Lenin's last lifetime photographs. V.I.lenin in photography
He was one of the key ideological inspirers of the October Revolution of 1917 and the first head of the new state, created on the basis of the union of equal republics and the theory of the subsequent world revolution.
In the USSR, he was the object of incredible admiration and cult. He was glorified, exalted and idealized, called a seer, a giant of thought and a shrewd genius. Today, in different strata of society, the attitude towards him is very contradictory: for some, he is a major political theorist who influenced the course of world history, for others - the author of especially cruel concepts for the destruction of compatriots, who destroyed the foundations of the country's economy.
Childhood
The future major politician was born on April 22, 1870 in Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk is named after him), a city on the Volga, in an intelligent family of teachers. There were no Russians in his family: mother Maria Alexandrovna came from Germans with an admixture of Swedish and Jewish blood, father Ilya Nikolaevich - from Kalmyks and Chuvash. He was engaged in the inspection of public schools and made a very successful career: he received the rank of a real state councilor, which gave the right to a noble title. 
Mom devoted herself to raising children, of whom there were five in their family: daughter Anna, sons Alexander, Vladimir, Dmitry and the youngest child - Maria or Manyasha, as her relatives called her. The mother of the family graduated from a teacher training college as an external student, knew several foreign languages, played the piano and passed on to the children her knowledge and skills, including exceptional accuracy in everything.
Volodya perfectly knew Latin, French, German, English, a little worse - Italian. His love for languages \u200b\u200bremained throughout his life; shortly before his death, he began to learn Czech. In the gymnasium, he gave preference to philosophy, but in other disciplines he had excellent marks.
He grew up as an inquisitive boy, loved to arrange noisy games with brothers and sisters: a horse, Indians, soldiers. Reading Uncle Tom's Cabin, he imagined himself Abraham Lincoln smashing slave owners.
On last year training, in 1986, his father died. A year later, their family suffered another ordeal - the execution of their brother Alexander by hanging. The young man was good at the natural sciences, so the terrorists who were preparing the assassination attempt on Alexander III recruited him to create an explosive device. In the case, Ulyanov was one of the organizers of the attempted assassination of the tsar.
Formation of political consciousness
After graduating from high school, the young man began to study law at Kazan University. At 17, he was not politically active. Lenin's biographers believe that the decision to change political system was largely dictated by the death of Alexander. Deeply worried about the death of his brother, Volodya was carried away by the idea of \u200b\u200boverthrowing tsarism. 
Soon he was expelled from the university for participating in student riots. At the request of his mother's sister Lyubov Blank, he was sent to the village of Kukushkino, Kazan province, and lived with his aunt for about a year. Then his political views began to form. He took up self-education, read a lot of Marxist literature, as well as the works of Dmitry Pisarev, Georgy Plekhanov, Sergei Nechaev, Nikolai Chernyshevsky.
The revolution of the proletariat will completely abolish the division of society into classes, and, consequently, all social political inequality.
In 1889, Maria Alexandrovna, demonstrating her immeasurable love and support to her son, who needed money, sold a house in Simbirsk and bought a farm in the Samara province for 7.5 thousand rubles. She hoped that Vladimir would find an outlet in the ground, but without the experience of conducting agriculture the family did not succeed. They sold the estate and moved to Samara.
In 1891, the authorities allowed Ulyanov to pass exams for the first year of the law faculty of St. Petersburg University. For a little less than a year, Vladimir was an assistant attorney. This service was boring to him, and in 1893 he left for the Northern capital, where he began to practice law and study the ideology of Marxism. By this time, he had finally taken shape as a person, his views evolved: if earlier he bowed before the ideas of the populists, now he became a supporter of the social democrats.
The road to revolution
In 1895, the young man went to Europe, where he met with members of the Russian Marxist group Emancipation of Labor. Returning to the city on the Neva, he, in partnership with Yuliy Martov, founded the Union of Struggle. They were involved in the management of the strike, the publication of a workers' newspaper with articles by Ulyanov, the distribution of leaflets.We must fight religion. This is the ABC of all materialism and, consequently, Marxism. But Marxism is not materialism that stops at the ABC. Marxism goes further. He says: one must be able to fight religion, and for this one must materialistically explain the source of faith and religion among the masses.
Soon Vladimir was arrested and sent into exile for 3 years in the Siberian village of Shushenskoye, where he later wrote more than three dozen articles. At the end of his sentence, Ulyanov went abroad. Once in Germany, in 1900 he initiated the publication of the famous underground newspaper Iskra. Then he began to sign his works and articles with the pseudonym Lenin. Vladimir Ilyich had high hopes for Iskra, believing that it would unite the disunited revolutionary organizations under the banner of Marxist ideology.
In 1903, the II Congress of the RSDLP prepared by the revolutionary was held in Brussels, where a split took place between the adherents of his idea of \u200b\u200bseizing power by armed means and the supporters of the classical parliamentary path - the Mensheviks, and the party program worked out together with Plekhanov was adopted. In 1905, at the I party conference in Finland, he first met with Stalin.
Any extreme is not good; everything good and useful, taken to an extreme, can become and even, beyond a certain limit, necessarily becomes evil and harm.
Lenin met the victory in the February Revolution of 1917, which led to the overthrow of the monarchy, abroad. Arriving at home, he called for an uprising against the Provisional Government. It was organized by Leon Trotsky, head of the Petrograd Soviet. Commemorative October 25, the Bolsheviks, with the support of the proletariat, seized power. Lenin headed a completely new government of the RSFSR - the Council of People's Commissars, signed decrees on land (confiscation of landowners' lands) and peace (negotiations on non-violent reconciliation of all the belligerent countries).
After October
In the country ruin reigned, and in the heads of people - chaos to them. Lenin signed a decree on the creation of the Red Army and the humiliating Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty so that he could focus on internal problems. Many bright minds of the country, not appreciating his ideas, emigrated, others joined the White movement. The Civil War broke out.No one is to blame if he was born a slave; but a slave who not only shuns the striving for his freedom, but justifies and embellishes his slavery, such a slave is one who evokes a legitimate feeling of indignation, contempt and disgust - a lackey and a boor.
During this period, the leader of the Bolsheviks ordered the execution of the entire royal family. Nicholas II and his wife, their five children and close servants were killed on the night of July 16-17 in Yekaterinburg. Note that the question of Lenin's involvement in the execution of the Romanovs is still debatable.
In 1918, there were two attempts on Lenin's life (in January and August) and the murder of the chief security officer of Petrograd, Moisei Uritsky. As a response to what happened, the authorities organized the Red Terror on the initiative of Felix Dzerzhinsky. Within its framework, the decree on the death penalty was revived, the creation of concentration camps began, the practice of forced conscription into the army, pogroms of Orthodox churches.
