Chromosomes are built on the equator in the mitosis process. Equational division

Any cell from the cell "from cell division depend not only by the phenomenon of heredity, but also the continuity of life." (E. Wilson) In 1855, the German scientist Rudolf Virhov pushed a very important position: every cell from the cell. This was the beginning of the study of cellular division processes, the main laws of which were disclosed at the end of the XIX century.

The reproduction of organisms of the useless somatic cells are represented by two homologous chromosomes diploid set chromosomes (2P) cells are divided by mitosis. Sexual sexual cells from each pair of homologous chromosomes there is only one haploid set of chromosomes (n) the division of germ cells occurs by meyosis

Mitz, or indirect division of mitosis (lat. Mitos - thread) - So division of the cell core, in which two subsidiaries are formed with a set of chromosomes, identical parental cells. Mitosis \u003d nucleus division + division of cytoplasm for the first time mitosis in plants watched I.D. Nits in 1874, and the process was described in detail. Botany E.Strasburger (1877) and him. Zoologist V. Beleming (1882)

Meiosis Meiosis consists of two consecutive divisions - MEIOSE 1 and MEIOSA 2. DNA doubling occurs only before Meiosis 1, and there is no interfacism between divisions. At first division, homologous chromosomes are diverged and their number is doubled, and in the second - chromatids and mature gamets are formed. A feature of the first division is complex and long-lasting proofased.

Meiosis is the cell division process in which the number of chromosomes in the cell is halved. As a result of this division, haploid (N) sex cells (gemnets) and disputes are formed. Meiosis ZigoThythametnospor in the zygote after fertilization, which leads to the formation of zoospores in algae and mycelium mushrooms. In the genital organs, leads to the formation of Games in seed plants leads to the formation of a haploid gamethophyte

Meiosis differences 3. One division of mitosis 3. Two consecutive divisions 4. Doubling DNA molecules occur in an interfax before dividing 4. Doubling DNA molecules occurs only before the first division, there is no conjugation to the second interphase division. There are conjugation

Differences Mitozmeyosis 6. In the metaphase double chromosomes are built up to the equator separately 6. In the metaphase, double chromosomes are built up to the equator with pairs (bivalents) 7. Two diploid cells (somatic cells) 7 are formed. Four haploid cells (sex cells) are formed

Mitozmeyosis 1. occurs in somatic cells 1. It occurs in ripening genital cells 2. It is the basis of a non-propulsion system 2. underlies the sexual reproduction 3. One division3. Two consecutive divisions 4. Doubling DNA molecules occur in an interfax before dividing 4. Doubling DNA molecules occurs only before the first division, there is no interphase to the second division 5. No conjugation5. There is a conjugation (proofase 1) 6. In the metaphase, double chromosomes are built up to the equator.

Mitosis - The method of indirect division of somatic cells.

Prophase. Chromatin condenses, nucleolo disappears, the centrioles will disappear to the poles of the cell, and the achromatine spindle (spindle divisions) from microtubule begins to form. At the end of the opposite, the nuclear shell disintegrates on separate bubbles.

Metafase. Chromosomes are built up to the equator.

Anaphase. DNA replication in centromers and discrepancy chromatide to cell poles.

Bulfase. Daughter chromosomes are collected on the poles and despirate. Nuclear shells are formed, nuclei have nuclei in the nuclei. After dividing the nucleus, cytoplasm is divided - cytokinesis, during which there is a more or less uniform distribution of all organides of the maternal cell.

Thus, as a result of mitosis, two subsidiaries are formed from one maternal cell, each of which is a genetic copy of the maternal (2N2C). In patients, damaged, aging cells and specialized tissues of the body, a somewhat different division of the division can occur. Amitosis They refer direct division of eukaryotic cells, at which there is no formation of genetically equivalent cells, since the cellular components are dissolved unevenly.

Meiosis - The process that occurs during the formation of weights, genital cells (sperm and egg). As a result, it turns out like nuclei, the merger of which in fertilization (the education of the zygota) leads to the restoration of the diploid number chromosomes. Provides preservation in a number of generations of a constant amount of chromosomes.

Meiosis consists of two consecutive cell divisions (MEIOS 1 and MEIZ 2), each of which is preceded by interfac.

Interfaz 1. It is characterized by the active synthesis of DNA and proteins. Preparation for division.

Meiosis 1.. Unlike mitosis in pROFAZ 1. Maizia occurs conjugation and cross hinge.

Conjugation - This is the process of fusion of homologous (pair) chromosomes along the entire length (the pairs are preserved to the end of metafase 1).

Cross Hopeer - Exchange of homologous sections of homologous chromosomes. As a result of the chromosome crosslinker, obtained by the body from both parents, acquire new combinations of genes, which causes the emergence of genetically diverse offspring.

