Historically, the triboelectric generator strum appeared first, which vibrated the strum for the shell, rubbing it outside against a piece of burshtin. The most sophisticated generators of this type are now called Van de Graaff generators, after the originator of the first technical solution of such machines.

As it was stated above, the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta has discovered an electrochemical generator of a steady stream, which has become a successor to dry batteries, accumulators and burning elements, which we use and also serve as manual jets. for a variety of devices - from wristwatches and smartphones to just car batteries and traction drives . Tesla electric vehicles.

In addition to these generators of a stationary stream, there are generators of the stream on the direct nuclear decay of isotopes and magnetohydrodynamic generators (MHD generators) of the stream, which are still subject to stagnation due to their low intensity, weak technological basis for widespread stagnation for other reasons. Tim no less, radioisotope energies are expected to be widely concentrated where greater autonomy is required: in space, on deep-sea vehicles and hydroacoustic stations, in lighthouses, buoys, as well as on the Last Night, in the Arctic and Antarctic i.

In electrical engineering, power generators are divided into stationary power generators and alternating power generators.

All these generators are based on the presence of electromagnetic induction, discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831. Faraday created the first low-voltage unipolar generator, which gives a constant flow. The first generator of the alternating stream was registered by an anonymous author under the Latin initials R.M. at the sheet to Faraday at 1832 roci. After the publication of the sheet, Faraday drew a sheet of paper from the same anonymous author with a circuit of a sophisticated generator in 1833, in which an additional steel ring (yoke) was installed to short-circuit the magnetic fluxes of the winding cores.

However, at that time there was no stagnation for the main stream, since for all practical electrical engineering at that time (minna electrical engineering, electrochemistry, electromagnetic telegraphy, which was just born, the first electric motor uni) a permanent strum will be required. Then, the winemakers directed their efforts to the production of generators that provide a constant electric current, distributing various switching devices for them.

p align="justify"> One of the first generators, which eliminated practical stagnation, was the magnetoelectric generator of the Russian academician B. S. Yakobi. This generator was recruited for the formation of galvanic teams of the Russian army, who were recruited to seize mine fuses. The shortened modification of the generator is supposedly used for the remote activation of small charges, which has been widely depicted in military-historical films, sabotage or partisans destroying bridges, drafts, etc. and objects.

Later, the struggle between the generation of a steady and variable flow with varying success was carried out among winemakers and practical engineers, which brought to its climax the struggle of the titans of modern electric power engineering: Thomas Ed. Ison with the General Electric company on one side, and Mikola Tesla with the Westinghouse company. The transition of the exhausted capital, and the development of Tesla in the galuz generation, the transfer and transformation of the alternating electric stream became the international national baths of the American marriage, which a significant world later became part of the technological house nuvannu USA.

In the case of power generation of electricity for various needs, based on the conversion of a mechanical flow into electricity, due to the speed ratio of electric machines, the possibility of a reverse conversion of an electric flow into a mechanical flow has appeared, so is implemented by electric motors of a constant and variable flow. Perhaps the most advanced machines include starters for cars and motorcycles, drives for industrial machines and various household appliances. Through various modifications of such devices, we have become masters of all trades, including planing, sawing, drilling and milling. And in our computers, miniature precision motors constantly spin the drives of hard and optical disks.

Between the primary electromechanical motors, the flow of the electric stream, the ion motors work, using the principle of the jet propulsion in the production of accelerated ions of speech, while, it is important, to settle in the outer space on small satellites x displayed їх at the required orbit. And the photon engines of the 22nd century, which are still in the project and which will carry our future cross-border ships from the sub-light speed, which has been used for everything, will also operate on an electric jet .

For the creation of electronic elements and during the spinning of crystals for various reasons, for technological reasons, the required permanent generators are required. Such precision steady-state generators based on electronic components are called struma stabilizers.

Vimiryuvannya electric struma

It is necessary to note that the devices for vibration measurement (microampermetry, miliampermetry, ampermetry) are divided into one type depending on the type of construction and principles of operation - it is possible to install a constant stream, a variable low-frequency stream and a variable high-frequency stream.

