The purpose of logistics can be summed up in six rules. What is the ideal education system? The system does not form
The first five rules of logistics are formulated as follows:
product - the right product place - in the right place time - at the right time
quantity - in required quantity quality - required quality
The sixth rule of logistics is formulated:
1) costs - with minimal costs6 +
2) transport - the right kind of transport
3) container - in the right container 4) completeness - correct completeness
4. Which of the following methods for locating a distribution warehouse is redundant?
1) method for determining the center of gravity
2) trial point method
3) trial lines method6 +
4) method of partial search
5. Which of the following statistical coefficients is used in XYZ analysis?
1) correlation coefficient 2) the coefficient of variation6 +
3) regression coefficient 4) dynamics coefficient
6. Choose the correct number indicating the instructions on the procedure for accepting industrial and technical products and consumer goods by quantity:
1) P-8 2) P-7 3) P-6+ 4) P-5
7. To which part of the warehouse do the goods arrive outside of working hours?
1) receiving area 2) unloading area
3) acceptance expedition6 + 4) storage area
8. Which of the following values \u200b\u200bdoes not apply when calculating the required warehouse area:
1) annual freight turnover
2) the daily cost of using the cargo area of \u200b\u200bthe rented warehouse6 +
3) the number of working days in a year 4) the size of the stock in days of turnover
9. To which of the approaches does the method of level construction of a product belong?
1) deterministic6 +2) stochastic
3) heuristic 4) none of the above
10. Which of the following groups has the following characteristics: the most expensive, well-predictable, fairly stable consumption?
1) AY6 + 2) CY 3) BZ 4) AZ
11. What is the object of research in logistics?
1) processes performed by trade
2) material and corresponding information flows6 +
3) markets and conjuncture of specific goods and services
4) economic relations arising in the process of commodity circulation
12. The most expensive of transportation is transportation ... transport.
1) by rail 2) aviation6 +
3) automobile 4) water
13. How many methods can be used to issue an order for a warehouse replenishment?
1) one 2) two 3) three 6 + 4) four
14. The Pareto rule is also called the rule ...
1) 20/20 2) 20/80 +
3) 40/40/20 4) 20/60
15. How many basic network topologies are there?
1) 4 2) 3
+ 3) 2 4) 1
16. Select one condition under which the "By stock in warehouse" order procedure is applied:
1) the volume and interval of receipts are not constant
2) lack of stocks is unacceptable6 +
3) filling the warehouse at the specified maximum
4) high risk of warehousing
17. Which mode of transport has the property of continuous delivery?
1) automobile 2) pipeline 6 +
3) railway 4) water 5) air
18. Which of the listed components is not included in Andler's formula?
1) costs of receiving an order 2) net - demand
3) minimum lot of shipment 6 +4) total storage costs
19. The sign of classification, on the basis of which material flows are divided into external, internal, input and output, is:
1) natural - material composition 2) attitude to the logistics system6 +
3) degree of compatibility of cargo 4) consistency of cargo
20. Which analysis is based on the Pareto rule?
1) SWOT - analysis 2) ABC - analysis6 +
3) SPACE - analysis 4) XYZ - analysis
1. Logistics is ...
a) organization of transportation; b) entrepreneurial activity;
c) science and art of material flow management; d) the art of commerce.
2. The object of research in logistics is ...
a) the processes performed by trade;
b) material and corresponding information flows;
c) markets and conjuncture of specific goods and services;
d) economic relations arising in the process of commodity circulation.
3. The task of micrologistics is ...
a) organizing the delivery of goods to the Far North, first by river and then by sea;
b) ensuring consistency in the actions of the supplier, buyer and transport organization;
c) organization of cargo handling in a large seaport.
4. The strongest influence on the development of logistics is exerted by ...
a) computerization of process control in the spheres of production and circulation;
c) improving the tax system; d) an increase in the population in the region.
5. The logistics function is ...
a) a set of elements that are in a relationship of connection with each other, forming a certain integrity, unity;
b) a set of various types of activities in order to obtain the required amount of cargo in the right place, at the right time, with minimal costs;
c) an enlarged group of logistics operations aimed at realizing the goals of the logistics system;
d) a system of measures for the comprehensive study of the market.
6. The unit of measurement of material flow is ...
a) ruble; b) cubic meter; c) the number of tons per square meter (t / m 2);
d) ton; e) piece; f) the number of tons passing through the site per unit of time (t / year).
7. Material flow is ...
c) products that have a real form, considered in the process of applying various logistic operations to it in a given time interval;
d) tangible products awaiting entry into the process of production or personal consumption, or into the process of sale
8. Logistic operation is ...
a) an independent part of the logistics process, carried out at one workplace and / or using one technical device;
b) products that have a material form, considered in the process of applying various logistic operations to it in a given time interval;
c) material products awaiting entry into the process of production or personal consumption or into the process of sale.
9. The sign of classification, on the basis of which material flows are divided into external, internal, input and output, is ...
a) attitude to the logistics system;
b) natural material composition of the cargo moving in the flow;
c) the amount of cargo; d) the degree of cargo compatibility; e) consistency of the cargo.
10. For the logistics service, the criterion for choosing an option for organizing goods movement is ...
a) the optimal level of customer service;
b) minimum procurement costs; c) minimum costs of maintaining stocks;
d) minimum transportation costs.
11. The purpose of logistics can be expressed in six rules. The first five rules of logistics are formulated as follows:a) product is the right product b) place in the right place c) time at the right time
d) quantity in the required quantity e) quality of the required quality
The sixth rule of logistics is formulated: …
a) the color of the desired color b) costs with minimal costs
c) transport by the correct mode of transport d) container in the right container e) weight of the required weight
12. Below is a number of statements, of which the following applies to production logistics: ...
a) rational placement of distribution centers in the area minimizes the amount of storage and transport costs;
6) the unit costs for storing goods are the lower, the faster stocks turn around;
c) the trade and intermediary company makes a 40% markup on the cost of goods;
d) the company has switched to the release of only those products for which there is an order.