Lenin's speech to the Red Army (1919)
The Bolsheviks introduced a tough and ineffective concept of "war communism", involving people in free public works up to 16 hours a day, confiscating food, liquidating the market.
These actions provoked widespread famine and crisis, forcing the country's leader to develop a New Economic Policy (NEP). She gave positive results, but he could not correct all the mistakes he made because of his failing health.
Personal life of Vladimir Lenin
The first head of the USSR was married. He met his chosen one, intelligent and devoted Marxist Nadezhda Krupskaya in 1894 during the creation of the Union of Struggle. 4 years later, they got married, legalizing their relationship in order to obtain permission to serve exile in Shushenskoye together. 
The couple did not have offspring, although people who knew them claimed that they really wanted to have at least one child. The reason for this was called the living conditions of a married couple, unfavorable for the appearance of children (exile, prisons, emigration), as well as the consequences of Krupskaya's illness, who had a serious illness "on the female side" during prison.
A person needs an ideal, but a human one, corresponding to nature, and not a supernatural one.
According to researchers, until their death, the couple was connected not by intimacy, but by a strong friendship. The leader considered his wife to be his reliable and main support in life. She repeatedly offered him freedom, in particular, so that he could marry his next mistress, Inessa Armand, with whom Nadezhda had an excellent relationship. But he always refused, did not want to let her go.
The politician was not particularly attractive, had a speech defect - burr, but possessed powerful charisma, piercing eyes, could almost hypnotically influence those around him.
Death
In May 1922, the Bolshevik leader suffered a stroke with impaired speech and paralysis of the right side of the body. By the fall, the disease receded, and he returned to business, demonstrating colossal efficiency. He spoke at the fourth congress of the Comintern, held a number of meetings of the Council of People's Commissars, meetings of the Politburo, in 2 months he wrote about two hundred business notes and orders. But in December and then in March of the following year, there were repeated strokes. Lenin moved from the capital to the Gorki residence near Moscow, closer to nature, healing silence and fresh air.Rare footage from the funeral of Vladimir Lenin
In January 1924, there was a sharp deterioration in the people's leader's health, and on the 21st he died of a cerebral hemorrhage. The reasons for his death were also called atherosclerosis, syphilis, a genetic disease that led to the "petrification" of the brain vessels and even poisoning from a bullet. However, these are all just hypotheses.
After the death of the leader, it was decided to create a Mausoleum near the Kremlin wall for his burial. By the day of the funeral on January 27, a temporary wooden burial structure was erected, where Ilyich's body was placed. Now in its place there is a red brick mausoleum. The embalmed leader of the nations rests there to this day.
Fresh review
I will continue to publish photos taken by a German tourist in Almaty in December 2013. Everything about the upper areas of the city will be here (well, or almost everything - something will be included in the next review). And without any special details: all the beautiful multi-storey buildings, everything is clean and beautiful. In general, what our authorities want to show tourists. And of course the Independence Monument will be detailed.
The first photo is the TV Center on Mira-Timiryazeva. The building is really beautiful.
Random entries
Of course, if you look at the map, then in the center of Sharjah there is not a lake, but a bay connected to the sea by a long and not very wide sleeve. But for some reason local guides call it the "lake". There is not much to write about, a lot of photographs and panoramas. I went out to him by accident. The heat was 45 degrees, so it was deserted - normal people do not walk in such weather.
Surprisingly, with such heat, which lasts not one or two days, but almost all year round, everything around is pretty green. Here is the first photo on this topic.
According to the excursion program, which we were provided with in Alma-Ata, on the second day there should be an acquaintance with Tbilisi. But it didn't work out that way. The host side had their own ideas for organizing excursions. And on this day we went to the Borjomi gorge. In principle, we didn't care where to go first, so we weren't upset. Moreover, in the excursion minibus we were not one of our hotel. The guide warned that the tour will be long and you need to have money in local currency with you, because lunch is not included in the price of this trip, and there may not be ATMs or exchange offices on site. And our transport went along the streets of Tbilisi, collecting tourists from other hotels. So our acquaintance with the city continued at least from the bus window.
I've always wanted to see Switzerland. But after listening to friends who have already been there or even live there, as well as having read all sorts of ratings of the most expensive cities in the world (for example, according to the rating of the Swiss bank UBS in 2018, Zurich is in first place), Switzerland somehow scared me off Well, mountains, well, architecture … - In Almaty, over there, there are also mountains, and in Germany in any city there is architecture. Suddenly in Switzerland a mixture of Germany and Almaty, but at the price of an airplane? It is not interesting
But the company I work for has a contract with the University of Zurich - UZH, and since the beginning of 2018 I have been lucky enough to visit this city several times - mostly business trips, but once I even went there as a tourist When I started writing an article , there weren't very many photos, because during business trips around the city you can't take a walk - from work to the hotel, in the morning back. But over these several times they have accumulated enough for a couple of articles. So, the article is numbered uno.
Another notable place nearby is called Carbon Canyon Regional Park. And it is remarkable for its grove, there is even a walking trail leading to it, along which we, in fact, walked. This park belongs to the neighboring town of Breya (as it is called in Russian on the Google map, and in their language Brea). But I'll start from the beginning, we were brought up to this beginning of the trail by car, and then we set off on foot, although not everywhere it looked like a terrenkur.
I heard about either a national park or a geological reserve, which is located near the town of Obzor, in the neighboring village of Byala, and which is called "White Rocks". I rented a car and went to see what it was. Firstly, Byala turned out to be not a village, as everyone calls it in Obzor, but a normal tourist city, the size of the same Obzor, which became a city in 1984. Secondly, the name Byala is translated as "White" and this name just comes from this natural monument - "White Rocks".
In this review, I will tell you how to get there and what is there, beautiful or interesting. And in the next - about the museum and about the rocks from a more scientific point of view.
In general, it is believed that Sharjah is such a not very cool emirate. Well compared to Dubai. But apparently recently Sharjah has pulled up a lot in terms of building new beautiful skyscrapers.
Well, again, by the time we rode in Sharjah, we had not yet been to Dubai, and therefore Sharjah seemed to us quite even steep in terms of development. I've seen enough multi-storey cities - this is both, and, and even a new one, but Sharjah wins in terms of the density of skyscrapers. Maybe in this parameter it can be compared with it, but in Urumqi the skyscrapers are quite unpretentious - in architecture they are similar to one-color boxes, not all, but many. And here everything is different, modern, unique.
