Galen: His teaching and galley. Claudius Galen - a great doctor and an equally great writer of ancient Rome who is Galen doctor and philosopher

For centuries, the memory of Galene lives, and this test of time eloquently speaks about the meaning of his discoveries and works that have enriched humanity.

Galen was born about 130 G.N. in the city of Pergama to the board of Emperor Adrian; He died about 200, too, in the city of Pergamum. His long life, despite the weak health in his youth, is explained by the habit of abstaining. "Get up from behind the table slightly hungry and you will always be healthy," he taught.

Pergam - in the past, the capital of the Pergham kingdom of attalides, one of the states founded by the successors of Alexander Macedonian in the north-western part of Malaya Asia. Pergamum was its cultural center. In 133 BC e. The Pergamm kingdom was the Roman province.

The rich library of Pergama competed his fullness with the richest Alexandria library and was one of his attractions. When the importation of the Egyptian papyrus was restricted, the parchment was invented in Pergamum, which received its name on the zgetie of this city.

Until our time, there is a famous Pergamian Altar Zeus with images of scenes struggle giants with giants - a popular myth in ancient Greece. The altar is constructed at the beginning of the II century BC. This is a huge structure with a height of more than 9 m, up to 120 m long. Preserved up to 50 figures of gods and the same number of giants. This altar is kept in the special Museum "Pergamon" in Democratic Berlin. This is the most interesting monument. It is described by I. S. Turgenev (writings, t. XI, 1956). From the ancient Pergamum (the city of Bergam in Turkey), only ruins were preserved to this day.

Father Galen Nikon was known as a versatile gifted person: architect, mathematician, philosopher.He sought to give her son more education. Galen teachers were prominent Pergaman scientists: Anata Satir, pathologist Stratonik, philosopher-empiric Eschrion and many more scientists.

Galen diligently studied the works of Aristotle, Feofrast and other philosophers. After the death of Father Galen took a long journey. At the age of 21, he came to Smyrna and was engaged in anatomy from the Anatoma Pelops, and he studied the philosophy under the leadership of Albina. Then he lived in Corinth, where he studied natural science and medicine from Numeresian. He also visited Maly Asia and famous Alexandrpu, where he was diligently engaged in anatomy at the famous heraklion.

The theoretical justifications of Galen's medical and biological views in many ways resulted in the teachings of the Hippocratic School (460-356), Aristotle (384-323), Alkmeon and the lateral school scientists of the Alexandria.

Alexandrian epoch - an important milestone in the cultural life of the ancient world, lasted from IV to II century BC. Alexandria, built by the Talented Architect of Dinokrath Rhodes in the decision of Alexander the Macedonian at the mouth of one of Nile's sleeves, was within three centuries the capital of Egypt's era of Hellenism. 50 years after the founding of the city, there were more than 300,000 inhabitants in it - it was one of the most populated cities of the ancient world, and about 1 million people lived to the beginning of the Christian era. Square it occupied up to 100 km 2. Alexandria was famous for his outstanding scientists. Foocritus, Demetrius Falersky, founder of the Museon and the library in Alexandria lived there. Museum is a genus of a scientist brotherhood with a cult of muses, where the joint work of scientists practiced. This example of uniting scientific creativity of scientists was perceived from Aristotle and Feofrast. Scientists and their pets were grouped around the library and scientific collections. Museuon had halls for lectures for meals and anatomical sections. With the museum there were housing rooms.

Museo - the oldest university, the inhabitants and listeners of which were scientists, poets and philosophers.The number of students of the museum reached several hundred people. He led the Museon Magazin Muses. Among the librarians was the head of the new poetic school of Callima

In 47 BC e. When taking Alexandria, 700,000 scrolls had Julia Caesar. According to some data, some of this manuscript repository then suffered from fire. Roman commander Anthony, wanting to bring Dar Cleopatre, Queen Egypt, handed 200,000 Scriming from the Globam library to the Alexandria library.

Under the emperor Aurelian in 273 N. e. During the war, Aurelian with the queen Palmyra Zynovia, who founded a large eastern power, burned the museum along with the library.

Among the scientists, Alexandrian epoch should be noted in the III and II centuries BC. Euclide - Mathematics and Geometer, Hipparch - the founder of trigonometry, Gerona - the inventor of the steam machine and the famous Archimedes, who also often lived in the Museum of Alexandria.

Museum visited a lot of poets, astronomers and geographers, but physicians n among them are of particular interest to us - anatomas. In ancient Greece, there was a stern ban on the autopsy of the dead. In Alexandria, where the old traditions of Egypt in connection with the balsamped-eat dead were still alive and the autopsy of the human body was quite acceptable, the scientist was given the opportunity to widely apply the section to study the structure and functions of the human body.

So, herofil born in 300 BC. e. In Viphinpp, the student of Praksagora Koskoy and Chrysippa, taught anatomy in Museyon and was engaged in the opening of human corpses to show and research them. Anata Straton Lammnsak, a friend of Gerofila, was a good experimenter. Herophile, according to the testimony of the Turratolian, publicly opened more than 600 corpses. Herofplu managed to correctly describe the structure of many organs of the human body. He distinguished the veins from the arteries and noted the presence of blood in those in others. Herofil gave the name of the pulmonary veins, studied and described the anatomy of the liver, pancreas and genitals.