13. The most essential prerequisite for the use of logistics in business practice is ...
a) increased competition in the product market;
b) improving the production of certain types of goods;
c) improving the tax system; d) population growth.
14. Pulling system in logistics is called ...
a) a production organization system, in which semi-finished parts are supplied from the previous technological operation to the next one in accordance with a centrally formed production schedule;
b) a production organization system, in which parts and semi-finished products are supplied from the previous technological operation to the next one as required (there is no strict schedule);
c) an inventory management system in the channels of the circulation sphere, in which the decision to replenish stocks in peripheral warehouses is made centrally;
d) a sales strategy aimed at advancing (in relation to demand) the formation of inventories at wholesale and retail trade enterprises.
15. A pushing system in logistics is called ...
a) an inventory management system in the channels of the sphere of circulation with a decentralized decision-making process on restocking;
b) a production organization system, in which parts and semi-finished products are supplied from the previous technological operation to the next one as required (there is no strict schedule);
c) a sales strategy aimed at advancing (in relation to demand) the formation of stocks in wholesale and retail trade enterprises;
16. Continuous tracking of the movement and change of each object of the flow, as well as prompt adjustment of its movement are a manifestation of the principle of ... logistics
a) consistency; b) scientific character; c) constructiveness; d) specificity.
17. The system does not form ...
a) three strangers living in the same house in the city;
b) three friends living in different cities; c) supplier, transport company and buyer, bound by a single agreement; d) subdivisions of a manufacturing enterprise.
18. The direct functions of the logistics service at the enterprise include ...
a) choice of transport; b) market research; c) organization of warehousing and storage;
f) inventory management
19. The enterprise creates reserves to reduce ...
a) losses from the purchase of small consignments of goods at higher prices;
b) losses from mortification in stocks of diverted financial resources;
c) the risk of damage to goods; d) the cost of wages and salaries of personnel engaged in the storage of goods
a) in warehouses of wholesalers;
b) in warehouses of raw materials of industrial enterprises;
c) on the way from supplier to consumer; d) in warehouses of finished products of manufacturers.
21. Arrange the modes of transport in descending order of ability to deliver cargo directly to the consumer's warehouse:
A: air 3 B: railway 2 B: water 4 G: automotive 1
22. Rank the modes of transport in descending order of ability to reliably meet delivery schedules:
A: air 4 B: automobile 1 B: water 3 G: railway 2
23. Sequence of stages for choosing a carrier
A: Ranking of carrier selection criteria 2
B: Deciding on the choice of a carrier 6
D: Assessment of possible carriers in the context of the intended criteria 3
D: Determination of criteria for selecting a carrier 1
24. Arrange modes of transport in descending order of ability to carry different goods
A: air - 4 B: water - 1 B: automotive - 3 G: railway - 2
25. Arrange modes of transport in descending order of ability to quickly deliver goods
A: railway - 3 B: air - 1 B: aqueous - 4 G: automobile - 2
26. Arrange the modes of transport in descending order of transportation cost
A: air 1 B; water 4 B: railway 3 G: automotive 2
27. The disadvantage of rail transport is ...
b) a limited number of carriers;
c) relatively high cost of long-distance transportation;
28. The disadvantage of road transport is ...
a) low carrying capacity; b) a limited number of carriers;
c) large capital investments in the production and technical base;
d) low delivery speed.
29. The disadvantage of air transport is ...
a) low productivity; b) insufficiently high safety of goods;
c) high cost of transportation; d) insufficient ecological purity.
30. The disadvantage of sea transport is ...
a) low productivity; b) low delivery speed;
c) relatively high cost of transportation over long distances;
d) limited types of transported goods.
31. The principle of proportionality of the warehouse process means ...
Stages of the warehouse process;
e) compliance of all parts of the warehouse process in terms of productivity, throughputability or speed
32. The principle of parallelism of the warehouse process means ...
a) repeatability of the entire cycle and individual operations at regular intervals;
b) subordination of all operations of the technological cycle to a single calculation rhythm;
c) elimination or reduction of all kinds of interruptions in the technological process;
d) the simultaneous execution of individual operations at all stages of the warehouse process;
e) compliance of all parts of the warehouse process in terms of productivity, throughput or speed
33. The principle of the continuity of the warehouse process means ...
a) repeatability of the entire cycle and individual operations at regular intervals;
b) subordination of all operations of the technological cycle to a single calculation rhythm;
c) elimination or reduction of all kinds of interruptions in the technological process;
d) simultaneous execution of separate operations on all
stages of the warehouse process.
34. The principle of the flow of the warehouse process means ...
a) repeatability of the entire cycle and individual operations at regular intervals;
b) subordination of all operations of the technological cycle to a single calculation rhythm;
c) elimination or reduction of all kinds of interruptions in
technological process;
d) simultaneous execution of separate operations on all
stages of the warehouse process;
35. Based on the relationship to the logistics system, information flows are divided into ...
a) paper, electronic, mixed; b) entrance, weekend, internal, external;
c) primary, derivatives; d) homogeneous, heterogeneous.
36. By the method of education, information flows are divided into ...
c) primary, derivatives; d) homogeneous, heterogeneous.
37. By structure, information flows are divided into ...
a) paper, electronic, mixed; b) entrance, weekend, internal, external;
c) primary, derivatives; d) homogeneous, heterogeneous.