There isn't much to write about. Therefore, basically, just photographs, the bulk of which are made from a moving car, therefore with glare.
Gibichenstein Castle was built during the early Middle Ages, between 900 and 1000 years. At that time, it was of very important strategic importance not only for the Magdeburg bishops, whose residence was until the castle was built, but also played an important role in all imperial politics. The first written mention dates back to 961. Built on a high cliff above the Saale River, about 90 meters above sea level, on the site where the main Roman road once passed. In the period from 1445 to 1464, the Lower Castle was built at the foot of the castle rock, which was intended to serve as a fortified courtyard. Since the transfer of the episcopal residence to Moritzburg, the so-called Upper Castle began to decline. And after the Thirty Years War, when it was captured by the Swedes and burned down, in which almost all buildings were destroyed, it was abandoned altogether and was never restored. In 1921, the castle was transferred to the city property. But even in such a ruined form, it is very picturesque.
This review about the Review will be great, and perhaps not the most interesting, but it seems quite beautiful. And it will be about greenery and flowers.
The Balkans in general and Bulgaria in particular are generally quite green areas. And the pastoral views are gorgeous. But in the city of Obzor, greenery is mainly in parks, although there are also vegetable gardens, as can be seen in the middle of this report. And at the end, a little about the wildlife in and around the city.
At the entrance to the city from the side of Varna, a gorgeous flower bed is laid out, which is very difficult to see on the go. But on foot it turns out that there is written "Obzor" in flowers, and in some stylized Slavic font.
Tri-City Park is located in Placencia, bordered by Fullerton and Brea. All of these localities are included in Orange County, in southern California. For all the time that we have been here, we have not figured out where one city ends and another begins. And, probably, this is not so important. They are not very different in architecture and their history is about the same, and parks are in close proximity. We also went to this one on foot.
Alexander Dmitrievich BlankDirector of the public schools of the Simbirsk province Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov. 1882
Inspection of public schools in Simbirsk province with director I. N. Ulyanov. 1881 year.
Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova
Alexander Ilyich Ulyanov
Dmitry Ilyich Ulyanov
Maria Ilyinichna Ulyanova
House in Simbirsk
Volodya Ulyanov with his sister Olga. 1874 Simbirsk
The Ulyanov family. 1879 Simbirsk
Standing (from left to right): Olga, Alexander, Anna. Sitting (left to right): Maria Alexandrovna with her daughter Maria in her arms, Dmitry, Ilya Nikolaevich, Vladimir.
Vladimir Ulyanov in his school years. 1887 Simbirsk
Vladimir Ulyanov. Portrait. 1891, no later than March 26 (April 7). Samara
the photo was attached to the petition of V.I.Ulyanov of March 26 (April 7) 1891 addressed to the chairman of the legal test commission at St. Petersburg University for admission to exams as an external student for a university course
IN AND. Ulyanov during his arrest in the case of the St. Petersburg Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class, 1895
1895, not earlier than December 9 (21) - not later than December 20 (January 1, 1896). St. Petersburg.
IN AND. Ulyanov among the members of the St. Petersburg Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class, 1897
In the photo (from left to right): standing - A.L. Malchenko, P.K. Zaporozhets, A.A. Vaneev; sitting - V.V.Starkov, G.M. Krzhizhanovsky, V.I.Ulyanov, Yu.O. Martov (Zederbaum). 1897, not earlier than February 14 (26) - not later than February 17 (March 1).
V.I.Ulyanov. Portrait. St. Petersburg, 1897
1897, not earlier than February 14 (26) - not later than February 17 (March 1). St. Petersburg.
V.I.Ulyanov. Portrait. Moscow, 1900
This photograph was mailed from Moscow to Shushenskoye in 1900 to the name of O. Engberg, a worker at the Putilov factory who was exiled with V. I. Lenin.
V.I.Lenin visiting A.M. Gorky plays chess with A.A. Bogdanov. 1908, between 10 (23) and 17 (30) April. Capri, Italy
In the photo: to the left of Vladimir Ilyich are A.M. Ignatiev and I.P. Ladyzhnikov sitting; standing - V.A. Bazarov (Rudnev), A.M. Gorky, Z.M. Peshkov, N.B. Bogdanova. 1908, between 10 (23) and 17 (30) April. Capri, Italy.
V.I.Lenin visiting A.M. Gorky. Capri, Italy
1908, between 10 (23) and 17 (30) April. Capri, Italy
V.I. Lenin. Portrait. 1910 Paris
VI Lenin on a walk in the vicinity of Zakopane. 1913, summer. Zakopane, Poland
In the photo: G.E. Zinoviev, S.Yu.Bagotsky.
V.I. Lenin. Portrait. 1914, between 6 (19) and 13 (26) August. Poronin, Poland
V.I. Lenin. Portrait. 1916, not earlier than January 28 (February 10) - not later than February 28 (March 12). Zurich, Switzerland
VI Lenin and a group of Russian political emigrants in Stockholm on their way from Switzerland to Russia. 1917, March 31 (April 13). Stockholm
VI Lenin at the entrance of the Central Station in Stockholm on the way from Switzerland to Russia. 1917, March 31 (April 13). Stockholm.
T. Nörman and K. Lindhagen are walking alongside V. I. Lenin.
Vladimir Lenin performs at the Tauride Palace. 1917, not earlier than 4 (17) - not later than 17 (30) April. Petrograd
V.I. Lenin in a wig and a cap before the illegal departure from Petrograd to Finland. 1917, July 25-29 (August 7-11). Art. Spill
VI Lenin in the box of the Tauride Palace at a meeting of the Constituent Assembly. 1918, January 5 (18). Petrograd
1918, January 5 (18). Petrograd.
V.I. Lenin. Portrait. 1918, January. Petrograd
VI Lenin in Smolny at a meeting of the Council of People's Commissars. 1918, January 1 - March 11. Petrograd
In the photo: from left to right - I.Z.Shteinberg, V.P. Milyutin (?), B.D. Kamkov, V.D. Bonch-Bruevich, V.E. Trutovsky, A.G. Shlyapnikov, P.P. Proshyan, V.I. Lenin, I.V. Stalin, A.M. Kollontai, P.E. Dybenko, E.K. Koksharova, N.I. Podvoisky ( ?), N.P. Gorbunov, V.I. Nevsky, A.V.Shotman, G.V. Chicherin. 1918, January 1 - March 11. Petrograd.
V. I. Lenin, N. K. Krupskaya and M. I. Ulyanova in a car after the end of the parade of the Red Army in Moscow on the Khodynskoye field. 1918, May 1. Moscow.