Completion of Profase 1, as well as the subsequent phases of the first meiotic division (metaphase 1, anatherapy 1, BELFAZ 1) flow around the clusters of chromosomes in the cell poles is similar to the mitosis phases.

Meiosis 2.. The second division of meyosis should be directly behind the EPRA, without expressed interphase, since there is no S-period and does not replicauia DNA. In PROFARE 2, the same processes flow as in Proofase 1, with the exception of conjugation and crosslinker.

IN metafhase 2. Chromosome are located along the cell equator.

IN anafase 2. Chromosomes are split in centroma and chromatids stretch to the poles.

IN bulfase 2. Around the clusters of subsidiaries of chromosomes, nuclear shells and nuclei are formed.

After cytokinesis 2, the genetic formula of all four daughter cells is 1N1C, but they all have a different set of genes, which is the result of a crosslinker and a random combination of chromosome of maternal and paternal organisms in subsidiaries.

Comparison of mitosis and meiosis

PROFAZ2. – n2S.

Chromatin condenses, forming chromosomes. The nuclear shell disintegrates, the nucleolus disappears, the spine division is formed.

Metafaza2. – n2S.

Chromosome are built in the plane of the equator, connecting the vertene fission with the centromere. Methazna plate Perpendicular Meiosis1.

Anphasis2 - 2 * (NC)

Centrometers are separated, the filaments of the separation of the division pulls the nursing chromatids to different poles of the cell. The chromosome consists of 1 chromatide. Despiracy of chromosomes begins.

BELFAZ2.- nS.

Spindle division disappears. Chromosomes desponderate : swelling, their contour becomes fuzzy. A nuclear shell is formed around each of the 2 x groups of identical chromosomes. There are nuclei.

Gametogenesis

Meiosis underlies the processes of sporogenesis - the formation of a dispute in plants and mushrooms, and gamenenesis - the formation of genital cells, which consists of spermatogenesis and ovogenesis.

Gamenament phases:

1) reproduction - mitosis

Spermatogenesis : from cerematogenic tissue cells gorocyte diploid primary sex cells are formed spermatogonia (2N2C).

Ovogenesis : from the cells of the ovarian ravine tissue gorocyte Primary genital diploid cells are formed ovogony (2N2C).

2) Growth - Interfaz MEIOS I

Spermatogenesis : From each sperm develops sperm 1 wow Order (2N4C). DNA replication.

Ovogenesis : DNA replication, from each Ovogonia develops ovocit1 CSO Order (2N4C). Nutrient stock (yolk, fat).

3) Maturation - Maizo division

Spermatogenesis : After the first division, two are formed sperm 2 wow order (N2C). After the second - four haploid spermidida (NC).

Ovogenesis : After the first division - 1 Reducing Tales and one ovocit 2 wow order (N2C)

After the second division - 3 reduction tales And one large communion From which the egg cell is subsequently formed and another reduction taurus. If fertilization does not occur, then the whey is dying and excreted from the body.

Mitosis (indirect division) is dividing somatic cells (body cells). The biological value of mitosis is the reproduction of somatic cells, receiving copies (with the same set of chromosomes, with exactly the same hereditary information). All somatic cells of the body are obtained from one source cell (zygotes) by mitosis.

1) PROFADA

• chromatin spiral (twisted, condensed) to the state of chromosomes
• nucleoli disappear
• nuclear shell decay
• centrioles are diverted to the poles of the cell, the spindle divisions are formed

2) metafasa - chromosomes are built on the cell equator, the metaphase plate is formed.

3) Anphasis - Chromosome subsidiaries are separated from each other (chromatids become chromosomes) and diverge to the poles

4) Bulfasa

• chromosomes are despondent (spinning, deconentially) to the state of chromatin
• core and nuclei appear
• filaments spindle division are destroyed
• cytokines occurs - separation of the cytoplasm of the mother cell into two subsidiaries

The duration of mitosis is 1-2 hours.

Cell cycle

This is the period of cell life from the moment of its formation by dividing the maternal cell to its own division or death.

The cell cycle consists of two periods:

• interfhaza (condition when the cell is not divided);
• division (mitosis or).

Interphase consists of several phases:

• pREDITTICAL: Cell grows, it takes active synthesis of RNA and proteins, the number of organoids increases; In addition, there is preparation for DNA doubling (accumulation of nucleotides)
• synthetic: Doubling (replication, reduction) DNA
• postsynthetic: the cell is prepared for division, synthesizes the substance necessary for dividing, such as proteins of the separation of division.