38. The abbreviation EDIFACT is a conventional abbreviation of the expanded name ...
a) a bar code applied to the group and transport packaging;
b) the automatic identification association operating in the territory of the Russian Federation;
c) a promising concept covering all tasks of enterprise automation based on knowledge management systems and neural networks;
d) standard for electronic data exchange in administration, trade and transport.
39. In distribution channels on behalf of someone else and at someone else's expense, they can conduct transactions ...
a) dealers; b) agents; c) distributors; d) commission agents.
40. Sequence of stages for developing a logistics strategy ...
a) prioritization - 3 B) analysis of possibilities - 2
C) development of a strategic plan for the development of the logistics system - 4 D) estimate - 1
41. Logistics costs do not include ...
c) costs for the formation and storage of stocks;
r ) the cost of maintaining the administrative and managerial staff.
42. Variable transportation costs include:
a) overhead costs;
b) costs of maintenance and current repair of rolling stock;
c) the costs of maintaining the production and technical base and transport infrastructure;
d) costs of remuneration of administrative and managerial personnel.
43. Fixed transportation costs include ...
a) the cost of vehicle insurance;
b) the cost of maintaining the production and technical base and transport infrastructure;
c) costs of maintenance and current repair of rolling stock, including spare parts and materials;
d) the cost of fuel, lubricants, electricity for movement operations.
44. Logistics is usually understood as:
a) management of material and related information and financial flows in order to reduce the total costs of promoting goods from the manufacturer to the end consumer;
b) logically justified actions of the top echelons of the management of the enterprise and the related organization of information exchange and circulation of financial resources;
c) logistically ordered functions that make up the algorithm for managing material flows, as well as related information and financial flows in order to maximize customer satisfaction.
45. The material flow consists of:
a) motor vehicles, trains, sea and river vessels, air vehicles, pipelines;
b) material resources (raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, semi-finished products, components, fuel, spare parts, etc.), work in progress and finished products;
c) highways, railways, ports and quays of water transport, airports, a network of pipelines with pumping stations.
46. \u200b\u200bThe key role in material flow management is played by:
a ) transport and forwarding enterprises of general use;
b) wholesale trade enterprises; c) shops and other retail outlets;
d) commercial intermediary organizations providing services for organizing wholesale turnover;
e) manufacturing enterprises.
47. Logistic operation is:
a) the actions of the logistics operator to manage the material flow, which is not subject to further fragmentation;
b) actions related to the management of material, information or financial flows that are not subject to further fragmentation;
c) logistically ordered operations that make up an integral algorithm of the information management model.
48. The logistics function is:
a) a set of logistic operations related to solving the problem of managing material, information and financial flows;
49. The basic logistic functions include:
a) supply; b) storage; c) production; d) sales; e) cargo handling;
f) information support.
50. Ancillary logistic functions include:
a) warehousing, cargo handling, packaging, after-sales service, information support;
b) supply, storage, distribution, transportation.
51. Logistic systems have such properties as:
a) the ability to adapt, the presence of feedback, organization;
b) purposefulness, mutual exchange with the external environment;
c) isolation from external factors, stability of functional parameters.
52. Macrological systems are formed at the level of:
a) enterprises, organizations, firms.
b) state, interstate, interdistrict, inter-republican relations;
53. The purpose of logistics is:
a) minimizing the cost of passing the product in each link of the logistics chain;
b) optimization of costs in the links of the logistics chain in order to reduce overall costs;
c) an increase in the amount of goods passing through the supply chain.
54. Logistics is:
a) a means of improving the company's image;
b) a strategic factor in achieving competitive advantages;
c) an effective way of coordinating various areas of marketing policy.
55. Order management (order processing) is an activity during the period:
a) between the time the order is received and until the shipment of the finished product to the consumer;
b) between the moment of receiving the order and until the moment the instructions are given to the warehouse to ship the finished product to the consumer;
c) between the moment the order is received and until the end of the life cycle of the finished product transferred to the consumer.
56. Purchase includes:
a) selection of suppliers; negotiating delivery terms; conclusion of a contract; acceptance of goods from the supplier; transport and storage works;
57. The main tasks of transport logistics include:
a) management of material and related information and financial flows in order to reduce the total costs of promoting goods from the manufacturer to the end consumer;
b) selection of transport and technological delivery scheme;
c) coordination of the transport process with the work of the warehouse;
d) the choice of a carrier, including the definition of the mode of transport, the operator of the carriage and the type of vehicle;
e) conclusion of a contract for the purchase of the necessary material resources;
f) routing of transportation and control of the movement of cargo in transit.
58. The tasks of procurement logistics include:
a) research of the procurement market and selection of a supplier; b) preparation of the procurement budget;
c) organization of shipment of goods; d) organization of post-implementation services;
e) coordination and systemic interconnection of procurement with production, sales and warehousing.
59. Tasks of distribution logistics include:
a) the conclusion of a contract for the purchase of the necessary material resources; b) control of supplies;
c) determining the optimal number of distribution centers in the served area;
d) organization of post-implementation services; e) choice of the type of packaging.
60. An intermediary working on behalf of someone else and at his own expense is:
a) dealer; b) broker; c) distributor; d) commission agent.
61. The role of transport in the logistics supply chain is determined by the fact that:
a) the costs of transportation of raw materials, materials, finished products are prevalent in the structure of logistics costs;
b) a significant number of companies - manufacturers of goods are owners of vehicles and are interested in their efficient use;
c) transport has a significant impact on the costs in the field of the main activities of companies that order transport services.
62. First of all, the principles of logistics are applicable:
a) upon delivery of consumer goods to end consumers;
b) when transporting bulk cargo on technological routes;
c) upon delivery of valuable high-tech goods.
