French nationalism: royalists and jacobins. Party and Political System of France and National Front: New Balance of Forces

08.08.2020

French nationalism has two varieties, and both of them differ significantly from the Liberal Anglo-Saxon model.
First version french nationalism It may be called "extreme right" or "conservative". In it, the main emphasis falls on the unity of the state, the centralism of management, strengthening the vertical of the authorities.
This nationalism is associated with the direction that interprets statehood in a fundamentally conservative key (de Mistra and Louis de Bonald, later the royalists Charles Mors and Leon Dodé, etc. right up to the modern nationalist Jean-Marie Le Pen).
This course considers France as a state, culture, religious and political education (including the royal dynasty) by the highest value (according to the Catholic tradition, France is considered to be "the eldest daughter of the Church"), which should be protected, strengthen, store from external and internal enemies. For conservative nationalism, the inner enemy is no less dangerous than the external - it includes liberals, socialists, liberals, "strips of foundations", internationalists, later imagrangians, etc. Such nationalism is completely and next to pianicism and has an obvious Catholic lining. You can call it "right nationalism." Obviously, in its main parameters, it is directly opposite to the nationalism of the Anglo-Saxon.
In parallel, the nationalism of "right" there is a different version - the nationalism "extreme left". It goes back to Jacobinians * - the most radical elements of the Great French Revolution.
He originated in the revolutionary environment and set it a goal to mobilize the French society immersed in Chaos to reflect external enemies. But, unlike liberal nationalism, he focused class, labor, almost the socialist nature of France, the struggle for which, defending the interests of which was realized as the universal case of the disadvantaged masses who took freedom and equality for themselves and fell under the blow of predatory feudal regimes based on slave and operation . Jacobin nationalism had socialist, partly the communist features, it was the nationalism of the lowest class.
Many features of the "left" Jacobin nationalism made itself felt in the Soviet period in Russia: the phenomenon of "Soviet patriotism" fits organically into the Jacobin line. It should be noted that the left nationalism in its origins was anti-liberal and antiburnuisan - in contrast to the position of the girondists and other more moderate fractions of revolutionaries. But it was anti-liberalism on the left.

National Front Yesterday and today
N.Yu. Vasilyev

French yearbook 2003. M., 2003.

Late on the evening of April 21, 2002, all radio stations and the TV channels of the Old World handed over the news, which shocked tens of millions of people in different countries. The candidate from the extreme right-hand party National Front (NF) Jean-Marie Le Pen during the first round of the presidential election in France scored 17.2% of the votes of voters and therefore continued the struggle for the highest post in the country in the second round, where "face to face" met With the current president of the country Jacques Chirac, who received the support of 19.8% of all the voting French. At the same time, the leader of the French Socialists Lionel Zhepan, who, in early March 2002, remained to be universal surprise, "overboard" the presidential race, which in early March 2002, most analysts, based on the results of public opinion polls, called the "future owner" of the Elysée Palace.

The ghost of ultra-right wanders in Europe
Over the past decade, Europeans have already had to repeatedly collide with the phenomenon of the success of individual ultra-right organizations of a nation-populist sense. Thus, in 1994, C. Berlusconi formed the government in Italy, which also included representatives of the Italian social movement - the national right-wing forces (ISD - NPS) - the oldest in Western Europe Combining profascid orientation. Seven years later, in May 2001, the block of this world-famous television signal, which included representatives of the law-revital organizations of the League of the North and the National Alliance, again won the parliamentary elections, and his leader received the next opportunity to form the government.

In October 1999, in the elections to the Austrian Parliament, about a third of all votes of voters received an extremely right nationalist party of freedom, declaring his "related" connection with the Nazi party of Germany immediately after World War II. Her head of J. Heider has repeatedly publicly declared its pronocyst, anti-immigrant, anti-Semitic and anti-European views, however, this circumstance did not prevent themselves the organization headed by him to achieve such essential success in their homeland in recent years and to actually turn into a second large political force in Austria .

Another manifestation of this, who has already formed an alarming trend that has already formed in Europe, became an impressive victory of the party of the extreme right Flemis Nationalists "Mozams Block" in the municipal elections in Antwerp (33%) in October 2000 and success in the spring of 2002 in the elections to local authorities in Rotterdam and the Netherlands Parliament of the Netherlands of the Ultra-State Populist Association, headed by a 53-year-old professor of sociology Pim Forette, widely known in the Dutch society with sharp statements to immigrants. However, none of these events caused so many responses, discussions and "emotional surplots" in the world, as the announcement of the official results of the first round of presidential elections in France 2002

NF as a political movement in general and his permanent leader J.-M. Le Pen personally achieved quite serious success in her homeland. Over the past twenty years in Western Europe, there has never been another unification of the extreme right sense, which, according to its weight, the number of supporters and influence in the international arena, could compare with Lependenov. However, the results of the 2002 presidential elections in many ways exceeded the expectations of the French National Populists themselves, and their aged leader is already at sunset life path For the first time, it was able to close to the top of the political Olympus, to which he sought over long decades.