With special care, the Herofpl studied vessels and heart.The push of the pulse wave, according to herofila, is reported to arteries from the heart. Studying the pulse, it set four phases: systole, diastole and two intermediate intervals. Herophile measured the pulse rate with water watches. He studied the eye, the optic nerve and the mesh shell, the brain, his connection with the spinal cord. He established a distinction between tendons and nerves, conducting sensations, although in Greek and tendon, and nerves were one name - "nerves". Herofil separated sensitive nerves from the motor. Herofila Alexandrian needs to be considered the founder of scientific anatomy.

The contemporary of Herofila Erasistraist, according to Pliny, - a relative of Aristotle, belonging to the Book School, worked for many years in the Alexandrian Museyon and, together with herofil, studied the vascular apparatus. He explored the Milky mesense vessels in living goats, the brain, his nervous centers and gyruses. He died about 240 g. BC. The studies of the erasistrate were devoted to the study of the function of organs. The erasistraist is considered the founder of scientific physiology, and we are obliged to the discovery of the method of experimental study of the crust and the convolutions of the brain. Anatomy in its broad sense has acquired the nature of independent science due to the works of scientists of the Alexandria school.

Galen studied the works of scientists of the Alexandria school, and they were the basis of his medical knowledge and views. Having studied with the great thoroughness of the work of his predecessors, especially their contemporaries, quoting their works and referring to them, Galen retained for subsequent generations of their PM-on and achievements in science, since the compositions of many of them permanently died as the extensive Alexandria library and her The richest archives and in the death of other books in the turbulent era of the collapse of the ancient world and the invasion of the heated eastern conquerors.

Galen's journey to Alexandria extremely expanded the range of his knowledge and interests. He greedily watched and studied all the sciences of interest. Galen knew all the Greek adverbs, as well as Latin, Ethiopian and Persian languages. For more than 6 years held Galen on a journey and, when he returned to Pergam again, became a doctor at the school of gladiators, where 4 years was engaged in surgery. In 164, a 34-year-old scientist moved to Rome and soon became popular there as an educated lecturer and an experienced doctor; He was known to the emperor and philosopher Mark Abreliya, got sick with the Peripatetics Eevitem, known in Rome by the philosopher, whom he heal and who glorified him as a stemless doctor.

The noisy life in Rome and the hostile attitude of some doctors of Dogmatics to Galen forced him to leave Rome and take a new journey in Italy. Then he visited Pergam and and Smyrna, where he visited his mentor Pelops. At the invitation of emperors, Mark Aurelia and Lucia Vera, he returned to Rome again through Macedonia.

Galen, having made a popular physician and supervising patients from Roman nobility, did not refuse assistance and the poor patients. The Roman Patricia of Boeotias, together with friends Galen insisted at the opening of the course of lectures on anatomy, Pelon read them in the temple of the world with an extensive audience of interest to the science of citizens and representatives of medicine.

In their lectures, Galen demonstrated the openings of various animals. At the same time, he survived the hard shock - the loss of his manuscripts burned during a fire in the temple of the world, where the entire Palatinsky library was died, stored there. Rome Galen wrote a lot of works and among them their main anatomy-physiological composition "De Usu Partium Corporis Humani" ("On the appointment of parts of the human body"). He is the author of more than 125 works.

Galen, a universal scientist, wrote not only medical treatises, but also philosophical, mathematical and legal proceedings. About 80 people belonging to him are reached. They relate to anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, therapy, hygiene, dietics, obstetrics and embryology. He wrote his works in Greek, p language his research works are interesting for a linguist. Galen carefully studied anatomy and in his studies sought to rely on the facts extracted by anatomy. He wrote: "It is necessary to know exactly the functions and, above all, the structure of each part, exploring the facts open by anatomy, and personally observing; After all, now the books of those who call themselves an anatomas are replete with thousands of mistakes "(" On the appointment of parts of the human body ", KN. II, ch. VII).

Galen also wrote: "Who wants to contemplate the creation of nature, should not trust the writings on anatomy, but must rely on his eyes, or visiting us or someone from those who usually work with us, or must independently do anatomy from love for science independently "(" On the appointment of parts of the human body ", KN. II, Ch. III).

About scientists who brought up Galen's views, he said: "Be indulgent to previous anatomies, if a difficult fact has escaped from their explosions" ("On the appointment of parts of the human body", KN. VII, Ch. XIV).

Galen attached very important importance to the study of the anatomy and physiology of animals on the basis of his own experience. These works are particularly important in its extensive scientific heritage.

The main source of knowledge, an infallible teacher of Truth Galen considered nature. All his work is anthem nature.

Galen wrote more than once: "Everything that is created by nature is excellent." "Learn the words describing the amazing mysters of nature." Naturalist Galen rustically studied nature. The path of research aspirations Galen was absolutely correct and advanced for his time.

Predecessors and contemporaries Galen, explaining the origin of the world, considered the "Creator of all things" the deity. Galen preferred another term - "demiurg", so called the leading officer in some Greek republics.

Deep studies of Galen in the field of studying the organism of animals and humans were a huge shift in the development of medical science.

All his studies Galen conducted mainly on corpses of various animals: dogs, pigs, bears, single-speed, ruminants and especially monkeys, mainly lower. By virtue of the cult laws of the Romans, who forbidden the autopsy of the dead, he was forced to resort to the study of animal organs, comparing them with the organs of the human body. These episodic capabilities of comparisons were rare. The anatomy of man Galen managed to study on the corpses of those killed in war, on bodies convicted to steal wild beasts, in the study of Russian wounds and on the corpses of secretly born babies thrown into the street. The difficulty of producing human corpses and their research was the cause of many Galen errors in the descriptions of the organs of the human body.

