Russian system of planetary protection. System of Planetary Protection "Citadel Center for Planetary Protection of Zaitsev
On the night of December 6-16, the inhabitants of the small Australian town of Tari woke up from wild screens. The walls of their homes tremended, and on the street for a few seconds it became light, like during the day.
The reason for an unusual incident, as scientists installed, was the explosion of meteor at an altitude of about 30 km. Its dimensions, according to experts, did not exceed the size of the basketball ball, but at the same time the power of the explosion accompanying its destruction in the atmosphere was from 500 to 1000 tons in Ttatil equivalent. Cosmos sent the land another "parcel", fortunately not reached the addressee. In essence, we are dealing with a constant threat that, at any time, anywhere in the globe, due to the fall of a large celestial body, an explosion of up to millions of megaton of the TNTIL equivalent may occur. As a result of such a "cosmic terrorist attack", all living things can be rented from the face of the Earth almost in the blink of an eye.
Despite the fact that our planet is daily exposed to meteorite bombardment, while we are lucky - most of the heavenly envoys burn in the atmosphere. Russian and American cosmic warning warnings on a missile attack (SPRN) annually register about a dozen entrances to the atmosphere of land of fairly large objects that explode at altitudes of several tens of kilometers above its surface. Only for the period from 1975 to 1992, the US sprN was registered 126 such explosions, the capacity of which in some cases reached Megaton. And although the calculations seem to indicate that none of the famous scientists of asteroids in the next hundred years to our planet will not approach the dangerous distance, this does not speak at all about the absence of a threat, and therefore Russian specialists have already begun to create an international planetary system Earth protection.
Center for Planetary Protection
To organize the protection of the Earth from hazardous space objects, according to Russian scientists, it is necessary to create a short-term response echelon. It must be in constant readiness and be able to detect dangerous objects in a few days, weeks or months to a possible collision with land.
Astronomers are known at least two thousand asteroids representing the potential danger to our planet. Moving along the elongated elliptical orbits, they are either approaching the ground, or are already inside its orbit. As a rule, these cars have a diameter of a more kilometer and, if it is necessary, can be detected and even destroyed. But here are small objects with a diameter of 50 to 100 meters, it is much more complicated, and they can do a lot of trouble. The probability of falling on Earth such bodies many times more than their giant brothers.
Sooner or later, some large pebble will be falling on the ground, - the leading designer of NGOs is grouching gloomily. S. A. Lavochkin and the Director General of the recently created Center for Planetary Protection Anatoly Zaitsev. - Today, scientists of the leading defense organizations of the United States, Japan, China are working on the creation of the interception system of dangerous celestial bodies. We have NGO experts in Russia. S. A. Lavochkina, OKB MEI, NGO "Znolnaya", Mak Vympel united and established a non-profit partnership "Center for Planetary Protection". To protect the Earth from asteroid danger, we decided to use technologies, many of which were developed for military purposes. Now it seems the unique possibility of their use is not for destruction, but to protect all mankind.
It is clear that to prevent the disaster in the first place it is necessary to detect a dangerous space object. Today, the observations of the celestial sphere leads astronomical observatory and military centers for controlling outer space. But their capabilities are clearly not enough, Anatoly Zaitsev believes: "The first step in the creation of a planetary protection system should be the formation of a permanent of the Land-Space Observation Service, which can identify all dangerous space objects for many years before colliding with the Earth."
According to experts, such an observation service can rely in its work on the data working in the orbit of Astron and Granat spacecraft equipped with special optoelectronic equipment. "The presence of satellites in an near-earth orbit," says Anatoly Zaitsev, "will allow us to control almost all zones of our universe under various angles. For example, it is planned that the station called the" cone "will go to the Heliocentric orbit. Equipped with a telescope that allows you to register asteroids approaching from the Sun side, whose observation from the ground has so far been considered impossible. To control the other "dead zone", arising from the illumination of the Earth and the Moon, can be used both land facilities and spacecraft with telescopes. "
If the degree of danger of the approaching cosmic body will be assessed as high, cosmic scouts will be sent to the meeting. With their help, it is possible to more accurately determine the trajectory, shape, sizes, mass and composition of the asteroid and "to bring" a cosmic interceptor to it. For an operational response, the means of interception and primarily the carrier missiles must satisfy the highly strict requirements for the periods of preparation for start-up and carrying capacity. To the highest least, according to Anatoly Zaitseva, the missiles "Dnipro", "Zenit", Proton, Soyuz are responsible for these requirements today. In particular, "Zenith" with a fairly large carrying capacity (the mass derived on the reference orbit is about 12 tons) has unique characteristics of the launch operation. The time of preparation for the start after installation on the starting table is only 1.5 hours, and the retrain from the same starting installation is possible after 5 hours. There are no missile complex in the world with such capabilities. Dnipro has a ready-to-start readiness for minutes.