On the photo: A.S. Bubnov, K.P. Maksimov, P.S. Kosmachev, P.L. Petrov and others.
V. I. Lenin, M. I. Ulyanova and N. K. Krupskaya in a car during a trip to the country house to V. D. Bonch-Bruevich. 1918, May 9-10 or June 22-24. Maltse-Brodovo (now Pushkin District of the Moscow Region).
VI Lenin and MI Ulyanova are sent to the Bolshoi Theater for a meeting of the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets. 1918, July 5. Moscow.
VI Lenin delivers a speech to the participants of the I All-Russian Congress on Education. 1918, 28 August. Moscow.
In the photo (from left to right): P.N. Lepeshinsky, V.M. Pozner, A.V. Lunacharsky, V.I. Lenin, V.P. Potemkin, N.K. Krupskaya, V.I. .Popov; standing - A.I. Zeibut, S.I. Kudelin, S.I. Gorshechnikov and others
V. I. Lenin and N. K. Krupskaya after the meeting of the 1st All-Russian Congress on Education. 1918, August 28. Moscow.
Vladimir Lenin at his desk in his office in the Kremlin. 1918, October 16. Moscow.
Vladimir Lenin at the bookcase in his office in the Kremlin. 1918, October 16. Moscow.
V.I. Lenin. Portrait. 1918, October 16. Moscow.
VI Lenin in the courtyard of the Kremlin on a walk to recover from injury. 1918, October 16. Moscow.
V. I. Lenin with V. D. Bonch-Bruyevich in the courtyard of the Kremlin on a walk to recover from injury. 1918, October 16. Moscow.
Vladimir Lenin in the Kremlin presides over a meeting of the Council of People's Commissars for recovery from injury. 1918, October 17. Moscow.
In the photo: P.I. Stuchka, L.M. Karakhan, S.M. Dimanstein, N. N. Krestinsky, A. I. Svidersky, A.I. Rykov, D.I.Kursky, I.P. Tovstukha, L.D. Trotsky, G.V. Chicherin, K.B. Radek and others.
VI Lenin in a group of employees of the secretariat of the Council of People's Commissars in the Kremlin. 1918, October 17. Moscow.
V. I. Lenin, J. M. Sverdlov, M. F. Vladimirsky and P. G. Smidovich on Revolution Square before the opening of a temporary monument to K. Marx and F. Engels. Moscow, November 7, 1918
Vladimir Lenin makes a speech at the opening of a temporary monument to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Moscow, November 7, 1918
Lenin and YM Sverdlov visiting the open temporary monument to K. Marx and F. Engels. Moscow, November 7, 1918
Lenin cuts the ribbon, opening a memorial plaque on the Kremlin wall in memory of the peoples who fell for peace and brotherhood. Moscow, November 7, 1918
V. I. Lenin, J. M. Sverdlov, V. A. Avanesov, N. I. Podvoisky, G. I. Okulova and M. F. Vladimirsky in front of an open memorial plaque in memory of peoples who fell for peace and brotherhood. Moscow, November 7, 1918
VI Lenin delivers a speech on Red Square on the day of the celebration of the 1st anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution. Moscow, November 7, 1918
VI Lenin on Red Square on the day of the celebration of the 1st anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution. Moscow, November 7, 1918
V.I.Lenin and Ya.M. Sverdlov in the presidium of the I All-Russian Congress of Land Departments and Kombedov in the Column Hall of the House of Unions. Moscow, December 11, 1918
VI Lenin on the presidium of the First Congress of the Comintern in the Kremlin. From left to right: G. Eberlein, V. I. Lenin and F. Platten. Moscow, March 2-6, 1919
VI Lenin on the presidium of the First Congress of the Comintern in the Kremlin. From left to right: G. Klinger, G. Eberlein, V. I. Lenin and F. Platten. Moscow, March 2-6, 1919
V.I. Lenin. Moscow, March 2-5, 1919
V.I.Lenin makes a speech at the funeral of Ya.M. Sverdlov on Red Square. Moscow, March 18, 1919
V. I. Lenin, Demyan Bedny and the delegate from Ukraine F. Panfilov at the VIII Congress of the RCP (b). Moscow, March 18-23, 1919
V. I. Lenin, I. V. Stalin and M. I. Kalinin at the VIII Congress of the RCP (b). 18-23 March 1919
V. I. Lenin in front of a sound recording apparatus in the Kremlin. Moscow, March 29, 1919
V.I. Lenin. Moscow, March 29, 1919
VI Lenin and MI Kalinin in a group of cadets of the Moscow courses of the Red Army's heavy artelery. Moscow, April 15, 1919
Lenin makes a speech on Red Square at the opening of a temporary monument to Stepan Razin. Moscow, May 1, 1919
Lenin makes a speech on Red Square on the day of the May Day holiday. Moscow, May 1, 1919
VI Lenin on Red Square during the May Day demonstration. Moscow, May 1, 1919
V. I. Lenin on Red Square talks with the secretary of the MK RCP (b) V. M. Zagorsky during the May Day demonstration. Moscow, May 1, 1919
V.I. Lenin. Moscow, May 1, 1919
V.I. Lenin and. NK Krupskaya leaving the House of Unions after the meeting of the I All-Russian Congress on extracurricular education. Moscow, May 6, 1919
VI Lenin with a group of commanders bypasses the front of the Vsevobuch troops on Red Square. Moscow, May 25, 1919
VI Lenin makes a speech in front of the Vsevobuch troops on Red Square. Moscow, May 25, 1919
IN AND. Lenin, N.K. Krupskaya, M.I. Ulyanova, T. Samuely and A. Belenky on Red Square during the parade of the Vsevobuch troops. Moscow, May 25, 1919
Lenin, before leaving Red Square, says goodbye to a participant in the parade of the Vsevobuch troops. Moscow, May 25, 1919
V. I. Lenin speaks from the balcony of the Moscow City Council with greetings to the communist fighters going to fight against Denikin. Moscow, October 16, 1919.