The huge merit of Galen was that he was aware and often corrected his mistakes and mistakes of other anatoms.He wrote: "How dare you say that the monkey in everything (italics is mine. - V. T.) is like a person" ("On the appointment of parts of the human body", KN. I, Ch. XX). He dreamed of the opportunity to explore and correctly describe the structure of the human body. In the work of "De Usu Partium Corporis Humani" he wrote: "Among these shortest living beings is a person, to describe the structure of which is our present goal" ("On the appointment of parts of the human body", KN. VIII, Ch. I). It was the main purpose of its anatomical research.

If Galen failed to fully accomplish the intended work, then he was still a huge merit that he gave a detailed special description of all the anatomical structures studied by him.

One of the main writings Galen "De Anatomia" ("On Anatomy") consists of 16 books; It came to us nine of them. These books are written in Greek, which at that time was a generally accepted language in science. In this study, Galen gives a consistent and complete description of the structure of the body.

Along with a large number of morphological observations, research and discoveries Galen belongs to one of the first places in the application of the experimental method for studying the anatomy. Anatomical views are pretty detailed, they developed all departments, but not equally fully. Osteology has been studied more thoroughly studied in Alexandril. Describing the bones, Galen noted, chtto they are covered in a living organism with a membrane - periosteum. He differed in the skeleton of the bone of the long, having a canal with a bone marrow, and the bones are flat, devoid of the canal. In Kostya, he described apophysis, diaphysis and epiphysis. True, the term "Diaphiz" Galen understood not, as we understand it now. The first two terms reached up to our time in Galenovsky interpretation. Preserved and entered into the anatomical terminology of GalenovskPy Termin-TroChanter (Trokhanter).

In their morphological descriptions, Galen relatively described the skull; He noted the merit of the hypocratic, which describes four forms of head (skull) and each of the seams, which Galen wrote in his main work "On the appointment of parts of the human body".

Galen's teeth considered the skeleton bones. He was engaged in the study of the origin of the teeth and described it in his anatomical treatise.

In the axial skeleton, the spine, Galen described 24 vertebrae of a person who are moving to a sacral and cochochy bone. On the lumbar vertebra Galen found a process inherent in a monkey and the missing person. Persons Galen considers the most important reference bone, but describes it consisting of three fragments, i.e., such as he saw him in pigs. Galen correctly described the clavicle, ribs and other bones of a man, he described in cholemia, not on the human skeleton, but on the skeletons of animals. He believed that the breast consists of seven parts and triangular cartilage, i.e. like dogs.

Galen described the bones of the upper and lower extremities. In its bona fide osteological descriptions there are still inevitable inaccuracies.

As for the teachings of Galen on bones' connections, he noted and called two types of compounds: darteroses - mobile connections, and synartroses are fixed. Diarrosis, he divided into Anarthrosis, Arthodia and Ginglym. Galen's synartroses subdivided on the seams, homophoz n flat spurs, such as the symphiz of pubic bones. This classification of Galen is adopted for joints and in modern anatomy. But still, in the descriptions of Galen, there are many inaccuracies, especially in the description of the league-tous and articular devices of a person.

The merit of Galen in the study of the active apparatus of the movement.Galen wrote a treatise entitled to them "On the anatomy of the muscles". In his myiological treatise, Galen one of the first researchers was systematically and systematically studied muscle anatomy.

The absence of an anatomical nomenclature, which was developed only in the XVI century in the writings of Jacques Dubois-Silvia (1478-1555) and Adrian Spiegelia (1578-1625), very complicates the clarification of the texts of Galen, describing the muscles. About 300 muscles are described by Galen. He correctly described the muscles of his eyes, but did not describe the block muscle. Galen studied the muscles of the neck, back, larynx, chewing muscles. The term "Masseter" Galen offered the same as the term "Cremaster".

Galen first described the seabic muscle of the neck - Plazpa. He described the popliteal muscles and Achillovo tendon originating from the calf muscle. But many Muscles Galen did not indicate the terms. So, a bulbous-cavernous muscle he simply called the muscle of the cervical bubble. In its description, Galen's muscle anatomy celebrated some muscles that do not exist in humans. At the same time, he incorrectly described the points of attachments and the function of some existing muscles in humans. Studying the muscles, Galen described the heart-shaped, inter-care muscles, but did not know about the existence of a muscle in humans, which antiplosing a thumb - characteristic of a person, described the brush of monkeys, not a person.

On the famous portrait of Andrei Kresalia, the work of the artist Van Calcar, applied to the first edition of his treatise "On the structure of the human body", Kezalia is depicted in a suspended corpse and the preparing brush hands. On the table in front of him is the manuscript of the Latin Text Galen, in which the movements of the five fingers of the brush are described. This text seems to emphasize that a weak point in Galen's studies is a brush of a human hand, as it is described incomplete and wrong, and Vezalia demonstrates it in their portrait, in which the compositions probably also participated.

Galen experimentally showed that the limb alternately bends internal, then externalized with outdoor muscles. So, describing the fifth muscle, the greatest, in his opinion, from all the muscles of the body, leading the thigh p consisting of a large, medium and small muscles attached to the inner and rear parts of the femoral edge and descending down almost to the knee joint, he analyzing it The function, wrote: "The rear fibers of this muscle, coming from the sedlication bone, strengthen the leg, straining the joint. No less strongly this action is made by the lower portion of fibers coming from the pubic bone, what is still easy to join rotary traffic Inside. The above their lying fibers lead the thigh inside in the same way as the top lead and at the same time are somewhat lifted by the thigh "(" On the appointment of parts of the human body ", kN. XV, ch. VIII; cunner, p. 885). Thoroughly studying the muscles, Galen noted: "Can you foresee the effects of injury, not knowing the longitudinal, transverse or oblique direction of the muscle?" ("On the appointment of parts of the human body"). So the observational researcher Galen associated the structure of the body with the forecast of its cure during injuries.