To date, it is believed that the most effective way to destroy an asteroid can be directed nuclear explosion. When the interceptor is launched using a zenith carrier missile, the mass of the nuclear device delivered to the asteroid can be about one and a half tons. The power of such charge will be at least 1.5 megatons, which will allow you to destroy the stone asteroid diameter in several hundred meters. If you carry out the docking on the near-earth orbit of several blocks, then the power of the nuclear device and, therefore, the size of the destroyable object will be significantly increased.
On the basis of the ground-space surveillance service, as Anatoly Zaitsev believes, you can form a long-term response echelon. To do this, you should mobilize the potential of all states possessing rocket and space and nuclear facilities. That is, the long-term response echelon will exist in virtual form: let's say, in the form of an international project, providing for the mobilization of the necessary funds - carrier missiles, spacecraft, cosmodromes - only in the event of a threatening situation.
According to preliminary estimates, the volume of costs for the creation of a system of planetary protection will be up to several hundred million dollars a year with a total cost of 2010 - $ 3-5 billion. At the same time, the creation of echelon of operational interception is possible by 2008 - the 100th anniversary of the fall of the Tungusian meteorite. The project is definitely attractive, but if everything was so simple ...
Be alert
The launch of cosmic interceptors will require significant energy costs, therefore, for their overclocking, it is necessary to use rocket engines that are energized both from solar cells and from nuclear sources of energy, "says the Director General of the Research Center. M. V. Keldysh Academician Ran Anatoly Kitheev. - Indeed, the only means of exposure to asteroids may be thermonuclear explosion. However, in 1996, the UN banned all types of nuclear tests in space. And without preliminary tests, we cannot even say how a nuclear charge will show themselves in space.
Now the astronomers are known not all major potentially dangerous asteroids. As for small, they are numbered about two million. If the destruction of a large object requires the costs of a huge amount of thermonuclear energy, the fight against small asteroids should assume a slightly different approach. According to Anatoly Kitoeva, because of minor sizes it is difficult to track down a small asteroid in advance, and therefore, in the reserve, it remains not much time to reflect his attack. With this scenario, rocket-space should carry duty around the clock and be ready. How real is it?
As aumed, the Academician of Kitheev argues, - that in two years with our planet there will be an asteroid diameter a couple of kilometers, we will really can't do anything. Forces of one country, such a problem is not solved. For example, NASA specialists spend more than three million dollars annually on the SPACEGUARD Survey program to detect objects coming closer. This amount across the American space industry is simply a drop in the sea. From the point of view of common sense, asteroidal danger should be among those hazards that people and the government are perceived as quite serious. After all, the fall in a large body on our planet is able to cause the death of most of the population for several months. The global catastrophe is still terrible in that no nation or government will be able to assist other countries, since disaster will cover the entire planet immediately.
We sit on the moon
According to Anatoly Zaitseva, it is necessary to engage in the problem of asteroid danger immediately: "Since a dangerous celestial body can be detected at any time, including the creation of a system of planetary protection, it is extremely important to have a complex of emergency measures at hand. They should provide for the possibility of protection Earth with the help of existing funds, and in case of the impossibility of protection - the salvation of people, material and cultural property. For this purpose, in the framework of the Special Project "Reserve" it is necessary to conduct an "inventory" of all means that humanity has now, to intercept objects in space, As well as in the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere, to evaluate the degree of their readiness and response time. If timely protection does not succeed, it is not possible to evacuate people from a dangerous area (project "Evacuation"). In the case of the threat of a global catastrophe alternative to universal death could be become an option to create and use the lunar base for Salvation of a small colony of earthlings (project "Phoenix"). And after the decline in catastrophic phenomena on Earth, these people could return to our planet and again settle it. And this, in particular, is another argument in favor of developing space programs and including the colonization of the Moon. Although this, of course, fiction. "
Stepan Krivosheev
Non-profit partnership "Planetary Protection Center"
Requisites Non-Profit Partnership "Center of Planetary Protection", Khimki
| OGRN | 1035009560409 |
| Inn | 5047049730 |
| KPP | 504701001 |
| Date of registration | March 18, 2003 |
| Organizational and legal form | Non-profit partnerships |