VI Lenin on Red Square during the celebration of the 2nd anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution. Moscow, November 7, 1919
V.I. Lenin. Moscow, November 7, 1919
VI Lenin and MI Kalinin in the House of Unions during the First All-Russian Congress of Labor Cossacks. Moscow, March 1, 1920
VI Lenin and MI Kalinin in the House of Unions in a group of delegates to the I All-Russian Congress of Labor Cossacks. Moscow, March 1, 1920
VI Lenin on the presidium of the IX Congress of the RCP (b) in the Sverdlovsk Hall of the Kremlin. Moscow, March-April 1920
V.I.Lenin at the 1st All-Russian Subbotnik in the courtyard of the Kremlin. Moscow, May 1, 1920
V.I.Lenin makes a speech at the laying of a monument to K.Marks on Sverdlov Square. Moscow, May 1, 1920
V.I.Lenin signs a mortgage board on the laying of a monument to Karl Marx on Sverdlov Square. Moscow, May 1, 1920
VI Lenin lays the first stone in the foundation of the monument to Karl Marx on Sverdlov Square. Moscow, May 1, 1920
V.I. Lenin. Moscow, May 1, 1920
VI Lenin goes to the place where the monument "Liberated Labor" was laid. Moscow, May 1, 1920
VI Lenin at the laying of the monument "Liberated Labor". Moscow, May 1, 1920
VI Lenin and AV Lunacharsky in a group of comrades after the laying of the monument "Liberated Labor". Moscow, May 1, 1920
VI Lenin speaks on Sverdlov Square in front of the troops leaving for the front. Moscow, May 5, 1920
Censored version with the removed figures of Trotsky and Kamenev
Original version
VI Lenin takes the parade of the XI release of the commanders of the First Moscow Soviet machine-gun courses in the Kremlin. Moscow, May 12, 1920
VI Lenin at the time of his arrival at the II Congress of the Comintern. Petrograd, 19 July 1920
V. I. Lenin, N. I. Bukharin and G. B. Zinoviev at a meeting of the II Congress of the Comintern. Moscow, 1920
VI Lenin in the group of delegates to the II Congress of the Comintern on the Square of the Victims of the Revolution. Petrograd, July 19, 1920
VI Lenin delivers a speech on Palace Square at an international meeting dedicated to the opening of the Second Congress of the Comintern. Petrograd, 19 July 1920
VI Lenin delivers a report on the international situation at a meeting of the II Congress of the Comintern. Petrograd, July 19, 1920
VI Lenin at the II Congress of the Comintern in the Kremlin. Moscow, July-August 1920
VI Lenin at a meeting of one of the commissions of the II Congress of the Comintern in the Kremlin. Moscow, July-August 1920
VI Lenin and ED Stasova during the II Congress of the Comintern in the Kremlin. Moscow, July-August 1920
V.I. Lenin. Moscow, July 1920
V. I. Lenin in his office in the Kremlin talking with the English writer Herbert Wells. Moscow, October 1920
V.I.Lenin and N.K. Krupskaya in a group of peasants at a holiday dedicated to the opening of the Kashin power plant. the village of Kashino, November 14, 1920
Vladimir Lenin in his apartment in the Kremlin. Moscow, autumn 1920
V. I. Lenin and N. K. Krupskaya with A. I. Elizarova, M. I. Ulyanova, D. I. Ulyanov and G. Ya. Lozgachev in the Kremlin apartment of V. I. Lenin. Moscow, autumn 1920
The figure of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin has attracted the close attention of historians and politicians around the world for almost a century. One of the most taboo topics in “Leninians” in the USSR is Lenin's origin, his genealogy. The same topic was subject to the greatest speculations on the part of the geopolitical opponents of the state, whose founder and “banner” was V.I. Lenin.
Secrets of Lenin's biography
How did the children of serfs become hereditary nobles, why did the Soviet government classified information about the ancestors of the leader on the maternal side, and how in the early 1900s did Vladimir Ulyanov become Nikolai Lenin?
The Ulyanov family. From left to right: standing - Olga, Alexander, Anna; sitting - Maria Alexandrovna with her youngest daughter Maria, Dmitry, Ilya Nikolaevich, Vladimir. Simbirsk. 1879 year. Courtesy of M. Zolotarev
Biographical chronicle of V.I. Lenin "begins with the entry:" April 10 (22). Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) was born. Vladimir Ilyich's father, Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov, was at that time an inspector and then director of public schools in the Simbirsk province. He came from the poor townspeople of the city of Astrakhan. His father was previously a serf peasant. Lenin's mother Maria Alexandrovna was the daughter of the doctor A.D. Blank ".
It is curious that Lenin himself did not know many of the details of his genealogy. In their family, as well as in the families of other commoners, it was somehow not customary to delve into their “genealogical roots”. It was only later, after the death of Vladimir Ilyich, when interest in such problems began to grow, his sisters took up these studies. Therefore, when in 1922 Lenin received a detailed questionnaire for the party census, when asked about the occupation of his paternal grandfather, he sincerely replied: "I don't know."
GRANDSON OF THE FORTRESS
Meanwhile, Lenin's paternal grandfather, great-grandfather and great-great-grandfather were indeed serfs. Great-great-grandfather - Nikita Grigorievich Ulyanin - was born in 1711. According to the revision tale of 1782, he and the family of his youngest son Theophanes were recorded as a courtyard of the landowner of the village of Androsov, Sergach district of the Nizhny Novgorod governorship, Martha Semyonovna Myakinina.
According to the same revision, his eldest son Vasily Nikitich Ulyanin, born in 1733, with his wife Anna Semionovna and children Samoila, Porfiry and Nikolai lived there, but were listed as courtyards of the cornet Stepan Mikhailovich Brekhov. According to the revision of 1795, Lenin's grandfather Nikolai Vasilyevich, 25 years old, single, lived with his mother and brothers in the same village, but they were already listed as servants of ensign Mikhail Stepanovich Brekhov.
He was listed, of course, but he was no longer in the village ...
The Astrakhan archive contains the document “Lists of names of landowners peasants who are expected to be reckoned fugitives from different provinces”, where at number 223 it is written: “Nikolai Vasilyev, son of Ulyanin ... Nizhny Novgorod province, Sergach district, village Androsov, landowner Stepan Mikhailovich Brekhov, peasant. Absent in 1791 ”. It is not known for sure whether he was a runaway or released on a quitrent and ransomed, but in 1799 Nikolai Vasilyevich was transferred to the category of state peasants in Astrakhan, and in 1808 he was accepted into the bourgeois estate, into the workshop of artisans-tailors.
Having got rid of serfdom and becoming a free man, Nikolai Vasilyevich changed his last name Ulyanin to Ulyaninov, and then Ulyanov. Soon he married the daughter of the Astrakhan petty bourgeois Alexei Lukyanovich Smirnov - Anna, who was born in 1788 and was 18 years younger than her husband.
Based on some archival documents, the writer Marietta Shahinyan put forward a version according to which Anna Alekseevna is not Smirnov's own daughter, but a baptized Kalmyk woman, freed from slavery and adopted allegedly only in March 1825.