63. By appointment, the following main groups of transport are distinguished:
a) transport owned by the owners of the goods and ensuring their transportation needs;
c) public transport, providing transport services to cargo owners on a commercial basis.
64. Marketing:
a) examines the markets and the conjuncture of specific goods and services;
b) optimizes market behavior for the sale of goods and services;
c) examines material flows circulating in the markets;
65. For the carriage of goods by several modes of transport, the following terms are used:
a) multimodal transportation; b) intermodal transportation;
c) multimodal transport; d) unimodal transportation;
66. Intermodal transportation means:
a) delivery of cargo by several types of transport;
c) delivery of cargo by several modes of transport with the participation of the transportation operator, according to a single transportation document, in a single transport unit;
67. The production cost includes the following nomenclature items:
a) fuel and energy for technological purposes; b) wages;
c) general production costs of the enterprise; d) business expenses.
68. Marginal income is:
a) the amount between profit and fixed costs per unit of production;
69. The advantage of unimodal transport is:
a) cheaper delivery; b) no reloading operations;
c) simplicity in organization;
70. The order cycle includes the following stages:
a) conducting marketing research; analysis of market segments; choice of pricing strategy; product promotion;
b ) order planning; transfer of the order; Order Processing; selection and assembly of the order; order delivery;
c) selection of a freight forwarder; determination of rational delivery routes; coordination of the time of arrival of goods at the warehouse; drawing up a report on the completed order.
71. Information logistics should implement the following functions:
a) transportation of goods over long distances; b) analysis of information and its transformation;
c) research of the procurement market and selection of a supplier; d) transfer of information;
e) information flow control.
72. Freight is:
a) the price for transportation, established by agreement between the cargo owner and the carrier for each specific transportation;
b) the base of payments for transport services.
73. The supply chain should be based on a modern marketing concept:
a) sales-supply-production; b) supply-production-sales;
c) production-sales-supply;
74. An intermediary working on his own behalf and at his own expense is:
a) dealer; b) broker; c) distributor; d) commission agent.
75. At the enterprise level, distribution logistics solves the following tasks:
a ) choice of the type of packaging; b) determination of the optimal number of distribution centers;
c) organization of shipment of goods; d) selection of a material flow distribution scheme.
76. Distribution channels perform a number of functions:
a) carry out research work to collect information necessary for planning the distribution of products and services;
b) determine the optimal number of distribution centers in the serviced area;
c) adjust the product to the buyer's requirements;
d) assume the risks associated with the operation of the channel.
77. A pushing production control system is:
a) a production organization system in which the objects of labor arriving at the production site are not ordered directly by this site from the previous technological link;
b) a production organization system, in which parts and semi-finished products are fed to the next technological operation from the previous one as required.
78. The advantages of the pulling control system are:
a) refusal of surplus stocks, information about the possibility of quick acquisition of materials, or the availability of reserve capacities to quickly respond to changes in demand;
b) strict control of the central control system for the exchange of material flows between different parts of the enterprise;
d) reduction of the batch of processing.
79. Marginal income is:
a) the difference between price and variable costs per unit of output;
b) the difference between the price of the product and the amount of fixed costs;
c) the difference between fixed and variable costs per unit of production.
80. Current stocks are:
a) stocks of finished products from manufacturers, stocks of wholesale and retail trade enterprises, as well as stocks in transit;
b) the bulk of inventories. Such stocks ensure the continuity of production and trading processes between successive deliveries;
c) this is the level of stock that is economically viable in this system.
81. The object of study of logistics are?
Material flows
- material flows and related information flows
The costs of organizing the movement of material flows
82. Does the dimension of the material flow take into account?
Unit of measurement (pieces, tons, etc.)
The unit of measurement of the cost of moving the material flow (rubles per ton, rubles per kg, etc.)
- unit of measure and time period (pieces per day, tons per year, etc.)
83. An enlarged group of logistics operations aimed at realizing the goals of the logistics system - is this?
- logistic function - logistics system - central logistics operation
84. Purchasing, planning and production management, sales can be elements?
- micrologistic system - any logistic system - macrologistic system
85. The fundamental difference between the logistic approach to management from the traditional one is?
Consideration as an object of management of a separate unit, enterprise
- consideration as an object of management of end-to-end material flow
Considering the interaction of the enterprise with the external environment as an object of management when organizing the material flow
86. In external material flows in logistics include?
- flowing in the environment external to the system
Flowing in the environment external to the system, directly related to the system
Material flows transferred to the environment external to the system
87. A system in which at least one intermediary stands in the way of the material flow belongs to the system?
With direct links - layered - with flexible connections
88. Special computer programs that help specialists make decisions related to material flow management?
- expert systems - layouts - material models
89. Tasks of management of material flows in the process of providing the enterprise with material resources solves?
- procurement logistics - production logistics - distribution logistics
90. Does the make-or-buy task suggest an answer?
Purchase of goods from a manufacturer or intermediary
- determination of profitability to produce independently or purchase from a manufacturer or intermediary
Sell \u200b\u200bgoods yourself or through an intermediary
91. When choosing a supplier of objects of labor that are insignificant from the point of view of production and trade processes, does it have a decisive importance?
- price (purchase and delivery costs)
Supplier reliability
Lead time
92. Which of the following operations are related to procurement logistics?
- determination of the needs for items of material and technical supply
93. Supply system "Just in time" in procurement logistics - is it a system?
Production and delivery of components or goods to the place of production consumption or by the time of sale in a trading enterprise in the required quantity and at the right time
Production of goods in the required quantity and at the right time
- delivery of components or goods in the required quantity and at the right time
94. The system, in which parts and semi-finished products are supplied to the subsequent technological operation as required, the production program of the subsequent unit is determined by the size of the order of the subsequent unit, is?