The operating principle is divided into electromechanical, magnetoelectric, electromagnetic, magnetodynamic, electrodynamic, inductive, thermoelectric and electronic devices. Most of the switch devices for adjusting streams are made up of a combination of a loose/unbreakable frame with a wound coil and unbreakable/unbreakable magnets. As a result of this design, a typical ammeter has an equivalent circuit consisting of a series-connected inductance and a support, shunted to the capacitance. Through this frequency characteristic of pointer ammeters there is a block behind high frequencies.

The basis for them is a miniature galvanometer, and various measurements are achieved by the use of additional shunts - resistors with a small support, which is orders of magnitude lower than the support of a vibrating galvanometer. Thus, on the basis of one device, devices can be created for the vibration of streams of different ranges - microammeters, miliampermeters, ammeters and even kiloammeters.

In the meantime, in the practice of extinction, the behavior of the vibrating strum is important - it can be a function of time and may take a different form - be steady, harmonious, inharmonious, impulsive, and so on and so forth. The value is usually used to characterize the operating modes of radiotechnical equipment and devices. The following are the meanings of the streams:

• mitteve,
• amplitude,
• middle,
• mean square (die).

Mitteve znachennaya strumu I i - tse znazennaya struma at the singing moment of the hour. This can be seen on the oscillograph screen and indicated for each moment on the oscillogram.

The amplitude (peak) value of the stream I m is the highest value of the stream for the period.

The average quadratic value of the strum I is calculated as the square root of the average of the square of the mitt value of the strum over the period.

All arrow ammeters are measured in degrees at root mean square values.

The average value of the (permanent warehouse) struma is the arithmetic average of all mitt values ​​per hour of measurement.

The difference between the maximum and minimum values ​​of the signal flow is called the signal swing.

For the most part, both richly functional digital devices and oscillographs are used to simulate the stream - not only are they displayed on their screens form voltage/current, and the overall characteristics of the signal. Such characteristics also include the frequency of change of periodic signals, so in the technology of vibration the frequency between the parameters is important.

Vimiryuvannya strum with the help of an oscillograph

Illustration of the above will be a series of observations from the simulation of the current and peak value of the stream of sinusoidal and tricutaneous signals from the vicors of a signal generator, an oscillograph and a richly functional digital device (multimeter).

The original scheme for experiment No. 1 is presented below:

Signal generator (FG) of inputs on the serial connection of the multimeter (MM), shunt support R s = 100 Ohm and input input R of 1 kOhm. Oscilloscope OS connections parallel to the shunt support R s. The appropriate shunt support is selected from the head R s<

Dosvid 1

A sinusoidal signal from a generator with a frequency of 60 Hertz and an amplitude of 9 Volts is supplied to the vantage support. Press the Auto Set button with your hand and watch the signal on the screen, shown in Fig. 1. The signal range is close to five large signals at the price of 200 mV. The multimeter shows a flow value of 3.1 mA. The oscilloscope calculates the mean-square value of the voltage to the signal on the vibrating resistor U=312 mV. The value of the flow through the resistor R s is determined by Ohm’s law:

I RMS = U RMS / R = 0.31 V / 100 Ohm = 3.1 mA,

which corresponds to the multimeter readings (3.10 mA). It is significant that the sweep of the stream through our lancet from the inclusion of two resistors in series and the multimeter is older

I P-P = U P-P / R = 0.89 V / 100 Ohm = 8.9 mA

It appears that the current value of the current and voltage for the sinusoidal signal increases by √2 times. If you multiply I RMS = 3.1 mA by √2 the result is 4.38. The two values ​​we take are 8.8 mA, which may also indicate the current measured by an oscilloscope (8.9 mA).

Dosvid 2

The signal from the generator is changed twice. The scope of the image on the oscilloscope will change approximately twice (464 mV) and the multimeter will show approximately twice the value of the flow of 1.55 mA. Significant display of the current value of the stream on the oscilloscope:

I RMS = U RMS / R = 0.152 V / 100 Ohm = 1.52 mA,

which approximately matches the multimeter readings (1.55 mA).