The stunning success of the NF causes a new one to take a look at this movement and his leader. In the thirty years of his political existence, Lepenovtsians did a difficult path from a little famous and uncompressed by the Organization to the party, which turned into a "barometer" of the French democracy and devotion to the French by republican values. What are the basic stages of the life path of the largest in Western Europe to the extreme right association? What is the main cause of his political longevity and such a long success among millions of French voters? And finally, is there any of the leading forces in France in the coming years for the NF to remain in the coming years, while maintaining the previous positions conquered by him earlier in the international arena?

National Front:
The main stages and specificity of becoming

As an independent political movement of the NF, it was founded in October 1972. The initiators of its creation were both former Petinger, activists of Pierre Pierre Pjazhad and ultra-right extremist organizations who were the preservation of the French Algeria, in particular the organization of the secret army (OAS) and representatives of frankly protashist and Pronocyst groupings. After granting the independence of Algeria in 1962, the political influence of the extreme right in France sharply decreased. This was expressed, in particular, in the loss of votes of hundreds of thousands of former voters. And if, for example, in 1958, 2.6% of French voted in the first round of elections to the National Assembly of the country, 10 years later - only 0.1%. It is quite natural that the current situation could not help but cause serious concern among the most far-sighted law-friendly politicians. Therefore, they decided to create a new sample party, viable and active, which could get the support of a significant part of the French. Such a party and became NF.

Special influence inside the NF in the first years of its existence used supporters of the "National-Revolutionary" ideology close to frankly fascist, in particular, representatives of the new order created in 1969. In the ranks of the NF from the end of 1973, and up to their death in 1978, the leader of the French "nationalist revolutionaries" of Francois Duprat was also the leader.

He led the internal Parity Commission on the preparation of NF to elections and edited a significant part of its official documents. This man was one of the most active initiators of the NF. In many ways, thanks to him, an item was included in the charter of the new movement in the first half of the 70s, which resolved its members to simultaneously consist in others political organizations, allowed the leadership of the front to attract to its side of active figures of a number of national revolutionary groups. In this regard, it is surprising and the fact that from the very beginning the symbol of the NF is a three-color flame - almost completely copied, differing only in flowers, the symbol of the Italian social movement - the largest neo-fascist organization in Europe and the "older brother" of the French "National revolutionaries. "

F. Duprat, along with other prominent figures of "New Order", invited the post of Chairman of the NF J.-M. Le Pen, a former active participant in the movement of Pierre Pjazhad, a famous "fighter" for the French Algeria and the head of the election campaign in the presidential election of 1965. Ex-collaboratorsiista Jean-Louis Tikshe-Vignankura. After a serious split, which occurred in the ranks of Tikshe-Vignankura's supporters in 1966, Le Pen was in a kind of political isolation and therefore willingly adopted the proposal of "National Revolutionaries" to lead a new batch.

For the activists of the "New Order", Le Pen as the official head of the NF was convenient, first of all, the fact that among the French ultrasounds used significant authority. In addition, his name was previously not compromised by any major political scandals capable of seriously damaged to him as a policy. And, finally, it was especially important for those who have made a bid of people, within the framework of the French extreme right Le Pen, originally belonged to the wing of "moderate" and was a convinced supporter of participation in parliamentary elections and other democratic forms of political struggle.

Inviting Le Foam to lead the political association created on their initiative, the leaders of the "new order" were naively believed that in the future they would be able to control the actions of this policy and to have a decisive impact on the formation of the ideology of his party. Not by chance, the Vice-Chairman and Secretary General of the NF in 1972 were elected prominent "National Revolutionaries", the activists of the "New Order" Francois Brine and Alan Rober.

Nevertheless, contrary to all expectations, the new chapter of the party turned out to be a "strong nutrition", and after a few months after creating the front it became clear that Le Pen is a completely independent political figure and is not going to be a pawn in someone else's game. By the end of 1973, he displaced the members of the "new order" with leadership posts in motion, replacing them with their supporters. Thus, since 1974, "National Revolutionaries" gradually lost its previous positions in the NF. From among their leaders, only F. Duprat was still in the leadership of the movement, and after his death in 1978, the adherents of the "new order", which made a minority in the NF, were finally lost the opportunity to really affect party politics.

At the same time, speaking of the contribution of "new order" in the formation of NF as a party, it should still be noted that the first political program of this association, adopted in November 1972 and became a certain compromise between revolutionary nationalism and conservatism, was developed with direct participation. And in many respects under the influence of the "National Revolutionaries". Its main provisions made up their favorite themes: the protection of small trade and small property, the struggle against major capital, oppressing most of the ordinary French, as well as the choice of the new, third, ideological way, which would have different from Marxism, which gives the primary role of struggle classes and from liberal ideology that protects the interests of monopolies.