European Material Management System
- pulling material flow control system
Push material flow control system
95. Which of the following operations are related to production logistics?
- optimization of material flows within the enterprise
Ensuring the relationship of the logistics system with the total material flow
96. Which of the following operations are related to distribution logistics?
Determination of the needs for items of material and technical supply
- organization of delivery and control over the transportation of goods
Ensuring the coordination of actions of direct participants in the transport process
97. A linearly ordered set of participants in the logistic process, carrying out logistic operations to bring the external material flow from one logistic system to another is?
Logistic chain - logistics channel - logistics service
98. Selecting a specific distributor, carrier, insurer, freight forwarder, banker, etc. carried out when choosing?
- logistics channel - logistics chain - there is no right option
99. The fundamental difference between distribution logistics and the traditional sales system is?
Subordination of the process of managing material and information flows to the goals and objectives of marketing
- systemic interconnection of the distribution process with the production and procurement processes
Both options
100. Distribution logistics does not solve the issues?
About the channel of movement of products - about packaging of products - about the route of movement of goods
About service level - all answers are correct (does not solve any of the above problems)
- there is no correct answer (it solves all the listed problems)
101. The movement of goods from supplier to consumer bypassing intermediaries is called a channel distribution?
First level - zero level - second level
102. Which of the following operations are related to transport logistics?
Optimization of material flows within the enterprise
Organization of delivery and control over the transportation of goods
- ensuring the coordination of actions of direct participants in the transport process
103. Are there signs of intermodal transportation?
Using multiple modes of transport
- use of several types of transport and the presence of a single transport operator
Using only air or sea transport
104. Determine the correct sequence of vehicles based on the rise in transportation costs?
- pipeline, water, rail, road, air transport
Water, rail, road, air transport
Railway, water, road, air transport
105. Is the narrow range of cargoes possible for transportation a disadvantage?
Water transport - road transport - pipeline transport
106. Is dependence on weather conditions a disadvantage?
- water and air transport - road and rail transport
Pipeline transport
107. What are the names of the tariffs that are set with a deviation from the general tariffs in the form special allowances or discounts?
- exceptional - preferential - local
108. The purpose of information logistics is?
Timely provision of the decision-maker with information about the market position
Availability of the necessary information (for managing material flow) in the right place, at the right time, the necessary content (for the decision-maker), with minimal costs
Creation of an information base for subsequent use and ensuring accessibility to any user
109. Ways along which information and material flow move?
- - may not match - - always match - always in the opposite direction
110. A contract of carriage by sea is called a "charter" if:
- - the ship makes a passing voyage on a freight basis
- - the ship is on an irregular voyage on a charter basis
111. What is physical distribution?
1. Delivery of products from the seller to the consumer.
2... Distribution of various types of products.
3. Provision of services for the safety of products.
112. What is the correct definition for a system with a fixed order size in the answer ?
1. Replenishment of stocks is a constant value, and the next delivery of goods is carried out when
reduction of stocks to a critical level (point of order).
2. Replenishment of stock is carried out in certain fixed batches.
3... Both answers are correct.
113. By what criteria are the warehouses of firms classified? ?
There are many concepts of a system. Consider the concepts that most fully reveal its essential properties (Fig. 1).
Figure: 1. Concept of the system
"A system is a complex of interacting components."
"A system is a set of interconnected operating elements."
"A system is not just a collection of units ... but a collection of relationships between these units."
And although the concept of a system is defined in different ways, it usually means that the system is a certain set of interrelated elements that form a stable unity and integrity, which has integral properties and laws.
We can define a system as something whole, abstract or real, made up of interdependent parts.
System can be any object of animate and inanimate nature, society, a process or a set of processes, a scientific theory, etc., if elements are defined in them that form a unity (integrity) with their connections and interconnections between them, which ultimately creates a set of properties, inherent only in this system and distinguishing it from other systems (the property of emergence).
System (from the Greek SYSTEMA, meaning "whole, made up of parts") is a set of elements, connections and interactions between them and the external environment, forming a certain integrity, unity and purposefulness. Almost every object can be viewed as a system.
SystemIs a set of material and non-material objects (elements, subsystems), united by any connections (information, mechanical, etc.), designed to achieve a specific goal and achieving it in the best possible way. System defined as a category, i.e. its disclosure is carried out through the identification of the main properties inherent in the system. To study the system, it is necessary to simplify it while retaining the basic properties, i.e. build a model of the system.
System can manifest itself as an integral material object, which is a naturally conditioned set of functionally interacting elements.
An important means of characterizing the system are its properties. The main properties of the system are manifested through the integrity, interaction and interdependence of the processes of transformation of matter, energy and information, through its functionality, structure, connections, and the external environment.
PropertyIs the quality of the object parameters, i.e. external manifestations of the way by which knowledge about the object is obtained. Properties make it possible to describe system objects. Moreover, they can change as a result of the functioning of the system... Properties are external manifestations of the process by which knowledge about an object is obtained, and it is observed. Properties provide the ability to describe the objects of the system quantitatively, expressing them in units with a certain dimension. The properties of system objects can change as a result of its action.
There are the following basic properties of the system :
· The system is a collection of elements ... Under certain conditions, elements can be considered as systems.
· Significant connections between elements. Under significant linksare understood as those that naturally, necessarily determine the integrative properties of the system.
· The presence of a specific organization, which is manifested in a decrease in the degree of uncertainty of the system in comparison with the entropy of system-forming factors that determine the possibility of creating a system. These factors include the number of system elements, the number of essential connections that an element can have.
· The presence of integrative properties , i.e. inherent in the system as a whole, but not inherent in any of its elements separately. Their presence shows that the properties of the system, although they depend on the properties of the elements, are not completely determined by them. The system is not limited to a simple collection of elements; decomposing the system into separate parts, it is impossible to know all the properties of the system as a whole.