| An organization that registered a non-profit partnership "Planetary Protection Center" | Office of the Federal Tax Service for the Moscow Region |
| Address of the organization | 125284, Moscow g, Khoroshevskoe sh, 12a |
| Tax registration | July 10, 2002 |
| Tax name | Interdistrict Inspectorate of the Federal Tax Service No. 13 in the Moscow Region |
| Personal account registration | July 15, 2002 |
| Registration number | 060050009487 |
| Organization PF. | State Institution - Head Department of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation №5 Management No. 5 Khimkinsky district of the Moscow Region |
| Registration in the FSS | July 16, 2002 |
| Registration number | 504300346050431 |
| FSS organization | Branch No. 43 State Institution - Regional Branch of the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation in the Moscow Region |
Management and founders Non-profit partnership "Planetary Protection Center"
The head of the legal entity is gene. Yale director Anatoly VasilyevichInn Fl: 504700981230
Founders of the company (individuals):
Zaitsev Anatoly Vasilyevich
Founders of the company (JUR. Persons):
Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Scientific Research Center named after G. Babakina"
. Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Special Design Bureau of the Moscow Energy Institute"
. Open Joint Stock Company "Scientific and Production Association" Zipper "
Company "Non-Profit Partnership" Center of Planetary Protection "in EGRUL (2018)
| UAH: 1035009560409. Date: March 18, 2003 View: (Р17001) Entry into an incorporation information about Yul, created until 01.07.2002 Tax authority: INSPECTION MNS of Russia in Khimki Moscow region |
| UAH: 2065047052211 Date: May 10, 2006 View: Including information about accounting in the tax authority |
| UAH: 2065047083869. Date: June 3, 2006 View: Including information about registration in the PF of the Russian Federation Tax authority: Interdistrict Inspectorate of the Federal Tax Service No. 13 in the Moscow Region |
| UAH: 2165000134528. Date: June 22, 2016 View: Including information about registration in the FSS RF Tax authority: Office of the Federal Tax Service for the Moscow Region |
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Most popular marketing research, market analytics, ready-made business plans. Low prices. I came across the strange information. I do not even know how to interpret."6. Installed the Center for Planetary Protection. By and large, asteroid-cometty danger is the most terrible of all natural hazards threatening humanity. This problem is beginning to pay increasing attention to the scientific, public and government circles of the leading countries of the world, in a number of which at the state level adopted the programs of work in the field of planetary protection. Along with the conduct of specialized scientific and technological conferences, some of which were held in our country, these issues were considered by state and international organizations, in particular, the House of Lords of the UK (2001), US Congress (2002) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and UN Development (2003). The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe adopted Special Resolution No. 1080 "On the detection of asteroids and comets, potentially dangerous to humanity." In recent years, such works have been conducted in Russia, mainly in the initiative order by individual enthusiasts. Currently, for the unification of the existing in the country, and then beyond, intellectual, technical, financial and other resources, a number of leading organizations of various industries of Russia and Ukraine (NGOs them. S. A. Lavochkin, NIC. G. N . Babakina, OKB MEI, NGO "Zipper", Mak Vympel, GKB "South" and a number of others) established a non-commercial partnership "Planetary Protection Center". Anatoly Vasilyevich Zaitsev, an employee of NGOs them, appointed the CPP CEO. S.A. Lokhochkin. Contact phone: (095) -575-5859; E-mail: pdc@berc.rssi.ru. As a program document of the Center prepared and approved by members of the Coordination Council of the Center "Proposal for the creation of a system of planetary protection (SPZ)" Citadel ". Since the scale of asteroid-cometa danger requires the concentration of resources at the interstate level, the most important step in the direction of its decision should be creating an insurance fund of humanityintended to ensure the financing of SPZ. Such a fund can be formed primarily by all developed countries of the world, with the involvement of leading financial institutions, funds, and individuals. After its creation, based on the volume of collected financial resources, it is supposed to deploy work on the creation of SPZ. AVZ."
http://www.izmiran.rssi.ru/magnetism/elnews/bullet35.htm.
It seems that the sources are all adequate, the people are serious. But somehow the vocabulary sees .... there is active "insurance fund of mankind." Taking into account our program on the Soviet of the Moon (when we mean, we have gathered there industrial production of helium-3 to restrict ... not in 2020? Or in the 20th station only will it be?) Somehow the sum is gnawing. Since I am in astronomy, do not special, tell me - what is this - normal work, the Babelosny station or our customers?