The first NF program has already contained proposals and to solve the problem of immigration: the government should immediately adopt the toughest measures to terminate the inflow to France from the third world countries, which represent the "wild minority", which is not capable of assimilation and bearing the threat of national identity of the indigenous French . However, in the mid-1970s, the problem of immigration was not yet so relevant for French society, as in the 80s - 90s, so the first program of the front, close to its ideas to programs directly by fascist organizations, did not find a response from the French . In 1974, Le Pen participated in the first for him as the policy of the presidential election and scored only 0.7% of the vote in the first round, which meant not just a personal failure of the chairman of the NF, but also testified to the full improtection of the former ideological course of the extreme right. From the second half of the 70s, Lepenov's movement begins to gradually move away from use in its propaganda of frankly extremist slogans, ceases to be discovered with fascist organizations and takes a course to create a republic's image that adheres to a more moderate ideological orientation.

In his second socio-economic program (1978), the NF made a maximum restriction of the role of the state in the economy, freedom of entrepreneurship and for the abolition of social protection of immigrants living in France. The same ideas were based on the basis of the "National-populist" doctrine developed by Lepenovites, which throughout the subsequent time was the main ideological concept of the party. In the 80s - 90s, the conceptual base of "National populism" was constantly expanding, thanks to the coming in the NF representatives of various extremely right currents, but its initial ideological settings remained unchanged.

However, the adoption by Lepenov movement is fundamentally new for him, the socio-economic doctrine at first practically did not affect the electoral results of the party. On the contrary, period 1978-1981. It is considered in this respect the most "unhappy" for NF. In March 1978, he put forward 156 candidates in the elections to the National Assembly, Lepenovtsy received only 0.29% of votes in the first round. A year later in the elections to the European Parliament, they failed to conduct any of their supporters there. And, finally, in the black "for the front of 1981, Le Foam did not even manage to assemble the necessary number of signatures in order to put his candidacy in the presidential election, and the representatives of the NF were received immediately following them in the National Assembly. % of votes of voters, which became one of the lowest rates of popularity of the extreme right in France, since 1958 it seemed that the NF was doomed to the rapid political oblivion and gradual dying, but the next few years have completely denied these forecasts, turning the leprenels to one of the most powerful Forces within French society and making them the flagship of all ultra-right Western Europe.

Fast disappointment of the French in the policy of the left government formed first in the history of the fifth republic by the President of the Socialist Francois Mitteran, and the deep crisis, in which the party-political system since the mid-1970s has existed since 1958, increased significantly in the 80s Electoral database "National populists". At this time, many citizens of France, facing serious social and economic problems, lost faith in the ability of traditional parties and movements to correct the situation. Especially strong disappointment caused the activities of the French Communist Party (FCP), which actually turned into an "ideological and political bankrupt". And if before the so-called protest electorate, displeased with the existing order of things, voted mainly for the Communists as for the power capable of "destroying" this order, now in the eyes of most French women lost its previously "critical measurement" and ceased to be a "main fighter" With injustice. Part of the potential voters of FCP, disappointed by the "classic" left, began to look for the "new Savior" of France in the environment of "non-traditional" political movements and, ultimately, was in the camp of the extreme right. For NF, as fairly noticed at one time, the largest researchers of the Lepenov movement E. Capture and A. Rollya, the strategic crisis of FCP released in the folk environment and in the working municipalities previously controlled by the Communists, some social niche, discovering the opportunity to use the displeasure of the public unemployment, high-cost , urbanization, lack of a sense of security and other problems.

At the same time, in the 80s, the flow of immigrants from the third world in Western Europe has increased significantly. The French are one of the first in the old world "face to face" faced this serious problem. Thus, in 1982, foreigners permanently residing in France were 6.8% of the total population, and most of them were natives not a European continent, and people from Arab states, Black Africa and Southeast Asia. And although by the beginning of next decade, this figure decreased somewhat (6.4% in 1990), it was during these years that the nature of the political discussion in French society on the problem of immigration has changed quite a lot. If in the mid-1970s, this problem was considered in a socio-economic aspect: first of all, in connection with the growth of unemployment and an increase in crime, in subsequent years, its discussion focused mainly on such very specific issues as the definition of the national identity of the French, civilian Code of the Republic and the struggle for the civil rights of the Nephrantsuz population of the country.

NF, still in his first program, drawing attention to immigration as a serious problem, was in the 80s in the forefront of opponents of the "Emancipation" of immigrants, seeing in them "Violence Speakers", "Promptists of workplaces" and "insatiable beggars". In the 80s, immigration became the central theme of the entire political discourse of Lepenovtsev, which made millions of indigenous French, dissatisfied with their socio-economic position, take a fresh look at this party and give her their voices in the elections. In June 1984, opposedly in the history of Western European elections to the European Parliament under anti-immigrant slogans and under the motto "For National Europe!", NF gained about 11% of the vote and received 10 deputies from 81 enshrined in France. This success became the first major political victory of the French extreme right, which also had also symbolic meaning: For the first time since the time of "Puzadism", they were able to overcome 10% in the elections and at the same time, to significantly bypass their "older brother" - Italian social movement. Since then, the electoral rating of Lepenovtsev almost never fell below this barrier and on average amounted to 3-4 million votes.