Hungiology in Galen is presented extensively and thoroughly, according to the views of that era. He considered the heart to be a "compidant" organ, and not with the muscle, because it did not find the presence of nerve sprigs characteristic of skeletal muscles. The location of the heart was mistakenly determined in the center of the chest.

Galen correctly described the coronary vessels of the heart and arterial Botalals duct.

Galen's heart shape considered permeable for blood, which could leak through her left heart into the right.

This look was unshakable up to the era of Nezelia, who, as well as his predecessors, could not discover these holes in the partition between muscle crypts, but did not reject their existence. Only a description of a small pulmonary circle of blood circulation by Mikhail Servero in the XVI century and a complete, comprehensive accurate description of the blood and heart movement made by William Gorel in the XVII century, finally outlined this never detected the permeability of the deaf partition of the heart. So persistent were in their long-term driving unconfirmed by the life and experience of the hypothesis, expressed by the continued authorities of science.

Heart, according to Galen, is a body that gives the beginning to all the arteries of the body, as the liver gives the beginning of all veins. The arteries system, according to Galen, spreads the air in the body, which "roots of the arteries" is obtained from the lungs through the arterial vein, which is currently the pulmonary artery. He wrote that the air during her through it goes to the left atrium, then goes into the left ventricle and, finally, in the aorta. According to Galen, "When light expands, blood flows and fills all lung veins; When it is reduced, there is a blood sampling, which is why the constant blood movement is possible in the veins there and back. " This complex and confusing representation only in the XVII century received the right permission in the ingenious work of Ganeva on blood circulation. Galen carefully studied and described the walls of the arteries as structures, more thickened in comparison with the walls of the veins, which are equipped, in his opinion, the only one's own shell.

Galen in the composition "De Facultatibus Naturalibus" experimentally proved the error of the erasistraist, claimed that the arteries carry air, and the blood penetrates them after the dissection of their wall. Galen tied up from both sides the long segment of the artery and, cutting it, showed that it was not air, but blood.

Galen described the veins, arguing that they receive nutrients from the intestine and then provide them with the liver. Veins penetrate the liver through the gate - "porta" presented in the liver in the form of a transversely running gap. Galen believed that there is a connection, on modern terminology, "anastomosis", between the veins system and the arteries. He described the veins of the brain, which in modern anatomy retained his name.

The genetic section of the splash is most weakly described. The intestinal tube, although described by him built of several layers, but still inaccurately, the pack as if he describes something secondary to the development between the longest intestines of herbivores and more shouted in carnivorous animals.

Galen experimentally proved that when in the stomach of the animal "welding is over, the lower hole of the stomach opens and food is easily descended there (in the intestine), even accompanied by large number Kameshkov, nucleoli or other items unable to contact Hilus. This we can see on the animal, having calculated the transition of food down ... "In the digestion, the output from the stomach is reliably closed, and" ... the stomach tightly covers food is like the uterus worst the fruit, for it is not possible to find an empty place in the uterus nor in the stomach ... "

"When the welding came to an end, the gatekeeper opened and the stomach, like guts, discovered peristaltic movements."

According to Galen, from the stomach and intestines, the food cashem moves by the expelled force, which it correctly called the peristaltic movement; The term "peristaltike kinesis" belongs to Galen.

Galen intently studied the digestion process and said that it depends on the strength of the stomach. The stomach attracts, retains and changes the food substances.

The liver Galen considered the blood formation organ and described four shares in it, which is characteristic of the structure of the liver of animals. A gile bubble of a man, Galen, has two ducts: bubble and bile, and both of them, in his opinion, fall into the duodenum.

Bile Galen considers blood purification by the product; Yellow bile is a caustic liquid, which, falling in an excessive amount in the stomach, can destroy its walls and therefore erupts vomiting, and attending in normal quantity, ensures the removal of mucus from the digestive tract.

Galen's spleen told the auxiliary body involved in the processing of unclean blood. An unknown surplus in the form of black bile is distinguished with the participation of the spleen and enter the digestive tract, helping its knitting properties to reduce it and digestion.

Galen described the gland, marking its protective function. He recalled the gladiator operated on to them, who removed the gland from the wound. This patient Galen subsequently always felt sharply and warmed the belly of woolen clothing. Galen described the gland as a support organ for vessels. Galen act of breathing considered arbitrary. He argued that when singing and protection against caustic smoke or when immersed in water, a person can, without harm, to detain her breathing. Light with deep breath, expanding, fill the whole cavity of the chest. Galen investigated the structure of the respiratory tube. He described the respiratory apparatus to which the lads attributed, a harsh artery (trachea), bronchi, lungs and their vascular apparatus, heart, its left ventricle and vessel system, pulmonary arteries and veins.