Introduction
Every year the relevance of creating a space system of protection against asteroid and plasmoid hazards increases. And this is, first of all, it is due to the fact that the technological complexity of human civilization increases: the consolidation of cities, an increase in the number of complex and dangerous facilities such as nuclear power plants, large hydroelectric power plants, oil refineries, chemical combines, ammunition warehouses, etc. At the same time, there is an increase in the dependence of the global economy from the regional division of labor, information and financial flows. The failure of even one of the elements of this global economic structure will inevitably lead to a sharp drop in the standard of living and technological failure. And the destruction of some nuclear power plant, with even a small celestial body, is to an environmental catastrophe of regional and planetary scale.
Therefore, now we are not talking about large meteorites, for example, such as 65 million years ago, when the space object fell with a diameter of about 10 km., What led to the death of almost all living on Earth, including the then owners of the planet - dinosaurs . This in detail can be read in the magazine "Earth and Universe" (1999, No. 3; 2000, No. 5; 2001, No. 6). As some researchers believe, this catastrophe has changed the course of evolution on our planet and created prerequisites for the appearance of a person on earth.
And we are not even talking about the collision of the Earth with any facilities with a diameter of more than 1 km, which will lead to a global catastrophe and the death of almost the entire biosphere of our planet, no less than 1 km, which will cause a regional catastrophe. But as a result of the latter, whole states can be destroyed.
We are talking about them, because the collision of land with large asteroids (with a diameter of more than 1 km) is rare, on average once a hundred thousand or tens of millions of years.
But asteroids of 50-100 m in size, crossing the orbit of the Earth, are about 2 million. And such objects face Earth much more often. And that the saddest, register them with today's fundamentals is extremely difficult.
So on March 23, 1989, an unknown Asteroid 1989 FC crossed the Earth's orbit at the point where it was only six hours ago. And this asteroid in size a few hundred meters was already detected during the removal process. If he faced the Earth, then as a result, the crater would have formed a diameter of about 16 km and a depth of 1.5 km, within a radius of 160 km from which everything would be catastrophically destroyed by a shock wave. If this asteroid would fall into the ocean, he would cause tsunami in hundreds of meters. If at nuclear power plants ....
A little earlier, in 1972, an event occurred, which could cause significantly more serious consequences than the famous drops of celestial bodies (on Tungusk, in Brazil and Sikhote-Alina). The asteroid with a diameter of about 80 m, which entered the atmosphere of the Earth over the US state of Utah at a speed of 15 km / s., Only because of the common trajectory of the entrance to the atmosphere did not fall into the US territory or Canada. If he fell, the explosion power would be no less than the power of the Tungus explosion - according to different estimates, from 10 to 100 MT. At the same time, the area of \u200b\u200bdestruction would be about 2,000 km 2.
Few people in ordinary life thinks about the fact that collisions with asteroids of several to tens of meters occur on average every 10 years. Russian and American space Systems Warnings about a missile attack About a dozen large objects are registered annually, which explode at an altitude of several tens of kilometers above the ground. So for 1975-92. In the United States registered 126 such explosions, the power of some reached 1 MT. Recently, the number of potentially dangerous asteroids increases.
Currently, there are about 400 asteroids crossing the Earth orbit, with a diameter of more than two kilometers, about 2100 of them - a more kilometer in diameter, about 300,000 - more than 100 m and so on. And a collision with the Earth of each of these asteroids is a real Danger for humanity.
For bodies up to 100 m, their complete fragmentation is characteristic of the atmosphere with loss of debris on the square in tens of square kilometers. The explosion in the atmosphere is accompanied by a shock wave, thermal and light effects, while more than half of the kinetic energy is released at 5-10 km altitudes. The radius of the damage zone depends on the initial radius of the asteroid and its speed.
To understand how destruction can bring an asteroid of this size, it is enough to recall the famous Arizona crater in the USA, a diameter of 1200 m and a depth of 175 m (Fig. 1). It was formed in the collision of the iron asteroid of about 60 m with Earth 49 thousand years ago. And if such an asteroid is fallen at nuclear power plants, a hydroelectric power station, a major city, what will happen? The question is rhetorical. This is a real asteroid danger.
Fig. 1. Arizona Crater (USA)
diameter 1200 m, depth of 175 m and age of 49 thousand years
But there are generally weakly recorded and poorly studied objects such as plasmoids, which can also have a destructive effect on man-made civilization.
The most disturbing is that, since only an insignificant part of potentially dangerous objects was found, then the collisions can be expected at any time.
Planetary protection system
In order to avoid possible cataclysms, it is necessary Planetary Protection System (SPZ) from asteroids, comet and plasmoids.
Scientists constantly indicate the danger of an asteroid threat to humanity, international conferences collect, turn to the governments of various countries. But colossal financial investments are required, the effective coordination of the works of engineering, scientific and space services around the world. A new qualitatively other association of humanity before this threat is required.