In the 80s, the ideological course of "new right" - members of the GRES and especially "Orchers" (activists of the Club Orchesk) begins to be a significant impact on the ideology of the Lepenov Organization. Their prominent representatives of I. Blo and J.I. Le Gaul has entered the NF to be able to actually participate in political struggle and realize their ideas in practice. It is thanks to them in the discourse, the NF appeared references to the "objective natural differences between individuals and human race", the cultural superiority of the European civilization over all other world civilizations, as well as the extremely detrimental impact of American cultural expansion in Western Europe.

True, "new right" has not been able to bring its negative attitude to Christianity to the ideology of the NF, which they consider the factor in the destruction of the national identity of European peoples, opposing the cult of paganism. This failure of "new right" was due primarily to the fact that along with them "Catholics-integrists", especially the "Solidarity Christianity" movement, which took control of the printed part of the printed circulation in the NF from the end of the 70s Front editions, such as PRÉSENT magazine. Supporters of this ideological flow are considered by the apology of "paganism" as a detrimental heresy that needs to be mercilessly to fight. In their opinion, the preservation of the national identity of the French is inextricably linked with Catholicism, therefore in the past 20 years inside the NF "Integratists" and "new right" led among themselves to the rally struggle for the decisive influence on the development of the general ideological concept of the party. However, externally, in the face of its political opponents, lepenovtsum still manage to maintain the image of their movement as a monolith, which is not known any internal friction or disagreement.

In the mid-80s, the NF announced himself the only alternative to both the left and right parties and called on the French to the implementation of the "Second French Revolution", during which all the real power would move into the hands of the people and the country would have established a new one, "Six The republic is an authoritarian type based on the principle of direct democracy. At the same time, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe need to introduce the principle of "national preferabity" in France, according to which jobs and social assistance should be provided, first of all, "real French" ("to their"), and not immigrants (" strangers "). The latter, according to the extreme right, is to blame for the existence of a high level of crime and unemployment, and therefore are subject to a violent expulsion to their homeland. And according to the ideology of the NF, not only the "white" citizens of the country can be attributed to the first category of people, but also representatives of all other races and ethnic groups, provided that they consider France their homeland, they live according to her customs, are raised on its culture and What is the most important thing, put the interests of its inhabitants above all other interests. The same Frenchs who support the influx of immigrants into the territory of the Old World as a whole and France in particular, who share the ideas of cosmopolitans and advocates strengthening the role of supranational structures in Western Europe, from the point of view of Lepenovtsev, the "internal enemies" of their own people and, therefore "Do not have the right to consider yourself part of the Great French Nation."

The emergence of such ideas in the political propaganda of the NF of the second half of the 80s significantly increased the number of his supporters. And if at the beginning of the specified decade in its ranks, only a few thousand activists consisted in its ranks, already in the early 1990s, according to the most modest estimates of French political scientists, more than 45 thousand members were included in the NF. Moreover, according to the statements of the heads of the front himself, these data are lowered by at least twice, and it really consists of 0.2% of France voters.

In the 90s, the position of the French "National Populists" in the country's political arena even more strengthened. During this period, the special sound in their ideological discourse acquired the themes of the declining role of the European continent in the world politics and the crisis of the national identity of Europeans due to the "flood" of the old world by representatives of the "alien" its indigenous residents of national cultural communities. The arguments about the "sunset of Europe" from the very beginning were present in the political paradigm of the NF, but the real return from the "operation" of this problem in its daily propaganda of French extreme right began to receive only in the late 80s - early 90s, when the process of Western European integration Overhead high Development. The desire for the development of the EU member states of a single foreign policy, coordination of their national policies in the field of social sphere, culture, health care, ambient etc., as well as the emerging trend towards the community expansion, actually divided Europeans into two hostile camps - supporters and opponents of the construction of "United Europe". In France, the main political support of the latter was NF. As a result, by the end of the 90s, every fourth Frenchman who had the right to vote, at least once he already supported the election of candidates from the NF, and 15% of all citizens of the republic, according to public opinion polls, consistently wanted greater success of le foam as a policy. Moreover, to the surprise of many political scientists, in recent years, French extreme right began to conquer sympathies of even those social sections of society and those regions of the country, which, in logic, things would have to be hostile to their ideology.

One of the leaders of the presidential race Marin Le Pen (National Front) promises that during 6 months from the beginning of its presidential term will begin negotiations on the exit of France from Schengen, from the euro area, and then a referendum on the exit of the country from the European Union is organized. What happens on the political field of France? Are French really want to say goodbye to the EU?

2016 was a record for France in the number of immigrant adopted - 85,700 applications for refuge. Let it be smaller than the Italians (121,200) or the Germans (722,300), the influx of refugees from the war in Syria, as well as the exacerbation of old humanitarian crises (Sudan, Afghanistan, Haiti), made a matter of ownership of Schengen and the European Union No. 1 of the presidential Campaigns in France.

"A rare case, when the European question began to occupy such an important place in candidate programs, as in this campaign. The European Union is that it became the main line of debates between candidates for the presidency of France, "writes a former diplomat Pierre Vimont (Pierre Vimont) as a note for the Carnegie Foundation.

Open or closed France?

The French will answer this question on Sunday, April 23. The French right nationalists led by Marin Le Pen insist on the fact that Schengen no longer guarantees security, and France should restore its borders and strengthen control over them. In addition to protecting borders, Le Pen promises to stop the unity of families and benefits for unemployed migrants. And also to revise whether France is needed as a currency.