Dosvid 3

Increase the generator frequency to 10 kHz. When the image on the oscilloscope changes, or the signal becomes too large, and the multimeter readings change, signs of the permissible operating frequency range of the multimeter are given.

Dosvid 4

Let's turn to the output frequency of 60 Hertz and the voltage of the signal generator 9 V, otherwise changeable form This signal is from the sinusoidal to the tricutaneous. The scope of the image on the oscillograph was lost, and the multimeter readings changed equally with the values ​​of the signal, as shown in evidence No. 1, as the value of the signal changed. The oscilloscope also shows a change in the root mean square value of the voltage measured across the resistor R s =100 Ohm.

Safety precautions for vibrating fluids and voltages

Self-contained pedestal stand with a fully functional teleprompter and monitors for home video studio.

• The fragments must be placed in a safe place and when the streams are dying out, they must be placed at a relatively low voltage of 12–36 V, which can become unsafe for life, it is necessary to follow these rules:
• Do not carry out the modification of the strings, which will require advanced professional skills (at a voltage of over 1000 V).
• Do not carry out vibrating streams in highly accessible places or at heights.
• When dying at the water level, use special methods to protect against electric shock (gum gloves, picks, boots and boots).
• Vikoristovat a reference visualization tool.
• If you have a multifunctional device (multimeters), make sure that the adjusted parameter is correctly set to that value before adjusting.
• Vikoristuvat vymiruvalnyj zi with reference probes.
• Strictly adhere to the recommendations of the manufacturer to use the vibrating supplement.

Converts Watt(W) to Ampere(A).

Conversion of amperes to kilowatts (single-phase 220V)

For example, let’s take a single-pole automatic switch with a nominal power of 16A. Tobto. the machine is liable to flow a little more than 16A. In order to calculate the maximum possible tension that the machine is moving, it is necessary to quickly use the formula:

P=U*I

U – voltage, (volts);

I – strum power, A (ampere).

We introduce the formula with the following values ​​and derivations:

P = 220V * 16A = 3520W

The sweat began to feel tight. Converting the values ​​to kilowatts, 3520 W is divided by 1000 and we take 3.52 kW (kilowatts). Tobto. The total power of all devices that will be powered by a machine with a rating of 16A may exceed 3.52 kW.

Convert kilowatts to amperes (single-phase 220V)

The stress of all the companions is to blame:

Washing machine 2400 W, Split system 2.3 kW, microwave oven 750 W. Now we need to convert all the values ​​into one display, so that we can convert kW into tues. 1kW = 1000W, Highly Split system 2.3 kW * 1000 = 2300 W. All meanings are assumed:

2400 W+2300 W+750 W=5450 W

To find a power supply of 5450 W at a voltage of 220 V, use the speed formula P = U*I. The formula is soluble and removable:

I = P/U = 5450W/220V ≈ 24.77A

Mi bachimo, the nominal strum of the machine that is selected is guilty of no less significance.

Convert amperes to kilowatts (three-phase circuit 380V)

To determine the reduced tension of the triphasic period, the following formula is used:

P = √3 * U * I

de: P - Potency, W (wat);

U – voltage, (volts);

I – strum power, A (ampere);

It is necessary to take into account the pressure that the building will have to operate with a triphasic automatic discharge from a nominal 32A pump. The value formula is presented and removed:

P = √3*380V*32A ≈ 21061W

We transfer the power to a power distribution of 21061 W per 1000 and it is clear that the power is approximately 21 kW. Tobto. three-phase automatic circuit breaker for 32A building with power supply 21kW

Convert kilowatts to amperes (three-phase circuit 380V)

The slot of the machine is indicated by the following expression:

I = P/(√3*U)

The power of a triphasic unit, which exceeds 5 kW, is visible. The power of the VAT will be 5 kW * 1000 = 5000 W. This means the strength of the strum:

I = 5000W/(√3*380) ≈ 7.6 A.

Bachimo, in order to maintain a power supply of 5 kW, you need a 10A automatic switch.