Despite the indecision of politicians, the specialists have already determined that for the effective protection of the Earth, and in the future and other celestial bodies of the SPZ should include three main interconnected units: the ground-space service of observation and registration; terrestrial space service interception; Ground management complex.
In Russia, there is even a project "Citadel" of the general director of the scientific enterprise "Center for Planetary Protection" A. V. Zaitseva.
The essence of this project in an integrated approach, when after the detection of a potentially dangerous celestial body, based on the received information in the Center for Planetary Protection, it is estimated by the degree of danger (place and time of the intended fall) and develop a set of measures to prevent it. After agreeing on the plan of events at the intergovernmental level, two ka-intelligence officers launch with, for example, Zenit or Dnipro pH and at least two ka-interceptor (Zenit or Proton pH). In more detail with this project can be found in.
It is assumed that the Echelon protection of the SPZ will include not only Ka-observers with telescopes on board, but also ka intelligence and ka-interceptors with nuclear, kinetic or other means of exposure.
Fig. 2 scheme of the Russian regional echelon operational response of SPZ "Citadel". Figure by author - A. V. Zaitseva.
In the "Citadel" project, the cone project is considered as a system of observation and detection, which provides for the placement of at least one ka with a telescope on a helium-centered orbit coinciding with Earth, 10-15 million km from Earth. It is assumed that if the zone of its observation will have an angular dimensions of about 60 °, then the celestial area to be controlled will decrease by almost an order compared to terrestrial observations. Such an accommodation of the Ka-Observer will allow you to register asteroids approaching from the Sun, which cannot be observed from the ground. At the same time, the scanning of hazardous zones can be carried out at an interval of several hours, which is sufficient for the operational notification of danger. The "dead zones" of the telescope arising in the illumination of the earth and the moon will be controlled by ground facilities or ka with a telescope operating in an near-earth orbit.
Fig. 3. Space Surveillance System for near-Separate space.
Figure A. V. Zaitseva.
As we can see, one of the central elements of the planetary protection system is the system of space observation and registration of potentially hazardous space objects by radar methods.
In order for the SPZ project to be implemented, it is necessary not just an understanding of asteroid danger, but also confidence that humanity will be able to prevent it. At the same time, the requirements for the reliability of the detection of asteroid and plasmoid danger increase significantly.
However, the creation of cosmic surveillance systems by radar methods within the framework of the tasks of control of the outer space (KCP) is associated with the problem of detecting and determining the parameters of the motion of asteroids and space plasmoids on large ranges from the Earth (about 100,000 km and more). A long accumulation of information in traditional optimal filtering methods is impossible due to the short time of space objects (KO) of the type of asteroids or plasmoids near the Earth, and the detection at large distances is impossible due to the weakness of the signal, which becomes necessary to the traditional filtering methods. Even in the project "Citadel", the simultaneous use of a set of distributed centers for obtaining information operating as a whole is required. For such coordination requires not only political will, but also huge financial, personnel resources, which in today's conditions are unlikely.
How to solve the task of building a SPZ in these conditions? We need new ideas and technologies. And we offer them.
Russian Planetary Protection System
Space radar (radio telescopes) and telescopes used now, operate on a reflected signal. The reflected signal accepted on them depends on the reflecting and absorbing properties of the surface of the observed space objects.
We propose to use the principle of bistatical radar (BLL), according to which the cross-sectional area of \u200b\u200bthe CO, as a coherent re-energous antenna, has the highest directional action coefficient (CBD) for scattered forward radiation (translucent beam) as a diffracted electromagnetic wave:
KND \u003d 4π × S / λ 2, where S is the area of \u200b\u200bthe shadow contour of the cosmic object, unkinding the absorbing or reflecting properties of its surface, even for an absolutely "black body", and λ is the length of the irradiating electromagnetic wave. That is, a shift bastatic EPR (BEPR)
BEPR \u003d KND × S increases by many orders (in the KND times) compared with the usual EPR ≈ S for the reflected electromagnetic wave. Therefore, weakly reflective KOs or absorbing objects of the type of cosmic plasmoids of various origins become well-observed in the translucent beam. To detect weak signals from KO, use optimal filtering of signals.
We have proposed a method for processing information based on the method of complex optimal filtering of a weak signal of the cosmic bioreatic radar complex (splitting) solves the specified problems of detecting weak signals.
Optimal filtration methods have long been used in radar for selection of moving targets in speed (IDCs) on the background of interference. The speed V of the target creates the Doppler shift F d \u003d 2 × V / λ, where λ is the wavelength of the carrier frequency, in the monostatic (single-position) radar and F d \u003d V / λ in the biastatic (two-position) radar.