Such radical measures are offered only nationalists. Emmanuel Macron, the main opponent Le Pen, believes that the control should have to be strengthened at the borders of the Schengen zone, and not at the boundaries of individual countries. And there can be no speech on the extraction of France from the European Union.

The next in line to the presidential chair - Francois Fiyon proposes to increase the budget for the protection of the borders of the Schengen zone, and another candidate Jean-Luke Melenson generally proposes to "stop politician militarization." Extreme lefties have very low ratings. They support the principle of solidarity with the whole world and believe that all borders should be removed, both inside the European Union and outside.

Elysee Palace

How did the lawwarts come forward in the presidential race in France?

Sociological studies say that radicals are impressed by the young: 29% among those who will choose the president for the first time, vote on Sunday for Marin Le Pen. And in this category, Macron loses in the ratings of Le Pen. At the same time, 60% of everyone who supports the National Front, vote for representatives of this party to "express a protest against other politicians", and only 40% - due to the fact that they fully share the ideas of the extreme right.

"The global political context was issued favorable for Marin Le Pen. It can be noted here and distrust of the elite, which grows in France in recent years, the atmosphere of "Plum candidates" ("Dégagisme" from Franz. R. Dégager - to merge, escape), as it turned out from Cecile Duflo, Nicolas Sarkozy, Alain Jump, Francois Hollandes, Arno Manther Duflot, Nicolas Sarkozy, Alain Juppé, François Hollande, Arnaud Monteburg, Manuel Valls, "Eddy Fougier writes, political analyst and research institute (IRIS) huffingtonpost.fr.

"Perhaps the reason (the popularity of Le Pen - Approx. website) The fact that this presidential campaign was tightened just around such issues on which the National Front has always specialized: security, national identity, immigration and Islam, and this split, which we observe, opposes not "left" and "right", and More "Patriots" and "Globalists", so says Le Pen, and especially, it will be so if in the second round she will meet with Macron. "

Emmanuel Makron.

At the same time, despite approximately the same rating on the eve of the first round, in the event that Macron and Le Pen remain in the second, polls show a confident macron victory - 66% against 34%.

"The French electoral system itself is very difficult for the state to take control of the nationalists: presidential elections in two rounds, and then still to keep power, it is necessary to ensure themselves by the majority of the votes of the National Assembly during the parliamentary elections," writes Eddie Fuzhie.

In general, the French media are not very concerned that Le Pen wins the presidential election. The fall of 2015 is remembered, when in local elections the National Front won 43 departments from 96 in the first round, but most of them did not manage to defeat socialists in the second. And it happened immediately after the terrorist attack in Paris.

What will happen to Europe after elections in France?

"Marin Le Pen is not French Donald Trump," writes Denis McShin, the former European minister from the UK for the magazine "Independent". "She is no longer one child of the presidential bloc. They are Emmanuel Macron. He, or someone else from the right center falls into the second round with Marin Le Pen and receive the presidential post. "

"These elections will become decisive for the future of the European Union," Jornal De Négocios is written by the Portuguese magazine, - much more defining than Braccisite or the election of Donald Trump in the United States. The European Union will survive the new American president, and the "divorce" with the UK, even if it is difficult. But without pillars, France-Germany will no longer be eurous. "

The general context of elections in France has changed very much since the previous presidential campaign, especially in last year. This was added to this: shock from the exit of the UK from the European Union, the strengthening of populism in politics, the migration crisis.

Marin Le Pen promises that during 6 months the beginning of his presidential period will begin negotiations on the exit of France from Schengen, from the euro area, and then the referendum on the release of France from the European Union is organized. These radical ideas sound in a country where 70% of citizens speak "for" France in the European Union. At the same time, 72% of the French are going to go to the elections on Sunday, but 43% of them have not yet decided exactly who will vote for, noted in the study of the Institute of Political Research Cevipof.

"It is necessary to recognize that all electoral logic is broken. Everything happens, as if a political offer no longer complies with the request of the voter, and it is impossible to predict the result. Here we will not protect the choice of "smaller evil", from the decisions of the last minute, as well as "why not?" Abbreviated to simple skepticism, "Luc Rouban writes from the National Center for Scientific Research.

Veronica Chigir / TP, sources FRANCETVINFO .FR, lemonde .fr, jornaldenegocios .pt, independent .co .uk, lepoint .fr, CourrierInternational .com

International: Allies and blocks:

The international cooperation:
In "Freedom" (Ukraine)

Places in the National Assembly: Seats in the Senate: Places in the European Parliament: Website:

Euroskepticism

The NF was one of those parties that opposed the ratification of the European Constitution in 2005. According to Le Pen, France should not enter into any international organizations that will limit French sovereignty in making political decisions. So NF protrudes with the sharp criticism of the current European integration policy, "turning Europe to a certain federation under the command of the new world order." In contrast to this model, the French right offers the version of the "Europe of Nations" or the "Europe of one hundred flags", which suggests the preservation of national states within the framework of the pan-European cultural space, and not a single strictly unified state.