Galen noted the presence of a moisturizing larynx apparatus in the form of a fatty and viscous mucus that protects the tight structures of the voice apparatus. He compared the structure of the larynx with the Flute structure. The study by Galen structure and larynx functions deserves much attention. Interesting the ratio between the respiratory movements and the pulse rate, which noted in his clinical and logical observations Galen. It is of great interest his treatise "On the types of pulse", which testifies to the sophisticated research ability of the author, about the rare gift of subtle surveillance. Galen wrote: "I did myself about the science of the pulse, but who after me wants to devote himself to this science in our pathetic age when no one recognizes the other God except wealth? But still, find a thousand at least one person who will study and understand my work, I will rather be rewarded for my efforts "(CUNN. EAST. DR. Honey., Vol. III, p. 872). Heart traffic is the alternation of systole and diastole, Galen diligently observed on living animals.

Galen was known to distinguish between arterial and venous blood. He believed that all the blood is spent on the food of the body parts without returning it, in the heart, while resuming in the body from the food juice of the liver. According to Galen, this blood passed from the liver to the right ventricle, here it was saturated with a pneumatic and in this form entered the artery for the blood supply to the "noble bodies". Galen believed that the pulsating force of the arteries is the main engine of blood by vessels. He paid the attention of the activities of a breast barrier, described the function of intercostal and cervical muscles involved in the act of breathing. Studying the act of breathing, Galen experimented a lot and found that the cross section of the spinal cord, made above the place of formation of the diaphragmal nerve, causes paralysis of the blessing barrier, thereby proving the participation of the spinal cord in the diaphragm function.

The structure of the lung, according to the descriptions of Galen, is made up of the branches of the respiratory throat, the pulmonary arteries, veins and air parenchyma, first described by the Erazotrath.

Galen exercised experiments on experimental animals with the removal of a part of the chest wall with intercostal muscles to prove that the lungs are not fragmented with a thoracic wall. He also studied the urogenital apparatus: the purpose of the kidneys, according to Galen, is to remove excess water from the blood and mainly from the vein hollow system. Small kidney tubules are filled with a watery liquid and isolated it from the body in the form of urine.

Galen on experience proved that not only in a living animal, but also the dead urine meets the obstacle to return from the bubble in the ureters. Thus, the inverse urine current is not possible, since it prevents the flaking of the valve, covered with the mucous membrane. This is a convincing and correct Galen experiment.

Studying the comparative morphology of Genitals, Galen expressed an interesting thought of parallelism in the structure of male and female bodies. In his opinion, the ovaries in women correspond to the eagles in men; uterus - scrotum; Inteni lips - extreme flesh. The bourgeois of the uterus of the uterus of a woman Galen rejected, but paired phallopy pipes considered it as if her start. In the treatise "About seed", he referred to his experience - the operation of removal of ovary in animals, which is not safe. He wrote: "It is unlikely that we are unlikely to follow the advice of those who would like to apply it on a person to remove some egg tumors." It is necessary to think that already in the 2nd century n. e. Operation of ovariectomy in some way practiced, and Galen warned its contemporaries in the era of the complete absence of antiseptics and asepsis from such an intervention, pointing to them on the greater danger and difficulty of such an operation.

Galen's female sexual tube considered as a delay in the development of a male sex tube. In his opinion, "Cold Nature", inherent in the female organism, on the views of that time, and causes this defective development. Galen's view deserves a great interest, although he does not correspond to modern views on the homology of the development of genitals. This view is all the more surprising that Galen did not notice the famous fact that the difference in the floors begins to manifest itself only from the fifth month of the intrauterine life of the human embryo. Without noting any of these gtlnotes of evolution, it is still a provo-zz.t parallelism of development.

Merit Galen is especially large in the field of research nervous system. Studying the nervous system, he successfully continued to develop the basic concepts of Alk Meon and Hippocrat, arguing that the center of thinking and feeling is the brain. The cerebellum and the spinal cord Galen considered the brain out of the brain as the PZ of some root. Galen's brain considered the source of the organism's motor ability, and not at all with iron, cooling mucus heat of the heart, as Aristotle considered. Wanting to prove it on the experiment, Galen Colopte and Zauren-Mal heart with forceps, it did not cause disorders of the sensitive sphere or consciousness. When he did such irritation in the brain, they always accompanied the lotteries of sensitivity and consciousness. Such an experiment Galen denied the concept of Aristotle that the heart is the center of the body's sensitivity.

Galen, exploring the substance of the brain, noted that the brain was softer in the front department and is denser in the rear section, in the cerebulisman and in the spinal cord, especially in its end.

Galen carefully described all brain departments: brain spike, side or front ventricles, medium ventricle, fourth ventricle, arch, employee for maintaining severity located above it parts of the brain P to protect ventricles from pressure on them. Galen noted between the posterior legs of the brain. pinshamid gland, cerebellum, cerebellum worm and quadruses. He mentioned a funnel, on which the wet iron is suspended - brain appendage.

Describing the spinal cord, Galen noticed: "Know that the spinal cord gives rise to all dense nerves, and its lower end is the most dense that the brain is the source of all soft nerves, and the center of its front part is designed for the safest; Finally, the place of the compound of the head and spinal cord is the beginning of the medium-sized nerve substance. " Galen noted the existence of the bodies of senses with the brain. He made a number of interesting experiences with the cut of the spinal cord at various levels of its stretch and tried to establish his role and importance in the motor acts of the body and in sensitive perceptions. Capturing the transverse spinal cord, Galen observed the loss of sensitivity and motor disorders in areas below the sections below. Running the spinal cord throughout its length, it has not noted disorders or sensitive, nor motor. Cut the spinal cord between the Atlanta and the population or between the Atlanta and the epiprephem, he watched the offensive of the animal death immediately after the rear.