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Tests and tasks

Select one, the most correct option. The process of breeding cells of organisms of different kingdoms of wildlife is called
1) Meiosis
2) Mitozom
3) fertilization
4) fraction

Answer

1. All features below, besides two, can be used to describe the interphase processes of the cell cycle. Determine the two features, "dropping" from the general list, and write down the numbers in the table, under which they are indicated.
1) cell growth
2) the discrepancy of homologous chromosomes
3) Location chromosome by equator cell
4) DNA replication
5) synthesis of organic substances

Answer

2. All features below, except two, can be used to describe the processes occurring in the interfax. Determine the two features, "dropping" from the general list, and write down the numbers in the table, under which they are indicated.
1) DNA replication
2) the formation of a nuclear shell
3) chromosome spiralization
4) Synthesis ATP
5) Synthesis of all types of RNA

Answer

3. The processes listed below, except for two, are used to characterize the cell cycle interphase. Determine two processes, "dropping" from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are specified.
1) the formation of spindlers
2) Synthesis ATP
3) Replication
4) cell growth
5) Crossinchinger

Answer

Select one, the most correct option. At what stage of the life of the chromosome cells spiral
1) Interfhaza
2) PROFADA
3) Anphasis
4) Metafaza

Answer

Select three options. What cellular structures undergo the greatest changes in the mitosis process?
1) kernel
2) cytoplasm
3) Ribosomes
4) lysosomes
5) Cell Center
6) Chromosomes

Answer

1. Install the sequence of processes occurring in a cell with chromosomes in an interfass and subsequent mitosis
1) Location of chromosomes in the equatorial plane
2) DNA replication and formation of two-sized chromosomes
3) chromosome spiralization
4) the discrepancy between the nursing chromosomes to the poles of the cell

Answer

2. Install the sequence of processes occurring during interphase and mitosis. Record the appropriate sequence of numbers.
1) chromosome spiralization, disappearance of a nuclear shell
2) the discrepancy between the nursing chromosomes to the poles of the cell
3) the formation of two subsidiaries
4) doubling DNA molecules
5) Placing chromosomes in the plane of the equator cell

Answer

3. Install the sequence of processes occurring in the interfax and in mitosis. Record the appropriate sequence of numbers.
1) dissolving the nuclear membrane
2) DNA replication
3) destruction of spindle
4) discrepancy to the poles of single chromosomes cells
5) Education of the metaphase plate

Answer

4. Set the correct sequence of processes occurring during mitosis. Record the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Disintegration of the nuclear shell
2) thickening and shortening chromosomes
3) Building chromosomes in the central part of the cell
4) the beginning of the movement of chromosomes to the center
5) the discrepancy of chromatide to the poles of the cell
6) Formation of new nuclear shells

Answer

5. Install the sequence of processes occurring during mitosis. Record the appropriate sequence of numbers.
1) chromosome spiralization
2) Chromatide discrepancy
3) the formation of spindle separation
4) Despioralization of chromosomes
5) division of cytoplasm
6) Location of chromosomes at the cell equator

Answer

6. Install the sequence of processes occurring during mitosis. Record the appropriate sequence of numbers.
1) the filaments of the separation of division are attached to each chromosome
2) a nuclear sheath is formed
3) a doubling of centrioles
4) protein synthesis, increase in the number of mitochondria
5) Cellular Center Centrioles Dissolve To Cell Poles
6) chromatids become independent chromosomes

Answer

We form 7:

4) disappearance of filaments spindle division

Select one, the most correct option. When dividing the cells, the formation of the separation of division in
1) PROFADE
2) Bulfase
3) metafhase
4) Anafase

Answer

Select one, the most correct option. In the opposition mitosis does not happen
1) the dissolution of the nuclear shell
2) formation of spindle division
3) doubling chromosomes
4) dissolving nucleols

Answer

Select one, the most correct option. At what stage of the life of chromatide cells become chromosomes
1) Interfhaza
2) PROFADA
3) metafas
4) Anphasis

Answer

Select one, the most correct option. Despioralization of chromosomes when dividing the cell occurs in
1) PROFADE
2) metafhase
3) Anafhase
4) Bulfase

Answer

Select one, the most correct option. In which mitosis phase, the chromatide pair is attached to their center meters to the threads of the separation
1) Anafase
2) Bulfase
3) Profase
4) metafuz

Answer

Set the correspondence between the processes and the mitosis phases: 1) anAphase, 2) of the tiphase. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) a nuclear sheath is formed
B) Nursing chromosomes diverge to the poles of the cell
C) spindle divisions finally disappears
D) chromosomes despirate
E) chromosome centermen disconnected

Answer

Set the correspondence between the characteristics and phases of mitosis: 1) metaphase, 2) of the belly. Record the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) chromosome consist of two chromatids.
B) chromosomes are despirate.
C) the filaments of the separation of division are attached to the center of chromosomes.
D) a nuclear shell is formed.
E) chromosomes are built in the equatorial plane of the cell.
E) disappearance disappearance occurs.