Regional elections 2010.

Also NF received representative offices in the regions: Languedoc-Roussillon (10 of 66), Picardia (8 out of 57), Central region (7 seats), Lorraine (10 of 73), Rhone-Alpes (17 of 157), Burgundy, Champagne- Ardennes, Upper Normandy.

In general, the most active National Front was supported in the Mediterranean regions of the country, where the most important share of the immigrant population. The party was less than all the vote in the western regions and the capital Il de France, where the NF failed to overcome 10-12% barrier.

Parliamentary and presidential elections 2012

After an unexpected success in the presidential election of 2012, the leader of the Marin Le Pen Party, where she scored almost 18% of the vote, the National Front could count on a high result in the election in the lower chamber of parliament. In the elections held on June 17, the NF was able to delegate only two deputies to the National Assembly, and the party's leader itself could not win the second round, losing the candidate from the socialists Philip Kaml. But, she was successful to her niece, 22-year-old Marion Marel-Le Pen, who also became the most young deputy in the lower chamber.

Notes

Literature

Program of the National Front (for elections to the Legislative Assembly of France, June 1997) (Russian translation, published in the magazine "Golden Lion")
Bunin I. M. Le Pen and the National Front in France. M. Inion 1987.
Bunin I. M. Phenomenon Le Foam. // World Economy and international relationships. - № 8 - 1989.
Vasilyeva N. Yu. National Front Yesterday and today // French Yearbook 2003. M., 2003.
Vasilyeva N. Yu. Ultra-right France and European Construction // World economy and international relations. - 2001. - № 10 - p. 98-107.
Potemkin O. Yu. "France for the French" (Le Pen and National Front in the 80s) // working class and contemporary. peace. - M., 1990. - № 1. - P. 75-78.
Tevdoy-Burmuli A. I. Right radicalism in Europe // Modern Europe. - 2005, No. 4.

Links

Political parties France
Right parties	Movement for France (MPF) Union for People's Movement (UMP) Radical Party Combination for France (RPF) National Center for Independent and Agrrays (CNIP)
Party Center	Democratic Movement (Modem) New Center (NC) Liberal Alternative (AL)
Left parties	Left Front of France (Left Party (PG) Unitary Left (GU) Communist Party (PCF) Republic and Socialism (RS) Communist Party of Works France (PCOF)) Progressive Party (LP) Radical Left Party (PRG) Republican and Civil Movement (MRC ) Socialist Party (PS) Modern Left (LGM)
Extreme right parties	National Front (Fn) National Republican Movement (MNR)
Extremely left parties

"National Front" (Fr. Front National, FN.) - For a long time, considered the "ultra-law" of the Robernation Nationalist Political Party in France.
Founded in October 1972 by the French politician Jean-Marie Le foam.

In fact, the appearance of the party was associated with the search for an alternative way to power of socialists. The most successfulness of the National Front party has achieved in the elections to the National Assembly in 1986 (35 seats) and to the European Parliament in 2014 (24 places). Later, in connection with the return to the majority system of elections to the Parliament of France, the parties could not conquer places in the National Assembly. In 2002, in the elections of the President of France, Jean-Marie Le Pen came out in the second round, gaining 16.86% of the votes. In the second round, he scored 17.79% of the votes, losing Jacques Shirac. In the first half of the 2000s, the National Front, according to the results of parliamentary and municipal elections, was the third most important party of the country. At the parliamentary elections of 2007, the party scored 4.3% of the votes, without receiving a single place in the National Assembly. At the 2012 parliamentary elections, the party received two places in parliament, and after elections to the Senate in 2014 - 2 places in the Senate. In 2015, the party also represented 26 mayors of cities (the largest city - Marseille).

By the end of 2014, over 80 thousand members consisted in the party.

Guidelines

From 1972 to 2011, the party was challenged to Jean-Marie Le Pen.
From January 15, 2011 (receiving chapter 2/3 of the vote in the elections) to the present by the President of the Party is his daughter, Marin Le Pen.

The party has 5 vice presidents:

Alain Zhama - 1st Vice President since 2011
Louis Alio ( Aliot.) - Since 2011, responsible for training and public action of the party (civilian husband M. Le Pen)
Marie-Christine Arnat ( Arnautu.) - since 2011, responsible for the Social Policy Party
Bruno Golnisch (Bruno Gollnisch) - since 2007
Jean-Francois the stares ( Jalkh.) - Since 2012, is responsible for elections
Florian Filippo ( Philippot.) - since 2012, responsible for the strategy and external communication of the party
Steve Brio ( Briois.) - Since 2014, responsible for local frames and party control.