Your wonderful conclusion made on the basis of an experiment on the "living" nervous system of the animal, Galen formulated as follows: "If you dissociate some kind of nerve or spinal cord, then part of the body underlying the sections and remaining due to the brain, retain still abilities, Outgoing from this beginning, meanwhile, as the whole part underlying the cut below is not able to more inform this organ either movement or sensitivity. Galen did a partial resection of the substance of the brain, even led the hemisphere of the brain, while the animal did not lose the ability of the movement and did not lose sensitivity. Paralysis he observed only when he opened the stomach brain; This was particularly sharply manifested in damage to the fourth ventricle of the brain, accompanied by a full paralysis of the animal.

The message about Claudia Galene, the Roman philosopher, the physician and the surgeon of Greek origin is set out in this article.

Claudius Galen Brief biography

Great Medic and Surgeon (years of life Claudius Galen 129 or 131 - about 200 or 217 years old) was the son of a rich architect, who gave his son a good education, the opportunity to travel a lot. After the death of his father, he studied in Corinth, Smyrna, Crete, Cyprus, Kilicia and Alexandria.

Thoroughly studying the art of medicine, he returns to Pergam and is engaged in the treatment of gladiators. Peak its popularity as a doctor he reached in Rome, where Galen after moved. His career was very successful. But for incomprehensible reasons, the doctor sharply sells his property and returns again to Pergam.

Two years later, Galen in his military camp, the emperor Aubreli himself causes himself. The healer, together with his troops, returns to Rome and continues to engage in medical practice and science. He studied physiology and anatomy in detail, conducting experiments and experiments. Claudius Galen conducted his experiments on animals. Due to his persistence and hardworking, the structure of the human body was able to describe the title of joints, bones and muscles. Scientist wrote classic work called "On parts of the human body"which outlined the world's first anatomy-physiological description of the human body. They were presented the nervous system and functional features of the internal organs. The doctor also noted the similar quality of the monkey and man.

In the old age, Clavdy Galen decided to return home where he died. In the field of medical science, he enjoyed great authority. And even his erroneous theories were not refuted neither with contemporaries, no descendants up to the era of the Renaissance.

For his life, he wrote many works on philosophy and medicine. Galen is the creator of the theory of blood circulation, the founder of pharmacology. He owns a description of three hundred of human muscles and determined the meaning of the nerves in human organism.

• He owns a description of 300 human muscles.
• He was the first to prove that the dorsal and brain are responsible for movement, sensitive and mental activities. Earlier it was believed that the role is performed by the heart.
• The doctor first across the spinal cord.
• Proved that blood moves by arteries, and not a pneuma, as previously assumed.
• His hand owns more than 400 work on medicine, pharmacology and philosophy. But only 100 works came to us. The meaning of the treatises of Galen is huge - he classified the collected compounds by pharmacy, medicine, pharmacology, anatomy and physiology accumulated by antique scientists.
• In his works, he mentioned more than 304 plants, 60 minerals and 80 animals.

Claudius Galen: Report You can expand the data about it

3.6.2. Great Ancient Roman doctor Galen

Someone may seem that in this book it would be possible to limit the father of medicine by hippocrates. But I would like to emphasize that the study by a person's own body did not stop for several millennia. In this important occupation for all mankind, the ancient Medic Galen takes a noticeable place.

He was born around 130 in the city of Pergama. The young man was preparing to become a philosopher, studied the works of Greek and Roman thinkers. After the death of his father, a famous architect, he got a great inheritance and went on a journey. In Smyrna, Corinth, Alexandria he was engaged in philosophy and anatomy. It is believed that Galene dreamed of a dream who was interpreted in the sense that he should do medicine.

Upon returning to Pergam Galen became a doctor at the school of gladiators, where he acquired a huge practical experience. In Russia, students of medical universities learn to make injections and put droppers on unrequited old women in budgetary hospitals. And Galen practiced gladiators ...

At the doctor in ancient Rome. Figure on a vase

It is not surprising that at the age of thirty-four, Galen became a court doctor of the emperor Mark Aurelia and his son Commoda. Galen was widely known and can be considered one of the first educational enlighteners. He read the anatomy rate not only for doctors, but also for everyone. It was impossible to anatomize the bodies of people. He had to use dogs, pigs, bears and even monkeys as an illustrative material.

Galen lived or seventy, or eighty years - here the sources diverge in opinions.

Of the four hundred works of Galen in philosophy, medicine and pharmacology, about a hundred came to us. He proved that not the heart, but the head and spinal cord are "the focus of movement, sensitivity and mental activity." Galen concluded that "no nerve there is not a single part of the body, not a single movement called arbitrary, nor a single feeling." He described about three hundred muscles. Galen proved that blood is moving in the arteries, not a pneuma.

Galen systematized the representations of ancient medicine in the form of a unified teaching, which was the theoretical basis of medicine until the end of the Middle Ages. He contributed to the development of bibliography in ancient Rome, creating two bibliographic pointers: "On the procedure of own books" and "On our own books". The first of them is a kind of introduction to the collection of writings Galen with recommendations on what sequence should be read. In the introduction of the second pointer, it is said about the purpose of the work: to help the reader to distinguish the true works of Galen from those that are attributed to him. The chapters adopted a systematic grouping of works: work on anatomy, therapy and forecast of disease, comments on the works of hippocratic, work aimed against individual medical schools, works on philosophy, grammar and rhetoric.

Galen is considered the founder of pharmacology. "Galenic drugs" and today they call tinctures and ointments prepared in certain ways.

Galen said: "Start from the table slightly hungry, and you will always be healthy." This phrase is often quoted today.