It is known that in space radio systems (radio broadcasts - Satellites of the "Express" series, radio communications - "Lightning", "Meridian", etc., Radio navigation - GLONASS, GPS, radar - "Dnipro-3u", "Daryal", "Volga" and Dr., complexes of remote sensing of the ionosphere) There are strong frequency distortions due to a change in the electron density of the ionosphere in space and time. These frequency distortions change the information signal generated by the transmitter or caused by the scattering of the electromagnetic wave of a moving radar target. To compensate for these distortions, various types of frequency proofreaders are used. So known to the digital system for calculating the linear additive to the Doppler frequency of the satellite transmitter according to the results of measuring the complete change in the frequency of the satellite transmitter to GLONASS.
Another problem of effective detection of KO is due to the fact that the received signals reflected from cosmic targets (in radar) or emitted from satellites (in radio communications and broadcasting) have a small power level on Earth (less - 160 DBW), which is 20 dB ¸ 60 dB below the level of input noise of the receiver.
The reception of such weak signals is carried out by the method of optimal filtering, in which the support (model) ground signal in the optimal receiver is known and set for a sweeter in the optimal filter. However, simple methods of optimal (agreed) filtration for a variety of reasons do not provide a high degree of interference suppression, for example, by the above reason for the signal distortion in the ionosphere, high levels of non-stationary and non-Gaussian noise of the satellite transmitter, not defined by the movements of the satellite and space target and many other reasons Natural and artificial origin. However, there are complex optimal filters consisting of a sequentially connected coherent filter with a coherent accumulation of a signal and a non-coherent accumulation filter, for example, a reflection principle is known using a complex filter used in GLONASS or GPS.
The exact knowledge of the frequency of the Doppler satellite transmitter signal in space radio systems is necessary to correct signal codes, which, however, are sensitive to phase distortions and signal frequency. In space radar systems, the knowledge of the Doppler Frequency of the target allows for sustainable accompaniment of the target in speed and, in addition, to transmit reliable information about the target rate into the system of Pro or SPRN. In space navigation systems, the exact knowledge of the Doppler Satellite Transmitter frequency implements the high-precision calculation of the GLONASS or GPS information consumer location.
Since the signal in the form of an electromagnetic wave from the satellite or from which part of the time moves in the ionosphere, which is an ionized and magnetized plasma, which is not yet stable and perturbed with solar radiation, then the electromagnetic wave in this medium disperses and shifted over time. In this case, the frequency and phase of the wave changes, which leads to the distortion of information.
As a result of theoretical and experimental studies on the remote sensing of the ionosphere from satellites and from the ground, signals of various shapes and, in particular, the satellite transmitter lfm signal, a multiple dispersion vanity of the pulse of the probe lfm signal was detected, as well as the time delay in several microseconds With a period of a microwave carrier frequency of 0.1 ns - 1 ns.
Different methods of accounting for such distortion of the signal have been developed.
So, in order to highlight a weak signal against the background of noise, optimal sweep filters are used. In the simplest case, the frequency response is a complex-conjugated function of the detectable signal (code). Such filters with a lfm signal base of about 30 dB are theoretically provide interference to 30¸ 40 dB. Use a more complex obstacle coding, for example 7 element binary barker codes with a base code of about 60 dB or multi-element codes of the CostAS with a base - about 100 dB, which provide interference to 100 dB and higher. However, the output signal of such a filter (response of the optimal filter) as a correlation function of the received roasting code and the model code is sensitive to knowingly unknown to the Dopplerovsky carrier frequency shift, which is also still distorted by the influence of the ionosphere. So, for example, the distortion of the parameters of the emitted signal in frequency (or the uncertainty of the model signal) reduces the degree of suppression by 10 dB by 1%, - by 2% reduces the degree of suppression by 20 dB, etc. etc., which is not acceptable in real systems of space radio communications and radar. Therefore, the exact knowledge of the Doppler's shift and distortion of this Doppler shift is required, which is used to correct the codes in the decoder-discriminator in the receiver on Earth.
There are also insensitive to the Doppler shift methods of noise-protecting coding, such as complimentary codes (dual-parallel), but they have their drawbacks that we will not describe here.
Nonlinear optimal filters are developed less sensitive to the variation of the filter parameters (or distortion of the model signal), however, they have a significantly less distance suppression and are not universal, that is, their calculated parameters (according to the accepted optimality criterion) are valid only for specific signals codes in the calculated narrow The range of amplitudes, phases and frequencies, which is not always possible in practice.