· Emergence – irreducibility of properties of individual elements and properties of the system as a whole.
· Integrity - this is a system-wide property, which means that a change in any component of the system affects all its other components and leads to a change in the system as a whole; conversely, any change to the system will affect all system components.
· Divisibility - it is possible to decompose the system into subsystems in order to simplify the analysis of the system.
· Communicativeness. Any system functions in the environment, it experiences the effects of the environment and, in turn, influences the environment. Relationship between environment and systemcan be considered one of the main features of the functioning of the system, an external characteristic of the system, which largely determines its properties.
The system is inherent property to develop, adapt to new conditions by creating new connections, elements with their local goals and means of achieving them. Development- explains complex thermodynamic and informational processes in nature and society.
· Hierarchy... Under the hierarchyis understood as a sequential decomposition of the original system into a number of levels with the establishment of the relationship of subordination of the lower levels to the higher ones. System hierarchyconsists in the fact that it can be considered as an element of a system of a higher order, and each of its elements, in turn, is a system.
An important system property is systemic inertia, determining the time required to transfer the system from one state to another with the given control parameters.
· Multifunctionality - the ability of a complex system to implement a set of functions on a given structure, which manifests itself in the properties of flexibility, adaptation and survivability.
· Flexibility Is the property of the system to change the purpose of functioning depending on the conditions of functioning or the state of subsystems.
· Adaptability - the ability of the system to change its structure and choose options for behavior in accordance with the new goals of the system and under the influence of environmental factors. An adaptive system is one in which there is a continuous process of learning or self-organization.
· Reliability – it is the property of the system to implement the specified functions for a certain period of time with the specified quality parameters.
· Safety – the ability of the system not to cause unacceptable impacts to technical objects, personnel, the environment during its operation.
· Vulnerability - the ability to receive damage when exposed to external and (or) internal factors.
· Structuredness - the behavior of the system is determined by the behavior of its elements and the properties of its structure.
· Dynamism Is the ability to function over time.
· Feedback.
Any system has a purpose and limitations. The goal of the system can be described by the objective function U1 \u003d F (x, y, t, ...), where U1 is the extreme value of one of the performance indicators of the system.
System behavior can be described by the law Y \u003d F (x), which reflects changes at the input and output of the system. This determines the state of the system.
State of the system - this is an instant photograph, or a cut of a system, a stop of its development. It is determined either through input interactions or output signals (results), or through macro parameters, macro properties of the system. This is a set of states of its n elements and connections between them. The assignment of a specific system is reduced to the assignment of its states, starting with inception and ending with death or transition to another system. A real system cannot be in any state. Restrictions are imposed on her condition - some internal and external factors (for example, a person cannot live for 1000 years). Possible states of a real system form in the state space of the system a certain subdomain Z SD (subspace) - a set of admissible states of the system.
Equilibrium - the ability of the system in the absence of external disturbing influences or under constant influences to maintain its state for an arbitrarily long time.
Sustainability - This is the ability of the system to return to a state of equilibrium after it was brought out of this state under the influence of external or internal disturbing influences. This ability is inherent in systems when the deviation does not exceed a certain set limit.
3. The concept of system structure.
System structure - a set of system elements and connections between them in the form of a set. System structure means the structure, location, order and reflects certain relationships, the interposition of the components of the system, i.e. its structure and does not take into account the set of properties (states) of its elements.
The system can be represented by a simple enumeration of elements, however, most often, when studying an object, such a representation is not enough, since it is required to find out what the object is and what ensures the fulfillment of the goals.
Figure: 2. System structure
System element concept. A-priory element Is an integral part of a complex whole. In our concept, a complex whole is a system that is an integral complex of interconnected elements.
Element- a part of the system that is independent in relation to the entire system and is indivisible with this method of separating parts. The indivisibility of an element is considered as the inexpediency of accounting within the model of a given system of its internal structure.
The element itself is characterized only by its external manifestations in the form of connections and relationships with other elements and the external environment.
Communication concept. Communication - a set of dependencies of the properties of one element on the properties of other elements of the system. To establish a connection between two elements means to reveal the presence of dependencies of their properties. The dependence of the properties of elements can be one-way and two-way.
Relationships - a set of two-way dependences of the properties of one element on the properties of other elements of the system.
Interaction - a set of interconnections and relationships between the properties of elements, when they acquire the nature of interaction with each other.
The concept of the external environment. The system exists among other material or non-material objects that have not entered the system and are united by the concept of "external environment" - objects of the external environment. Input characterizes the impact of the external environment on the system, output characterizes the impact of the system on the external environment.
In fact, the delineation or identification of a system is the division of a certain area of \u200b\u200bthe material world into two parts, one of which is considered as a system - an object of analysis (synthesis), and the other as an external environment.
External environment - a set of objects (systems) existing in space and in time, which are supposed to have an effect on the system.
External environment Is a set of natural and artificial systems for which this system is not a functional subsystem.
Types of structures
Let us consider a number of typical structures of systems used in the description of organizational, economic, production and technical objects.
Usually the concept of "structure" is associated with a graphical display of elements and their relationships. However, the structure can also be represented in matrix form, in the form of a set-theoretic description, using the language of topology, algebra and other system modeling tools.
Linear (sequential)the structure (Fig. 8) is characterized by the fact that each vertex is connected with two neighboring ones. If at least one element (connection) fails, the structure is destroyed. An example of such a structure is a pipeline.
Annularthe structure (Fig. 9) is closed, any two elements have two directions of communication. This increases the speed of communication, makes the structure more tenacious.
Cellularthe structure (Fig. 10) is characterized by the presence of backup links, which increases the reliability (survivability) of the structure, but leads to an increase in its cost.