There is no indisputable evidence of this version, especially since already in 1812 he and Nikolai Ulyanov had a son, Alexander, who died four months old, in 1819, a son, Vasily, was born, in 1821, a daughter, Maria, in 1823 - Feodosia and, finally, in July 1831, when the head of the family was already over 60, the son Ilya was the father of the future leader of the world proletariat.
FATHER'S TEACHING CAREER
After the death of Nikolai Vasilyevich, care for the family and raising children fell on the shoulders of his eldest son Vasily Nikolaevich. Working at that time as a salesman for the well-known Astrakhan firm "The Brothers Sapozhnikov" and not having his own family, he managed to ensure prosperity in the house and even gave his younger brother Ilya an education.
ILYA NIKOLAEVICH ULYANOV GRADUATED FACULTY OF PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS OF KAZAN UNIVERSITY.
HE WAS PROPOSED TO REMAIN AT THE DEPARTMENT FOR "IMPROVEMENT IN SCIENTIFIC WORK" - ON THIS FAMOUS MATHEMATICIAN NIKOLAY IVANOVICH LOBACHEVSKY insisted on this
In 1850, Ilya Nikolaevich graduated from the Astrakhan gymnasium with a silver medal and entered the physics and mathematics faculty of Kazan University, where he completed his studies in 1854, receiving the title of candidate of physical and mathematical sciences and the right to teach in secondary educational institutions... And although he was asked to stay at the department for "improvement in scientific work" (this, by the way, was insisted on by the famous mathematician Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky), Ilya Nikolayevich preferred the career of a teacher.
Monument to Lobachevsky in Kazan. The beginning of the XX century. Courtesy of M. Zolotarev
His first place of work - from May 7, 1855 - was the Noble Institute in Penza. In July 1860, Ivan Dmitrievich Veretennikov came here as an inspector of the institute. Ilya Nikolaevich made friends with him and his wife, and in the same year Anna Aleksandrovna Veretennikova (née Blank) introduced him to her sister Maria Aleksandrovna Blank, who came to visit her for the winter. Ilya Nikolaevich began to help Maria in preparing for the exam for the title of teacher, and she helped him in spoken English. The young people fell in love with each other, and in the spring of 1863 the engagement took place.
On July 15 of the same year, after successfully passing exams at the Samara Men's Gymnasium, "the daughter of the court counselor, maiden Maria Blank" received the title of primary school teacher "with the right to teach the Law of God, Russian, arithmetic, German and French." And in August they already had a wedding, and "the maiden Maria Blank" became the wife of the court adviser Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov - this rank was also granted to him in July 1863.
Panorama of Simbirsk from the side of the Moscow highway. 1866-1867 years. Courtesy of M. Zolotarev
Lenin's sisters Anna and Maria began to study the genealogy of the Blank family. Anna Ilyinichna said: “The elders could not figure it out for us. The surname seemed to us of a French root, but there was no evidence of such an origin. For a long time, I personally began to think about the possibility of Jewish origin, which was prompted mainly by the message from my mother that my grandfather was born in Zhitomir, a well-known Jewish center. The grandmother - the mother of the mother - was born in St. Petersburg and was by birth German from Riga. But while my mother and her sisters kept in touch with their maternal relatives for a long time, about the relatives of her father, A.D. Blank, nobody heard. He was, as it were, a cut-off piece, which also made me think of his jewish origin... No grandfather's stories about his childhood or youth have been preserved by his daughters. "
Anna Ilyinichna Ulyanova reported to Joseph Stalin about the results of the search, which confirmed her assumption, in 1932 and 1934. "The fact of our origin, which I had assumed earlier," she wrote, "was not known during his [Lenin's] life ... I do not know what motives we Communists might have for keeping this fact silent."
"To be absolutely silent about him" - that was Stalin's categorical answer. And Lenin's second sister, Maria Ilyinichna, also believed that this fact "let it be known sometime in a hundred years."
Lenin's great-grandfather - Moshe Itskovich Blank - was born, apparently, in 1763. The first mention of him is contained in the revision of 1795, where Moyshka Blank is recorded among the townspeople of the city of Starokonstantinov in the Volyn province at number 394. Where he came from in these places is unclear. However…
Some time ago, the famous bibliographer Maya Dvorkina introduced an interesting fact into scientific circulation. Somewhere in the mid-1920s, archivist Yulian Grigorievich Oksman, who was studying the genealogy of the leader of the world proletariat on the instructions of the director of the Lenin Library Vladimir Ivanovich Nevsky, discovered a petition from one of the Jewish communities in Minsk province, allegedly related to early XIX century, about the exemption from tax of a certain boy, because he is "the illegitimate son of a major Minsk official", and therefore, they say, the community should not pay for him. The boy's surname was Blank.
According to Oksman, Nevsky took him to Lev Kamenev, and then the three of them came to Nikolai Bukharin. Showing the document, Kamenev muttered: "I always thought so." To which Bukharin replied: "What do you think is not important, but what are we going to do?" Oksman took the floor that he would not tell anyone about the find. And since then, no one has seen this document.
One way or another, Moshe Blank appeared in Starokonstantinov as an adult, and in 1793 he married a local 29-year-old girl Maryam (Marem) Froimovich. From subsequent revisions it follows that he read both Hebrew and Russian, had his own house, was engaged in trade, and, in addition, he rented 5 morgues (about 3 hectares) of land from the town of Rogachevo, which were sown with chicory.
In 1794, his son Aba (Abel) was born, and in 1799, his son Srul (Israel). Probably, from the very beginning, Moshe Itskovich did not have a good relationship with the local Jewish community. He was "a man who did not want or, perhaps, did not know how to find a common language with his fellow tribesmen." In other words, the community simply hated him. And after in 1808 from a fire, and possibly arson, Blank's house burned down, the family moved to Zhitomir.
LETTER TO THE EMPEROR
Many years later, in September 1846, Moshe Blanc wrote a letter to Emperor Nicholas I, from which it can be seen that already “40 years ago” he “renounced the Jews”, but because of the “overly pious wife” who died in 1834 , adopted Christianity and received the name Dmitry only on January 1, 1835.
But the reason for the letter was different: preserving hostility towards his fellow tribesmen, Dmitry (Moshe) Blank proposed - in order to assimilate the Jews - to prohibit them from wearing national clothes, and most importantly, to oblige them to pray in synagogues for the Russian emperor and the imperial family name.