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In the second century BC e. The center of philosophical thought of change-stood from Greece to Rome. Naturally, the effect of in front of the Greek philosophers has not been preserved. Many fi-losophical schools discussed issues of ethics, astrology, eclectically mixing various doctrines. The views of these schools were increasingly inclined to mysticism. The approval of Christianity as the official religion of ancient Rome led to the closure of philosophical schools.

In the history of the ancient medicine, the outstanding role of Soc County Alexandria doctors, founded in Goro de Alexandria, a Herophilus physician (born in 300 BC). His merits in the development of anatomical knowledge put it in the category of classics anatomy. It is possible that it is he who is the forerunner of the famous Andrei Kezalie in the exact description of the nerves, arteries and veins, liver, the head, the respiration, isolation and reproduction. His examinations were continued by another anatomist with an anatomist (mind. In 240 BC).

A subsidiary School "Empirikov" was subsequently allocated from the Alexandrian school, whose representatives of the ab-salted specific knowledge, refusing any theoretical explanations and conclusions. It is possible that the cause of the dispersion of doctors and philosophers at this stage was deep discrepancies in the views on living nature, the confrontation of numerous philo-sophilic flows.

In any case, the beginning of the alienation of medicine from philosophy was laid, and the famous Claudian Galen (approx. 130 - approx. 201 yd. Er), which rose to the top of the Medical Olympus during the time of ancient Rome, was not involved in any of the events then philosophical schools. Naturally, he could not remain beyond the influence of philosophical doctrines, and the teleological understanding of the organization of the human body reflects in his work the praise of the creative start of nature, his creature role. He left more than 100 works on purely philosophical issues and was looking for a means of filing the intention of God in philosophy. For Galen, a person is a perfect work of art, and the author of this work is God.

Claudia Galen, we have the right to call an outstanding nephery, a large physiologist, great anatom. It is difficult to find such a region of knowledge in the robust of these sciences, which would be OK-Located outside the scope of Galen. Surprisingly comes to the time he managed to write his works. It is known that the total number of its essays reaches 250. They included not only the information drawn from the manuscripts of Galen's predecessors, which he diligently read, but also its own materials mined in the process of personal investigations, including anatomical.

The peak of the achievements of the anatomy during the domination of the Ancient Roman Empire will certainly be considered the works of Galen. This scientist owns the merit of almost encycle-lopeed presentation of scientific data on anatomy, physiology, medicine accumulated by the time. Eru-Diotia Galen causes respectful surprise. It seemed that no manuscript was existed to be a mediocre, which would remain an unknown to this widely ordinary doctor. The philosophical armament of Galen does not cause any doubt. But no less interesting was the issues of natural scientific knowledge for him. The causal connection of the phenomena, he understands the mechanism-ski, and the movement is considering within the limited living circle. The legacy of the ancient dialectic is not a heathing Galen, it is not surprising, therefore, that his medical-cine doctrines carry a print of a well-known meta-physical limitation.

Anatomy of Galen is designed to answer the question: what is it? To do this, we must consider the body, determine how it is built. It is anatomical data that makes it possible to estimate the very substance of the object, its material sub-strata. But what is defined requires the name. So they are anatomical terms and attempts to systematize facts.

From the point of view of modern science, in the physiological representations of Galen a lot of naive. But for the II century n. e. These ideas are the highest point of the speculative reasoning, an attempt to solve a lot of complex issues to solve a logical way. The natural philosophical nature of anatomical-physiological works Galen leaves no doubt.

As Anata Galen made a lot of new things in science: he led to the system accumulated knowledge, made an attempt to raise the functional purpose of each organ, explaining the filament of the structure. However, the mistakes admitted to them in the descriptive anatomy, the teleological assessment of observed facts, distorted ideas about the functions of the organs predetermined the inevitability of the wasting of the entire system of its anatomical-physiological knowledge at the first objective verification.

The contradiction of his philosophical views was inevitably behaved to such an outcome. Claudius Galen was probably the last of the Mogican of Nice Pleiades of Medical Light Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman schools.

He has not yet broken up organic connections with anatomy, he was looking for an answer to their questions, but the routine was already argued around him, the days of the Great Rome were considered. Medical art has become the property of medicine castes. Missed interest in the theory. Medicine came to the state of stagnation. Castes monopolizi-turned their treatment principles. Thus, Paeon's PEONDIDS (selected teli) cultured the pseudo-free medium of treatment, allegedly indicated by the God of Eskulp. At their disposal were special temples for pain-penia. The same hospitals created asklepiad, who worshiped their primoapostol asclepia. With them competed by hyronides (descendants of the doctor Chironi) and other ka stons. The cult of the Eskulap is penetrated even in the Middle Ages.

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"Get up because of the table hungry, and you will always be healthy," said Roman healer II century AD spoke Claudius Galen., in the 13th centuries, conquered European medicine for its ideas. He believed that "Health is a type of harmony, but its borders are wide and not everyone has the same." His works on the anatomy were the basis for studying the structure of the human body up to the 16th century, until a new work appeared on the anatomy of Obesalis. Students studied medicine by Galen until the XIX century.

It is believed that the name of the Claudius attached to Galene in the Renaissance era, erroneous, and comes from the incorrect decryption of the Latin abbreviation CL. (Clarissimus is a light) who signed Galen's works. Ancient Roman Medic was born in 129 AD, and died between 200 and 217 years.