Multiply connectedstructure (Fig. 11) has the structure of a complete graph. The reliability of operation is maximum, the efficiency of operation is high due to the presence of the shortest paths, the cost is maximum.
Starthe structure (Fig. 12) has a central node, which acts as a center, all other elements of the system are subordinate.
Graphovastructure (Fig. 13) is usually used when describing production and technological systems.
Networkstructure (network)- a kind of graph structure, which is a decomposition of the system in time.
For example, a network structure can display the order of operation of a technical system (telephone network, electrical network, etc.), stages of human activity (in the production of products - a network schedule, during design - a network model, during planning - a network model, a network plan, etc. .d.).
Hierarchicalthe structure has received the most widespread use in the design of control systems, the higher the level of the hierarchy, the less connections its elements have. All elements except the upper and lower levels have both command and subordinate control functions.
Hierarchical structures represent the decomposition of the system in space. All vertices (nodes) and links (arcs, edges) exist in these structures at the same time (not separated in time).
Hierarchical structures, in which each element of the lower level is subordinate to one node (one vertex) of the higher (and this is true for all levels of the hierarchy), are called tree-likestructures (structures type of "tree";structures on which relations of tree order are fulfilled, hierarchical structures with strong connections) (Figure 14, a).
Structures in which an element of a lower level can be subordinated to two or more nodes (vertices) of a higher level are called hierarchical structures with weak ties (Figure 14, b).
The structures of complex technical products and complexes, structures of classifiers and dictionaries, structures of goals and functions, production structures, organizational structures of enterprises are represented in the form of hierarchical structures.
In general, the termhierarchymore broadly, it means subordination, the order of subordination of persons lower in position and rank to higher ones, arose as the name of the "career ladder" in religion, is widely used to characterize relationships in the apparatus of government, the army, etc., then the concept of hierarchy was extended to any the order of objects coordinated by subordination.
Thus, in hierarchical structures, it is only important to highlight the levels of subordination, and there can be any relationship between levels and components within the level. In accordance with this, there are structures that use the hierarchical principle, but have specific features, and it is advisable to highlight them separately.
A situation often arises when the elements of the system already exist, but the system as a whole does not yet exist.
The most common mistake in this case is the further improvement of individual elements, and not building a system out of them. In the framework of TRIZ, in this case, they say that the system is incomplete and it needs to be “completed to complete” in order to obtain the desired system property / quality ...
So, the bullfighter and the bull separately do not form system. But the bullfighter, persistently waving a red rag in front of the bull, will clearly soon form a system ...
Here are two more typical examples from aviation history:
EXAMPLE. “… Until the moment when all the knowledge necessary for the innovation, on which they are based, does not come together, the innovation will not become a reality, it will not take place. For example, Samuel Langley, who, according to the expectations of his contemporaries was to become the inventor of the airplane, was much better prepared than wright brothers... The secretary of the then leading scientific institution, the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, he had at his disposal all the scientific resources of the nation. But he preferred not to pay attention to the gasoline engine already invented by that time. He believed in a steam engine. As a result, his airplane could take off; but because of the heavy weight of the steam engine, he could not take on board any cargo, not even a pilot. The airplane required a fusion of mathematics and the gasoline engine. Until all the necessary knowledge is merged into one, the countdown of the time required for the innovation, which is based on this new knowledge, to become a reality, does not even begin. "
Today I want to talk about the "ideal" education system. More and more often, voices of dissatisfied people are heard, the current state of affairs does not seem to suit anyone - neither students, nor teachers, nor large customers in the face of business (except that the state is sleeping sweetly or is preoccupied with other, more important matters).
I'll start with the framework: I can't talk about the entire education system, so we will only talk about educational processes within IT. An attempt to offer something in other areas of knowledge on my part will be either strong cunning or outright incompetence: it is hardly possible to fundamentally change something in the training of a doctor or other high-tech worker, whose activities are associated with a high degree of responsibility or high technological workload. Therefore, I limited myself to only those areas in which it is possible to apply the principles of self-preparation; where training does not require complex technical objects (such as aircraft emulators for training pilots).
So, to begin with, let's define what "entities" (let's call them so) are in the education system and how they interact with each other in the educational process. We can safely highlight several important entities:
the administrative part of the education system (hereinafter “administration”);
the state as an aggregator of many requests to the education system (hereinafter referred to as the "customer", which may not necessarily be the state, but a business or an individual).
It is possible to supplement this system, but, perhaps, it should not be unnecessarily complicated (for example, we will omit such an entity as "parents", I will assume that "students" include this entity). It is quite obvious that the main vector of interactions in this system looks something like this:
In this case, interactions between non-adjacent levels are possible, but most often this does not happen. That is, the processes between the levels "students" - "teachers" are much more intensive than between the levels "students" - "administration", and there is no need to talk about the level of interaction between "students" - "customer". Is this good or bad? Both good and bad. Hierarchical schemes are successfully managed, but at the same time problems at the bottom are sometimes poorly visible from above. And vice versa.
It is obvious that at the present moment each participant (entity) of the educational process has a variety of expectations that cannot be satisfied with the existing relationship. This naturally leads to the emergence of various problems. Which ones?
"Students"... Most often they are unhappy with the following:
a) a diploma (certificate of education) in itself is not appreciated by the "customer", since it does not reflect the real value of a specialist;
b) the level of knowledge obtained in the system does not always correspond to at least the minimum acceptable standards - the knowledge transmitted is either strongly outdated or taught at a low level;
c) the processes of knowledge transfer are ineffective, since they do not take into account the psychophysical characteristics of students (“strong” and “weak” students are averaged by the system).