It is curious that in October of that year the letter was reported to Nicholas I and he fully agreed with the proposals of the “baptized Jew Blank”, as a result of which in 1850 Jews were prohibited from wearing national clothes, and in 1854 the corresponding text of the prayer was introduced. Researcher Mikhail Shtein, who collected and carefully analyzed the most complete data on Blank's pedigree, rightly noted that, due to his dislike of his people, Moshe Itskovich “can be compared, perhaps, only with another baptized Jew - one of the founders and leaders of the Moscow Union of the Russian People, V.A. ... Greenmouth "...
Alexander Dmitrievich Blank (1799-1870). Courtesy of M. Zolotarev
That Blank decided to break with the Jewish community long before his baptism was also evidenced by another. Both of his sons, Abel and Israel, like his father, also knew how to read Russian, and when the district (povet) school opened in Zhitomir in 1816, they were enrolled there and successfully graduated from it. From the point of view of Jewish believers, it was sacrilege. And yet, belonging to the Jewish religion doomed them to vegetation within the boundaries of the Pale of Settlement. And only an event that happened in the spring of 1820 abruptly changed the fate of young people ...
In April, a "high rank" arrived in Zhitomir on a business trip - the ruler of the affairs of the so-called Jewish Committee, senator and poet Dmitry Osipovich Baranov. Somehow, Blank managed to meet with him, and he asked the senator to assist his sons in entering the Medical and Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg. Baranov did not at all sympathize with the Jews, but the rather rare conversion of two "lost souls" to Christianity at that time, in his opinion, was a good deed, and he agreed.
The brothers immediately went to the capital and filed a petition addressed to the Metropolitan of Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Estland and Finland, Mikhail. “Having now settled in St. Petersburg,” they wrote, “and having the usual treatment of Christians who profess the Greek-Russian religion, we wish now to accept it.”
The petition was granted, and already on May 25, 1820, the priest of the Church of St. Sampson the Stranger in St. Petersburg Fyodor Barsov "enlightened both brothers with baptism." Abel became Dmitry Dmitrievich, and Israel became Alexander Dmitrievich. Younger son Moshe Blanca received a new name in honor of his successor (godfather) Count Alexander Ivanovich Apraksin, and his patronymic in honor of Abel's successor, Senator Dmitry Osipovich Baranov. And on July 31 of the same year, at the direction of the Minister of Education, Prince Alexander Nikolayevich Golitsyn, the brothers were identified as "pupils of the Medico-Surgical Academy", which they graduated from in 1824, receiving the academic title of doctors of the 2nd department and a presentation in the form of a pocket set tools.
MARRIAGE OF THE HEAD-DOCTOR
Dmitry Blank remained in the capital as a police doctor, and Alexander in August 1824 began serving in the city of Porechye in the Smolensk province as a district doctor. True, in October 1825 he returned to St. Petersburg and was enrolled, like his brother, as a doctor in the city police staff. In 1828 he was promoted to the headquarters physician. It was time to think about getting married ...
His godfather, Count Alexander Apraksin, was at that time a special assignment official at the Ministry of Finance. So Alexander Dmitrievich, despite his origin, could well count on a decent game. Apparently, at his other benefactor - Senator Dmitry Baranov, who was fond of poetry and chess, who was visited by Alexander Pushkin and gathered almost all of "enlightened Petersburg", the younger Blank and met the Groschopf brothers and was received in their house.
Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov (1831-1886) and Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova (1835-1916)
The head of this very respectable family, Ivan Fedorovich (Johann Gottlieb) Groshopf, was from the Baltic Germans, was a consultant of the State Justice College of Livonian, Estonian and Finnish affairs and rose to the rank of provincial secretary. His wife Anna Karlovna, nee Estedt, was Swedish and Lutheran. There were eight children in the family: three sons - Johann, who served in the Russian army, Karl, vice director in the foreign trade department of the Ministry of Finance, and Gustav, who was in charge of Riga customs, and five daughters - Alexandra, Anna, Ekaterina (married von Essen) , Caroline (married Biuberg) and the younger Amalia. Having become acquainted with this family, the head physician made an offer to Anna Ivanovna.
MASHENKA BLANK
Alexander Dmitrievich was doing well at first. As a police doctor, he received 1,000 rubles a year. For "quickness and diligence" he was repeatedly awarded thanks.
But in June 1831, during the cholera riots in the capital, his brother Dmitry, who was on duty in the central cholera hospital, was brutally killed by a riot by a mob. This death shocked Alexander Blank so much that he quit the police and did not work for more than a year. Only in April 1833, he again entered the service - as an intern at the City Hospital of St. Mary Magdalene for the poor from the districts of St. Petersburg across the river. Incidentally, it was here that Taras Shevchenko was treated in 1838. Simultaneously (from May 1833 to April 1837) Blank worked in the Naval Department. In 1837, after passing the exams, he was recognized as an inspector of the medical board, and in 1838 - as a medical surgeon.
IN 1874, ILYA NIKOLAEVICH ULYANOV RECEIVED THE POSITION OF DIRECTOR OF FOLK SCHOOLS IN THE SIMBIR PROVINCE.
And in 1877, he was awarded the rank of a real statistician councilor, equal in rank to the rank of general and given the right to hereditary nobility
The private practice of Alexander Dmitrievich also expanded. Among his patients were representatives of the highest nobility. This allowed him to move to a decent apartment in the outbuilding of one of the luxurious mansions on the English Embankment, which belonged to the Emperor's physician and president of the Medical-Surgical Academy, Baronet Yakov Vasilyevich Willie. It was here in 1835 that Maria Blank was born. Mashenka's godfather was their neighbor - former adjutant of the Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich, and since 1833 - the equestrian of the Imperial court Ivan Dmitrievich Chertkov.
In 1840, Anna Ivanovna fell seriously ill, died and was buried in St. Petersburg at the Smolensk Evangelical cemetery. Then her sister Catherine von Essen, who was widowed in the same year, took care of the children entirely. Alexander Dmitrievich, apparently, sympathized with her before. It is no coincidence that he named his daughter, born in 1833, Catherine. After the death of Anna Ivanovna, they become even closer, and in April 1841 Blank decides to enter into a legal marriage with Ekaterina Ivanovna. However, such marriages - with the godmother of the daughters and the sister of the deceased wife - were not permitted by law. And Catherine von Essen becomes his common-law wife.
In the same April, they all leave the capital and move to Perm, where Alexander Dmitrievich received the post of inspector of the Perm Medical Council and doctor of the Perm gymnasium. Thanks to the latter circumstance, Blank met the Latin teacher Ivan Dmitrievich Veretennikov, who in 1850 became the husband of his eldest daughter Anna, and the mathematics teacher Andrei Alexandrovich Zalezhsky, who married another daughter, Catherine.