In optimal filtering systems, complex optimal filters are widely used, which use a coded signal, such as a pseudo-random sequence (PSP) of binary pulses as in the GLONASS system. At first, this signal code is detected in the form of a correlation response in a coherent correlation filter with a coherent accumulation of the type of sweeter with an interference of 35 dB. Many correlation responses from many PSP pulse packages (512 binary pulses in the GLONASS package or 1028 - for GPS) are filtered by incoherent accumulation in an additive adder of feedback with additional suppression of another 10 dB, in the amount of interference suppression equals 45 dB and more.
Also known nonlinear detectors with a signal restriction, in which the noise is greater than the signal is weakened, and the weak signal is reinforced on the contrary. An important property of these detectors is increase in 2 times the signal-to-noise ratio (USH) at the detector output relative to the signal-to-noise ratio (SSH) at its input. At the same time, the noise-factor of the SF \u003d detector (SSH) / (SSH) decreases. That is, a big amplitude noise does not suppress a weak signal, as it happens in linear or quadratic detectors. This property of nonlinear detectors with restriction we used during experimental work.
In conclosing the description of various ways to account for signal distortion, it should be said about synchronous detectors that are a cosine channel of quadrature detectors of the complex signal. These synchronous detectors are the signal channel voltage multiplier (cosine component of the complex input signal) and the voltage of the reference channel. In fact, they are also nonlinear detectors with a limitation with the property inherent in them, described above, so they also used with the experimental work.
A new way to compensate for the distortion of the Doppler
This method of effective suppression of interference, based on the property of nonlinear detectors described above, increase the signal-to-noise ratio, is theoretically predicted and implemented in practice.
Compensation of distortion of the Doppler signal is achieved by introducing nonlinear compensating additive to the support signal of the standard optimal filter
That is, we have developed a method of comprehensive optimal filtering by serial signal processing first with a coherent filter with a coherent signal accumulation, and then a filter with incoherent multiplicative signal accumulation in the form of a synchronous feedback detector.
In order to proof the realizability of the principle of operation of the new space radar, a bistatic radar complex was created with antennas, transmitters, receivers and digital signal processing. The operation of the information processing system has proven to be implemented by the developed method of comprehensive optimal filtering of the translucent signal of the cosmic object (KO) in the form of an asteroid flying through a biastatic detection area.
Numerous experiments on setting up various optimal filters and the study of their functioning on the detection of a translucent signal from KO with a large area of \u200b\u200bthe shadow contour of about 20 m 2, with the middle area of \u200b\u200bthe shadow contour of the order of 6 m 2 and CO with a small area of \u200b\u200bthe shadow contour not more than 3 m 3 .
Brief conclusions for analyzing the results of experiments:
1) It is established that the translucent LFM synal is distorted, dispersion voiced by the duration of 1 seconds with respect to the forecast value of 5 seconds to the equal duration of the LFM signal corresponding to the forecast time of the co-detection zone.
2) It has been established that when using a complex optimal filter, a correlation response was obtained to a translucent distorted FM signal above noise by 32 dB, which corresponds to theoretically achievable value. Effect: Unlimited increases Signal / noise ratio with incoherent multiplicative signal accumulation
3) Established by selecting in the program (to achieve the maximum response of the correlation function) the frequency band and deviation, as well as the quadratic additive coefficient
4) It is established that the change in the parameters given by only 10% in any direction results in the disappearance of the response in the noise, which indicates the unwanted high parametric sensitivity of the synthesized complex optimal filter.
5) It has been established that the side petals of a shift signal are observed, exceeding noise by 5 dB before the consistence of Co., to the response maximum near the axis of the "KP antenna antenna antenna" axis. At the same time, the shape of the side petals corresponds to the movement and position of KO with respect to the axis of the plane beam, which is important for determining the possible change in the asteroid trajectory under the action of the gravitational field of the Earth.
6) A thin structure of the translucent signal is installed, corresponding to the profile of the shadow contour of KO, which is important for identifying KO.
7) The lack of false goals in the observation bandwidth on the entire observation interval taking into account the lateral petals and in the main petal of the plane beam during the flight. This appearance of false goals is impossible for sure in the gates in time, in space (over the corner), according to the accuracy of 10% of the parameters of the model FM signal (doppler frequency, the rate of change of this frequency, the coefficient of the quadratic additive, the amplitude of the signal), and for all recorded at different times for different points of space with their selected model FM signal parameters.
To prove the implementation of the method of comprehensive filtering of very weak signals near the level - 200 DBW, an experiment was carried out with the detection of the object of the smallest area of \u200b\u200bthe shadow contour, that is, an extremely small translucent signal. The results confirmed the effectiveness of the method.