"Teachers"... Claims made by entities of this level:
a) a huge problem of the teaching staff - dissatisfaction with the financial component of the work;
b) the issue of recent years is the deterioration of the quality of the student flow due to a decrease in the level of basic knowledge, an increase in the number of paid places (because of this, very, very weak applicants get into the system). This entails the complication of the teacher's work (it is easier and more interesting to work with more gifted students);
c) dissatisfaction with the reforms in higher education - the practical effect is imperceptible (for example, the transition from a five-point grading system to a ten-point one).
"Administration"... What the layer managing the process does not suit:
a) deterioration in the quality of the teaching staff, decrease in the number of employees. It is becoming more and more difficult to attract young specialists to the system, since potentially good candidates for a teaching position go into production;
b) lack of a coherent strategy for the reproduction of personnel.
"Customer"... It seems that this is the only participant who is still satisfied with everything in the form in which it is. At least I want to think so. But if you identify the "customer" as a business, he also has something to be dissatisfied with. As it seems to me, there will be two main complaints:
a) weak "exhaust" - the number of vacancies is not covered by the existing volume of graduation of students. As a result, this creates a shortage of personnel, which leads to a warming up of the market - wages are growing (surprise-surprise! Again, such news unloved by business!). My personal micro-conclusion: by investing in the education system, you can keep the growth of wages in the industry;
b) the very quality of the "exhaust" - the modern education system provides more or less tolerable basic knowledge, but does not provide the required amount of knowledge on the modern stack of technologies;
c) business has little influence on the processes that take place in the system of relationships "student" - "teacher".
Understandably, as a teacher (and a little to an administrator), the relationship between teachers and students, as well as between teachers and the administration, is more close and understandable to me, WHAT IS BETWEEN WHO AND WHO? But the overall picture is clear enough.
The general result is as follows. The education system has accumulated a fairly large number of problems that are difficult to solve under the existing structure.
So what exactly should be the "ideal" education system that can address issues as they come? I got different answers to this question!
From a student's perspective: the education system should provide the most in-demand knowledge, a guarantee of work after graduation, the ability to put as little effort as possible in learning.
From a teacher's point of view: the system should maximize financial and moral satisfaction from work while minimizing labor costs.
From the point of view of the administration: the system should be self-regulating to minimize the effort to regulate the learning process.
From the point of view of the customer: the system must maximize the workforce with the highest quality training at the lowest cost.
So, all participants in relationships in the educational process tend to reduce efforts to achieve a result. Students, teachers and administration tend to reduce labor costs, and the customer - to reduce financial costs. And everyone is unhappy with this situation! Students are dissatisfied with the resulting quality of education (while not wanting to spend labor efforts), teachers - with a decrease in financial flows (while also not wanting to spend labor efforts). The administration suffers from the "overregulation" of the system, since in the current situation it is unable to manage the education system. The customer is dissatisfied with the quality of knowledge and the number of specialists at the exit, but at the same time he is inclined to minimize financial costs.
Is it worth abandoning any of the above categories in the training system? Obviously not. Students cannot be removed, this is understandable. Does it make sense to do without teachers? Of course not (there are self-taught people who are able to learn on their own - but this is not about them). The teacher function not only speeds up the learning process, but also guides it, minimizing the time spent on learning. Are we able to abandon the administration? Apparently, not either, since the functions of the administration are regulatory and supervisory. Well, unless you try to minimize the staff of this stratum. How to refuse the customer? If there is no customer, then there is no point in training specialists.
The general conclusion is that any education system will consist of 4 layers / categories, and if we consider the “ideal” system as a reflection of the desires of each of the parties, then we get a non-working system, where each of the categories will strive to reduce its costs. Consequently, there can be no “ideal” system, any of its construction will be a compromise, or the ideal system will be the system with the maximum possible output in terms of quality, with optimal satisfaction of all system participants and minimization of costs for its maintenance.
What can be done in this case? First of all, admit: modern approaches to teaching are outdated!
Yes, we must admit that the system needs to be changed. How can modern approaches to process organization help? First of all, you need to change the structure of the system, for example, to the following:
In this scheme, all participants are equal and can directly influence the learning process. Students can communicate with the customer, who can motivate students to study, he also has the ability to quickly influence the content of educational programs, teachers - more responsive to changing trends in the field of production.
What can be changed in the process of training specialists? Here are just a few guidelines:
introduction of high-quality distance courses into the educational process (), however, independent development of such courses will be very expensive (according to OCW Concorcium, the cost of preparing 1 hour of the course is $ 1000;
the use of an asynchronous model of conducting classes (students work independently, looking at the recorded lectures, but under the supervision of the course leader, so those who master the material faster can move in learning faster);
use of mixed groups - more experienced students pass on the experience to younger students, also under the supervision of the course leader. In mixed groups, the knowledge transfer process is very fast!
use of records of courses, seminars, conferences in the learning process;
creation of a single knowledge base within the country, unification of work programs, courses, assignments, etc.
optimization of "paper-making" in the system by introducing a unified republican electronic document management system;
it is necessary to educate a new wave of teachers, those who can put all these elements of the system into operation, and for this it is necessary to create attractive working conditions and a fair system of remuneration;
increase the recruitment for IT specialties, and for this you need to come to grips with vocational guidance in secondary school;
invite foreign specialists to conduct classes and train their own specialists;
learn to motivate students to learn;
consider introducing a unified electronic diploma (certificate) of education (http://degreed.com/about);
actively use webinars in training.
So, on the one hand, we must admit that a lot of money must be spent to upgrade the system! But with the introduction of uniform unified courses, the use of electronic document management and reporting systems, and changes in the concepts of interactions in the system, it is obviously possible to achieve a significant reduction in costs in training specialists while increasing both their quality and quantity.