Answer

Set the correspondence between the characteristics and phases of the division of the cell: 1) anAphase, 2) metaphase, 3) of the belly. Write down the numbers 1-3 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) Despiracy of chromosomes
B) number chromosome and DNA 4N4C
C) location chromosome by equator cell
D) discrepancy chromosome to cell poles
E) Connection Center with threads of spindle fission
E) the formation of a nuclear membrane

Answer

All listed features except two are used to describe the mitosis phase shown in the figure. Determine the two signs, "dropping" from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) disappears nuclear
2) the spindle divisions are formed
3) DNA molecules doubling
4) Chromosomes are actively involved in protein biosynthesis
5) chromosome spirals

Answer

Select one, the most correct option. What is accompanied by chromosome spiralization at the beginning of mitosis
1) the acquisition of a two-terrification structure
2) active participation of chromosomes in protein biosynthesis
3) doubling DNA molecule
4) enhanced transcription

Answer

Install the correspondence between the processes and periods of the interphase: 1) postsynthetic, 2) pretenttical, 3) synthetic. Write down the numbers 1, 2, 3 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) cell growth
B) Synthesis ATP for the division process
C) Synthesis ATF for replication of DNA molecules
D) proteins synthesis for the construction of microtubule
E) DNA replication

Answer

1. All features listed below, except for two, can be used to describe the mitosis process. Determine the two signs, "dropping" from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) underlies the cull breeding
2) indirect division
3) Provides regeneration
4) reduction division
5) increasing genetic diversity

Answer

2. All listed features, except for two, can be used to describe mitosis processes. Determine the two signs, "dropping" from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Bivalent Education
2) conjugation and crossing
3) the invariability of the number chromosomes in cells
4) the formation of two cells
5) Conservation of the structure of chromosomes

Answer

All listed features except two are used to describe the process shown in the figure. Determine the two signs, "dropping" from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Subsidiaries have the same chromosomes with parent cells
2) uneven distribution of genetic material between subsidiaries
3) provides growth
4) the formation of two subsidiaries
5) Direct division

Answer

All the processes listed below, except for two, occur in the process of indirect cell division. Determine two processes, "dropping" from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are specified.
1) two diploid cells are formed
2) Four haploid cells are formed
3) the division of somatic cells
4) There is a conjugation and crosslinker chromosomes
5) cell division is preceded by one interfacia

Answer

1. Install the correspondence between the stages of the cell life cycle and processes. What is happening during them: 1) interfac, 2) mitosis. Record the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) formed spine divisions
B) the cell grows, there is an active synthesis of RNA and proteins.
C) cytokines
D) the number of DNA molecules doubles
E) chromosome spiralization

Answer

2. Install the correspondence between the processes and stages of the cell life cycle: 1) interfac, 2) mitosis. Record the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) chromosome spiralization
B) intensive metabolism
C) doubling centrioles
D) the discrepancy between the nursing chromatide to the poles of the cell
E) DNA reduction
E) an increase in the number of organoid cells

Answer

What processes occur in the cell during the interphase period?
1) proteins synthesis in cytoplasm
2) chromosome spiralization
3) Synthesis IRNA in the core
4) Reducing DNA Molecules
5) dissolution of the nuclear shell
6) the discrepancy of the central cell center to the poles of the cell

Answer

Determine the phase and the type of division shown in the picture. Write down the two numbers in the order specified in the task, without separators (gaps, commas, etc.).
1) Anphasis
2) metafasa
3) PROFAZ
4) Bulfasa
5) Mitosis
6) Meiosis I
7) Meiosis II

Answer

All listed signs, except for two, are used to describe the cell life cycle shown in the figure. Determine the two signs, "dropping" from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) disappears spine divisions
2) chromosome form an equatorial plate
3) A nuclear sheath is formed around chromosomes of each pole
4) the cytoplasm division occurs
5) chromosome spirals and become well visible

Answer

Set the correspondence between the processes and stages of cellular division. Record the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) the destruction of the nuclear shell
B) chromosome spiralization
C) the discrepancy of chromatide to the poles of the cell
D) the formation of single chromosomes
E) the discrepancy between the centers to the poles of the cell

Answer

Consider the drawing. Specify (a) the type of division, (b) the division phase, (c) the amount of genetic material in the cell. For each letter, select the appropriate term from the proposed list.
1) Mitz
2) Meiosis II
3) metafas
4) Anphasis
5) Bulfasa
6) 2N4C.
7) 4n4c.
8) N2c.

Answer

All listed features except two are used to describe the cellular structure shown in the figure. Determine the two signs, "dropping" from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Cell division type - Mitosis
2) Cage division phase - Anphase
3) chromosomes consisting of two chromatids are attached to their centromeres to the threads of the separation of division
4) chromosomes are located in the equatorial plane
5) Crossinchinger occurs

Answer

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