Alexander Blank entered the history of Russian medicine as one of the pioneers of balneology - treatment with mineral waters. Having retired at the end of 1847 from the post of doctor of the Zlatoust arms factory, he left for the Kazan province, where in 1848 the Kokushkino estate with 462 dessiatines (503.6 hectares) of land, a water mill and 39 serfs was bought in Laishevsky district. On August 4, 1859, the Senate approved Alexander Dmitrievich Blank and his children in the hereditary nobility, and they were entered in the book of the Kazan noble deputy assembly.
THE ULYANOV FAMILY
This is how Maria Alexandrovna Blank ended up in Kazan, and then in Penza, where she met Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov ...
Their wedding on August 25, 1863, like the weddings of the other Blank sisters, took place in Kokushkin. On September 22, the newlyweds left for Nizhny Novgorod, where Ilya Nikolaevich was appointed to the post of senior teacher of mathematics and physics at the men's gymnasium. On August 14, 1864, daughter Anna was born. A year and a half later - March 31, 1866 - son Alexander ... But soon there was a grievous loss: daughter Olga, who was born in 1868, fell ill and died on July 18 in the same Kokushkin ...
On September 6, 1869, Ilya Nikolayevich was appointed inspector of public schools in Simbirsk province. The family moves to Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk), which at that time was a quiet provincial town with a little more than 40 thousand inhabitants, of which 57.5% were burghers, 17% were military, 11% were peasants, 8.8% were nobles, 3.2% - merchants and honorary citizens, and 1.8% - people of clergy, persons of other classes and foreigners. Accordingly, the city was divided into three parts: noble, commercial and bourgeois. In the noble house there were kerosene lanterns and plank sidewalks, and in the bourgeois one they kept all kinds of cattle in the yards, and these animals, contrary to prohibitions, walked the streets.
Here the Ulyanovs' son Vladimir was born on April 10 (22), 1870. On April 16, priest Vasily Umov and sexton Vladimir Znamensky baptized the newborn. The head of the specific office in Simbirsk, the actual state councilor Arseny Fedorovich Belokrysenko, became the godfather, and the mother of a colleague of Ilya Nikolaevich, the collegiate assessor Natalia Ivanovna Aunovskaya.
Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov (sitting third from right) among the teachers of the Simbirsk men's classical gymnasium. 1874 year. Courtesy of M. Zolotarev
The family continued to grow. On November 4, 1871, the fourth child was born - daughter Olga. Son Nikolai died without living a month, and on August 4, 1874, his son Dmitry was born, on February 6, 1878, his daughter Maria. Six children.
On July 11, 1874, Ilya Nikolaevich was appointed director of public schools in the Simbirsk province. And in December 1877 he was awarded the rank of actual state councilor, equal in the table of ranks to the general's rank and giving him the right to hereditary nobility.
A salary increase made it possible to realize an old dream. Having replaced six rented apartments since 1870 and having saved the necessary funds, the Ulyanovs on August 2, 1878, for 4 thousand silver, finally bought their own house on Moskovskaya Street - from the widow of the titular adviser Ekaterina Petrovna Molchanova. It was made of wood, on one floor from the facade and with mezzanines under the roof from the courtyard side. And behind the courtyard, overgrown with grass and chamomile, is a beautiful garden with silver poplars, thick elms, yellow acacia and lilacs along the fence ...
Ilya Nikolaevich died in Simbirsk in January 1886, Maria Alexandrovna - in Petrograd in July 1916, having outlived her husband for 30 years.
WHERE DOES LENIN COME FROM?
The question of how and where from in the spring of 1901 Vladimir Ulyanov got the pseudonym Nikolai Lenin, has always aroused the interest of researchers, there were many versions. Among them are toponymic ones: both the Lena River (analogy: Plekhanov - Volgin) and the village of Lenin near Berlin appear. During the formation of "Leninism" as a profession, they looked for "amorous" sources. So the assertion was born that the Kazan beauty Elena Lenina was allegedly to blame for everything, in another version - the chorus of the Mariinsky Theater Elena Zaretskaya, etc. But none of these versions could withstand more or less serious testing.
However, back in the 1950s – 1960s, the Central Party Archives received letters from the relatives of a certain Nikolai Yegorovich Lenin, which set out a fairly convincing everyday story. The deputy head of the archive, Rostislav Aleksandrovich Lavrov, forwarded these letters to the Central Committee of the CPSU, and, naturally, they did not become the property of a wide range of researchers.
Meanwhile, the Lenin family originates from the Cossack Posnik, who in the 17th century, for merits related to the conquest of Siberia and the creation of winter quarters on the Lena River, was granted the nobility, the surname Lenin and an estate in the Vologda province. Numerous descendants of him more than once distinguished themselves in military and official service. One of them - Nikolai Yegorovich Lenin - fell ill and retired, having risen to the rank of state councilor, in the 80s of the XIX century and settled in the Yaroslavl province.
Volodya Ulyanov with his sister Olga. Simbirsk. 1874 year. Courtesy of M. Zolotarev
His daughter Olga Nikolaevna, having graduated from the history and philology faculty of the Bestuzhev courses in 1883, went to work at the Smolensk evening workers' school in St. Petersburg, where she met with Nadezhda Krupskaya. And when there was a fear that the authorities might refuse to issue a foreign passport to Vladimir Ulyanov, and friends began to look for contraband options for crossing the border, Krupskaya turned to Lenina for help. Olga Nikolaevna then conveyed this request to her brother - a prominent official of the Ministry of Agriculture, agronomist Sergei Nikolaevich Lenin. In addition, a similar request came to him, apparently, from his friend, the statistician Alexander Dmitrievich Tsyurupa, who in 1900 met the future leader of the proletariat.
Sergei Nikolayevich himself knew Vladimir Ilyich - from his meetings in the Free Economic Society in 1895, as well as from his works. In turn, Ulyanov knew Lenin: for example, he refers three times to his articles in the monograph "The Development of Capitalism in Russia." After consulting, the brother and sister decided to give Ulyanov the passport of his father - Nikolai Yegorovich, who by that time was already very bad (he died on April 6, 1902).
According to family tradition, in 1900 Sergei Nikolayevich went to Pskov on official business. There, on behalf of the Ministry of Agriculture, he received the Sakkov plows and other agricultural machines arriving in Russia from Germany. In one of the Pskov hotels, Lenin handed over his father's passport with a revised date of birth to Vladimir Ilyich, who was then living in Pskov. This is probably how the origin of Ulyanov's main pseudonym, N. Lenin, is explained.