Galen's father was a rich sculptor with versatile glances in various fields. He was interested in philosophy, logic, mathematics, astronomy, as well as literature and agriculture. Nikon put his son inquisite and passion for learning, he referred to the son of a philosopher's career and politics, and the boy began to engage in this direction. The young man spent a lot of time in the library of Pergamum, the biggest after the famous Alexandria. The ancient city of Pergam, the capital of the Pergham kingdom, was the largest cultural and intellectual center of the Hellenistic world. On the outskirts of the modern city of Bergama in Turkey are the ruins of this ancient city.

At that time, very seriously treated dreams and interpreted them as a direct indication of action. When Galen was about 16 years old, his father had a dream in which Asclepius (in the ancient Roman mythology, the God of Medicine) punishes Nikona to send the Son to study medicine. So Claudius Galen went to Askletpion, where he dedicated to the study of medicine for four years. Asclepion is an interesting institution, which is worth telling a little more. It was the most famous in Pergama and far beyond the temple. In it worshiped the cult of the god of the doctor of Asclepia. Coming from private ownership to the state, the temple acquired the status of shrines for pilgrimage. Since the priests were also in the Hellenistic world (the domination of the Greeks), and medicine was closely connected with religion, then Askletpion became a kind of hospital over time. Patients came to the priests for cure and at the same time sacrificed the temple. On the walls of the temple recorded entries and observations of diseases, which were often accompanied by prescriptions of drugs. In the sixth centuries to Galen, the beginning of medicine Hippocrates was studied.

When the Father Galen died, the young man was 19 years old. Supported by his father's legacy, he went to travel and learn medicine in the example of hippocratic. Travels gave a lot of medical knowledge, which he secured in the most authoritative and famous medical school Alexandria. After traveling for 9 years and returning to Pergam, he began medical practice. The first patients were gladiators of the high priest of Asia, a rich and influential person. The high priest arranged to doctors applying for a place, testing. Claudius Galen came out of them the winner, proving the brilliant knowledge of anatomy. After reviewing a monkey and rejecting her inside, he suggested that the colleagues rival with him lead a monkey into a normal state. After making sure that the Galen colleagues were signed in complete inability, the high priest of Asia gave him a doctor's place with his gladiators. In this position he spent several years, significantly reducing mortality among gladiators - up to five people against the sixty for the same period of his predecessors. He learned well anatomy, surgery, rules of fractures and dislocations. He also opened a huge impact on the health of physical exercises, diet and proactive measures.

Having moved to Rome and becoming a famous practicing doctor, Claudius could not pacify his ammunition character than the disapproval and anger on the part of his colleagues, less talented and successful doctors. At some point, Galen left Rome, fearing poisoning, but soon he returned, obliged to accompany the emperor Mark Aureliya and his co-program Lucia Vera during a wage of the War of the terrible epidemic of plague, carried away two thousand people a day. In total, five million people died in the epidemic. Later, the emperor sent Galen to his son's son, the future Emperor Commoda, to whom he served for many years. It is in service that Commoda Galen wrote his main works, many of which reached us, thanks to transfers to different languages. Of the 400 famous works of Galen, about 200 are devoted to medicine, but half was lost due to the fire of the temple of the world in Rome of 191. The temple of the world was a huge repository, where the warlords shouted their trophies, rich people - jewelry, and Galen used this treasury for his manuscripts.

Medicine is obliged to Claudia Galen with the creation of etiology - science of origin. He systematized the causes of disease and shared sources of ailments to external and internal. An ancient healer believed that anatomy and physiology is a foundation for diagnosis. Galen was the first one who described the technique of opening the brain. He introduced the concept of vivisection and put experiments on animals (monkeys, pigs, cows). Despite the fact that the opening of human bodies in the Western world at that time was not prohibited, the Ancient Roman doctor did not open the corpses of people, but studied human anatomy by analogy with the structure of the body of animals. Since he treated gladiators often had internal damage and fractures of the limbs, he was able to study in detail human anatomy, albeit with a large number of delusions. Galen has a description of about three hundred man sobs.

The Great Physician made important discoveries, studying the brain. He proved that during the excision of the brain substance, there is no pain syndrome. He explained the structure of the nervous system by analogy with a tree, from which the nerves diverge - branches that are responsible for movement and sensations. Galen opened the visual nerve going to the retina of the eye. He delivered doctors from delusion associated with the role of the heart in the human body, explaining that it was the head and spinal cord that is the basis of sensitivity, emotions and movement.

It was Galen who proved that blood is moving on the veins, and not "pneuma", as it was considered for many centuries.

In descriptions of practical medicine, the doctor assigned a great place to describe the diseases of the main human organs. Many recommendations are given on diseases of vision. Already then Galen treated people with electricity, which was mined from sea rods. He became the founder of pharmacology, creating many tinctures, drugs, pritratus, ointments. Cooked according to a special principle, they are still called - "Galenov preparations". The ladies are obliged to Galen invention of the first cosmetic cream - the so-called Koldkrema, which included pink water, oil and wax.

Claudius was a wonderful bibliographer. He ordered his books in a certain order, indicating the recommended sequence of reading and the principle of systematization on the purpose of work. So, in his opinion, it was possible to distinguish his work from fakes.

The influence of medical and philosophical, teaching and literary activities Galen on the minds of that time is tremendous. The church canonized his doctrine as "Galenism" and declared Claudia Galen Pillars of rational teaching. Up to the era of the Renaissance in many areas of science, the name and opinion of the admirement of the Great Medicine, until his authority, was unloaded by Paracels and the Nezalia, which we will tell about in the following articles.

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