Party program

The main provisions of the political program of the National Front in general are the following:

termination of further immigration from non-European countries and tightening requirements in obtaining French citizenship (reception not more than 10 thousand immigrants per year);
termination of family reunification programs for migrants;
cancellation of the subsistence minimum of RMI and state medical care of the AME for foreigners;
return to traditional values: abortion restriction, promotion of large families, preservation of French culture;
conducting protectionist policies, support for French producers, small and medium-sized businesses through tax reducing;
if there are equal advantages and skills, providing jobs and benefits to the French, not migrants;
reduction of residence permit from 10 to 3 years;
creation of the Ministry of the Interior, Immigration and Secularism;
fighting the segmentation of society to national and religious communities, the statement of secular start;
the prohibition of all racist, sexist and discriminatory practices, in particular, in public places (for example, halal in school canteens, separate visits to pools, etc.);
discussion of the return of the death penalty;
reduced the age of criminal liability from 18 to 15 years;
tightening punishments and cutting social benefits to recidivists;
constitutional reform in terms of restriction of the presidential period (no more than 1 election for 7 years), expanding the practice of referendums, a change in the status of the overseas territories of France, a change in the electoral system with majoritarian on proportional;
restoration of the primacy of national legislation over European, revising contracts with the European Union and output from NATO;
immediate withdrawal of French troops from Afghanistan;
against Turkey's adoption in the European Union;
countering globalization, European integration processes, greater degree of independence of the country from the European Union and international organizations;
support for state participation in the fields of health, education, transport, banking and energy.
provide social assistance and issue family benefits only by the citizens of France. Reform legislation in such a way that citizenship has become a preferential criterion for issuing social benefits. The tax charged from foreigners with a hospital cashier and social insurance should be enhanced.

In 1983, Le Pen nominates the slogan that declares the right of the indigenous French to preserve its culture in conditions when the ethnocultural situation in the country begins to change in front of the eyes, negatively assessing the multicultural project integration of immigrants. Thus, the party program involves the possibility of naturalizing immigrants only on the basis of an assimilative approach, when a candidate for citizenship should be ready to perceive "spiritual values, customs, language and principles that form the basis of French civilization." Thus, representatives of any races and ethnic groups may become citizens of France, provided that they will become the French in spirit and culture.

The socio-economic program of the party involves a radical restriction of the state intervention in the internal economic life of the country (simultaneously with protectionism in foreign Policy), freedom of entrepreneurship. The economic part of the party program is largely based on the ideas and views of J. Sapire.

During the 2002 Presidential Campaign, the main emphasis was made on the problem of legality and public order. Current NF installations include toughening penalties for most types of crimes, restoring the death penalty. The NF is inclined to establish responsibility for those performed in France, especially in the suburbs, crimes on immigrants. Therefore, security restoration (Sécurité) in the country is directly related to the repatriation of foreigners to their homeland and the restriction of further immigration.

The party is positioning itself as the only alternative to both the left and traditional right parties, and calls on the French for the implementation of the "Second French Revolution", during which all the real power would move into the hands of the people and the new "sixth republic" of an authoritarian type would be established in the country based on the principle of direct democracy.

During its existence, the party evolved from the ultra-right to the centered vessel. "The batch of sernov can in no way be considered a traditional right. Economic views is closer to the left." The party and its leadership is characterized by moderate anti-American views and opposes the transatlantic partnership.

"The American way of doing nothing brought nothing France. The hygienic and social methods adopted in the United States are not suitable for the needs of France and French. Multinational interests that are accepted there, France is not needed. In fact, all this only relaxes France. I'm standing on the protection of economic methods that France will help "

EuroCepticism and foreign policy views

The NF was one of those parties that opposed the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 and the European Constitution in 2005. According to Le Pen, France should not join any international organizations that will limit French sovereignty in making political decisions. Thus, the NF protrudes with the sharp criticism of the current European integration policy, "turning Europe to a certain federation under the command of a new world order." In contrast to this model, the French right offers the version of the "Europe of Nations" or the "Europe of one hundred flags", which suggests the preservation of national states within the framework of the pan-European cultural space, and not a single strictly unified state.

The party and its leadership from the very beginning opposed participation in the war in the Persian Gulf in 1991 and the Iraq war in 2003. Having visited Saddam Hussein in 1990, Zhm. Le Pen announced him with his friend.

Marin Le Pen expresses a referendum on the issue of exit from the euro area, the return of customs borders within the European Union and against dual citizenship. It also opposes the active French armed intervention outside the country (in particular, in conflicts in Côte d "Ivoire and Libya), for recognizing Israel's right to defense against terrorism, recognition of the Palestinian state and against strengthening the role of Iran in the Middle and Middle East.

In 2014, the party was supported by the Action of the Russian Federation during the Crimean Crisis, and at the end of November M. Le Pen called V. V. Putin "Defender of the Christian Heritage of European Civilization", stating that Ukraine is "conquered" by the United States, which has become a reason for Raising relations from the Ukrainian Party "Freedom". Considering the growth of anti-Russian sentiments in Europe and the declared interests of NATO in Eastern Europe, in the future representatives of the National Front, in particular the European Parliament deputy Jean-Luke Schaffhouse, in the fall of 2014, supported the self-proclaimed LNR and DPR, watching the unrecognized Kiev election of the leaders of these formations in the Donbas, And in May 2015, the adviser to the head of the party Emmanuel Lerua visited the celebration of the anniversary of the formation of the self-proclaimed DPR in Donetsk. M. Le Pen made the federalization of Ukraine and the provision of aboutenough rights to all Ukrainian regions and, at the same time, for strengthening the relations of Ukraine with the European Union

The party and its leadership oppose the anti-Russian sanctions (M. Le Pen: "Sanctions against Russia are undesirable and counterproductive. They give Russia from Europe, pushing it towards China and its trade towards Asia. Although it is obvious that in our interest to increase trading relationships With Russia ";" We stupidly deprive themselves the sales market in Russia, supporting the policy of erroneous sanctions of the EU ... The true president would immediately cancel the sanctions against Russia "), believing that what was happening - the US Cold War Inticate.