Organization of an asteroid or plasmoid detection barrier
For experimental testing of the principle of cosmic bioreatic radar, a scheme was selected in Fig. 4. In this scheme, the space object flies near the Earth at a distance of order R 1 ~ 1000 km, and the irradiating antenna is at a distance of R 2 ~ 40,000 km.
Such a scheme is unacceptable for detecting asteroids, due to the smallness of the distance R 1 and a very large efficient EPR of an asteroid or plasmoid with a diameter of about 1000 m and more, which determines the very narrow day of the shift beam KO (asteroid) and, therefore, a small time of the detection zone . But in the bastatic radar, you can pay the distance R 1 and R 2. In this case, the power of the signal in the receiver will not change by the formula
P pr \u003d p per × knd per × s co 2 × knd / [(4p) 2 × r 1 2 × R 2 2]
that is, it is possible to detect an asteroid or plasmoid from the ground at R 1 ~ 40000 km, but near the irradiating ka with R 2 ~ 1000 km, while the narrow shift ray on a large radial range R 1 will create a large detection zone by radius R ~ 100 km perpendicular Bistatic line "Ka-Earth" as shown in Fig. five.
Such a value of the detection zone by distance R becomes sufficient for the time of accumulation of information in the optimal filter of about 100 s. The potential filter capabilities allow you to increase all the ranges of an order of magnitude, for example, to R 1 ~ 400000 km, R 2 ~ 10,000 km, that is, to place the irradiating ka in the orbit of the moon or on, while the receiving power will decrease in 10 4 times (decrease by 40 dB) But the translucent signal will be detected as an increase in the signal-to-noise ratio, for which it is necessary to increase the number of multiplicative responses is only 100 times, which is possible because the bi-static zone of the detection of the asteroid or plasmoid increases due to the increasing radius R.
The network of bioreatic barriers to the detection of KOs around the Earth can be created by placing transmitting satellite modules and receiving satellite modules in various orbits around the Earth as shown in Fig. 6, creating a solid space detection zone.
1. It is important to note that the awareness of humanity of the threat of cosmic clashes coincided with time when the level of development of science and technology allows to solve the problem of protecting the Earth from asteroid and plasmoid danger. No hopelessness for earthly civilization. The creation of a planetary protection system is more and possible only with the use of Russian scientific and engineering thought. Now it all depends not from scientists and engineers, but from politicians.
2. A new efficient and low-cost method of observation and registration of asteroids and plasmoids has been developed, related to the processing of information based on the method of comprehensive optimal filtering of a weak signal of the cosmic bioreatic radar complex (VDD). This method solves the complex task of detecting weak signals.
3. Analysis of the results of recording signals to a very small area of \u200b\u200b1.3 m 2 of the shadow circuit is proved by using a complex optimal filter, detect a software transligation signal with a signal-to-noise ratio of more than 20 dB and a 10 -10 error probability. In this case, an increase in the signal-to-noise ratio of more than 200 dB is achieved with the number of multiplicative responses of about 10,000.
4. The experiment carried out convincingly proves the possibility of observing the small size on a large range and the realizability of the method of comprehensive optimal filtering of weak signals. Due to the detected effect: an unlimited increase in the signal-to-noise ratio with a non-coherent multiplicative signal accumulation, the creation of biastatic accumulation of asteroids or plasmoids is becoming real for the orbita of the moon. In this case, there will be enough time for the planetary organization of thermonuclear drugs of the military-space forces of all countries to destroy their long (weeks and months) to the departure to Earth.
5. The proposed method can be used in terrestrial and space complexes for remote monitoring of space, radio communication, radio broadcasting, radar, radio navigation, radio benefits, radio astronomy, as well as remote monitoring of the world ocean, atmosphere, ionosphere and subsurface layer of land.
List of sources used
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3. "Threat from the sky: rock or randomness? The danger of the collision of the Earth with asteroids, comets and meteoroids," under the general editorship of Academician A.A. Boyarchuk. M., "Kosmosinform", 1999
4. A. V. Zaitsev Protection of the Earth from asteroid - cometary danger, "Earth and Universe" 2003 No. 2, p. 17-27
5. Radar reference. Editor M. Slotnik. M.: "Soviet radio." 1976.
6. Proceedings of the Institute of Applied Geophysics IMA Academician E.K. Fedorova,
issue 87. Radiomination of the ionosphere with satellite ground radiosonds
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M.V. Smelov, V.Yu. Tatur, the Russian Planetary Protection System // "Academy of Trinitarism", M., EL No. 77-6567, Puber.17333, 24.02.2012