Participation in the elections to the National Assembly

In general, the most active "National Front" was supported in the Mediterranean regions of the country, where the most important share of the immigrant population. The party was less than all the vote in the western regions and the capital Il de France, where the NF failed to overcome 10-12% barrier.

Parliamentary and presidential elections 2012

After unexpected success in the presidential election of 2012, the leader of the NF Marin Le Pen, where she scored a record 17.9% (6,421,426 votes), the party could count on a high result in the elections to the National Assembly. However, in the elections held on June 17, the NF was able to delegate only the two deputies, and the party leader itself could not win the second round, losing the candidate from the socialists Philippe Keleva. But she succeeds in success, her niece, 22-year-old Marion Mareshal Le Pen, who became among this also the youngest deputy in the lower chamber.

Elections to the European Parliament (2014)

From 22 to 25 May 2014, elections in the European Parliament were held in 28 countries, where 751 deputies are sitting. Analysts predicted the strengthening of the positions of the extremely right nationalist parties, completely opposing the very idea of \u200b\u200bthe EU, and Euroschaptics. According to the January research of the Economist magazine, these political forces will be able to receive from 16 to 25% of votes, but according to the head of the strategic assessment of the Center for Situational Analysis of the Russian Academy of Sciences Sergey Utkin, the growth of their support will not "change the European political landscape", which will determine the centrists (right and left).

According to the results of the elections, the National Front has increased its presence in the European Parliament from 3 to 24 deputies (from 74, laid by France), while in France, the party ranked first with a result of 24.86% (4,712,461 vote). At the end of June 2014, it became known that the "National Front" refused to create a coalition with the Polish Party "Congress of New Rights" because of ideological disagreements, as well as the Hungarian and Greek Party "Yobbik" and "Gold Zarya", which, taking into account The lack of agreement on the Alliance "Party of Independence of the United Kingdom" practically reduced the chances of the nationalist association in the EU legislative body (to create a group in the European Parliament, it is necessary from 25 deputies from seven countries, which is currently not at the French party and its allies on the coalition ). On June 16, 2015, the National Front found enough allies to form the Europe of Nations and Freight factions in the European Parliament.

Presidential Election 2017

In mid-August 2014, Marin Le Pen announced that throughout the year thematic platforms will be created in the party, participants in which they will develop and popularize in four directions: social sphere, industry and the potential of coastal regions, youth policy, ecology and energy. This event is carried out under the slogan "51% in the second round", hinting at the victory in the presidential election in France 2017.

Financing from the first Czech-Russian Bank

The "First Czech-Russian Bank" in the past through Stroytransgaz, first controlled by the families of Viktor Chernomyrdin and Rem Svyheryre, and now belongs to the structures of the billionaire Gennady Timchenko who in March 2014 for this reason came to the sanction list due to the action of the Russian Federation in the Crimea and in Ukraine) . Marin Le Pen itself did not see the connection between this bank and the Government of Vladimir Putin, and the parties of this loan, in her opinion, cannot be called the form of the lobbism of Russia's interests in the Ukrainian question. "We went to many French and European banks, but everywhere they refused us. The bank, which is in question, is not Kremlin, but private. There are no ways to influence the political views of the National Front, and it will never change. If the American or French bank lend us money, we would gladly adopted them "- M. Le Pen.

Notes

All-Koscow Og'єднанна «Freedom» Ta National Piece Front Frances Pіdpisali Protocol about SPIVPRATSYA - OFIKION STORINKA VO "FREEDOM"
"Change the plague on the cholera - badly" - Izvestia
Like Marine Le Pig Porn with the Ukrainian nationalists "Ukrainian BBC Service", 03.06.2015
Vladimir Zhirinovsky will support Marin Le Pen (Rus.)
MARINE LE PEN AND THE "NEW" FN: A CHANGE OF STYLE OR OF SUBSTANCE? P.181, 184 (Fr.)
FRENCH MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS: FAR-RIGHT NATIONAL FRONT SCORES IMPRESSIVE GAINS, But Hopes for Real Political Power Remain A Fantasy
8 Ridiculous, Racist Things Actually Said by Far-Right Eu Politicians
Parties and elections in europe
FN: Réélue Présidente, Marine Le Pen Rafraîchit L "Organigramme Du Parti (Fr.)
Marine Le Pen, France's (Kinder, Gentler) Extremist (English)
THE EUROPEAN FAR RIGHT: ACTUALLY RIGHT? Or Left? Or Something Altogether Different? (eng.)
Marine Le Pen: "Si J" étais présidente "(FR.)