Aristotle its main scientific ideas. Aristotle's philosophy briefly and understandable

02.09.2020

1. There are no "pure ideas", eidos, not related to the surrounding reality. They are the display of things and real world items;

2. There are only single and specifically certain things;

3. These things are called individuals (indivisible); That is, for example, there is only a specific horse in a particular place, and not the "idea of \u200b\u200ba horse", the embodiment of which this horse is, and a particular chair in a particular place and having his signs, and not the "idea of \u200b\u200ba chair", etc.

4. Individuals are primary essence, and the types and childbirth of individuals are secondary.

5. The answer to the question that such Being Aristotle gives through the statement about being, that is, through categories (statements - translated from ancient Greek).

6. Allocates 10 categories, one of which indicates what kind is, and the 9 remains give its characteristics. They are: Entity (substance), quantity, quality, place, time, attitude, position, condition, action, suffering.

8. Being is the essence (substance), which has the properties expressed by the following categories, quantities, quality, places, time, relationship, position, state, action, suffering.

The problem of man in the philosophy of Aristotle:

· A person on biological essence is one of the species of highly organized animals;

· Man differs from animals by the presence of thinking and mind;

· A person has a congenital tendency to live with himself like (that is, to live in the team).

· The need to live in the team leads to the emergence of society.

Problems of matter and consciousness in the philosophy of Aristotle:

1. Matter is a potency bounded by a form (copper ball is copper limited by balloon).

2. Everything on Earth has a potency (actually matter) and the form;

3. The change in at least one of these qualities leads to a change in the essence of the subject itself.

4. Reality is a sequence of transition from matter to form and on-form to matter.

5. Potency (matter) is a passive start, the form is active.

6. The highest form of all things is God who has being outside the world. God exists forever, like pure thought, happiness, complete self-condemning.

7. God is the target cause of any activity.

8. One God consists of a form without matter. This is the form of all forms.

9. The carrier of consciousness is the soul.

10. The philosopher highlights three levels of the soul:

· The plant soul is responsible for the functions of nutrition, growth and reproduction;

· Animal shower, except for these functions, complemented

features of sensation and desire;

· Reasonable (human) soul covers all the above functions and is complemented by the functions of reasoning and thinking.

Aristotle about the state:

· The regulatory mechanism of society (protection against enemies, maintaining internal order, promoting the economy, etc.) is the state.

· Highlights six types of state: monarchy; tyranny; aristocracy; extreme oligarchy; Globlera (the power of the crowd, ink, extreme democracy); Politium (a mixture of moderate oligarchy and moderate democracy).

· "Bad" state forms: tyranny, extreme oligarchy and hollocency.

· "Good" forms of state: monarchy, aristocracy and politics.

· The best form of the state is politia, the state of the "middle class" (the ideal of Aristotle).

The historical meaning of the philosophy of Aristotle:

· Criticism of the teaching of Plato on "clean ideas";

· Gave a materialistic interpretation of the origin of peace and man;

· Allocated 10 philosophical categories;

· Gave the definition of being through the category;

· Determined the essence of matter;

· Allocated six types of state and gave the concept of an ideal type - politics;

· Made a significant contribution to the development of logic;

· Located the basics of logic, psychology, biology, ethics, aesthetics as separate sciences.

Characteristic features Ancient Greek philosophy are:

· Professionalization of mental labor, the allocation of thinkers into a special group of people earning the means to the life of intellectual activities;

· The basis and development of the first philosophical schools;

· Preparation of personnel of intellectuals;

· Completion of the development of the main philosophical problem;

· Development of a conceptual category;

· The presence of versatile natural-encyclopedic knowledge;

· A distinct allocation of materialistic and idealistic trends in the development of ancient philosophy;

· Folding and achieving the highest level of the first historical form of dialectics;

· Cosmocentrism - the core idea of \u200b\u200bthe rod idea of \u200b\u200bthe first stage of ancient Greek philosophy.

Aphorisms Aristotle

To be free - it means to have equal rights to justice.

The internal distribution in the state does not arise due to the little things, but from the trifles.

All who pondered about the art of human management, are convinced that the fate of the empires depend on the education of young people.

Anger Does the time, hatred is incurable.

Act is the living unity of theory and practice.

In order to do without society, you have to be God, or cattle.

The purpose of democracy is freedom, oligarchy - wealth, aristocracy - upbringing and legality, tyranny - protection.

Philosophy begins in surprise.

Aristotle was distinguished by enviable wit. When he was told that someone squeaks him in absentia, Aristotle noticed: "He's absentia, even if you hurt me."

To the question of what quickly olds, Aristotle answered: "Thanks".

Modesty is the middle between shamelessness and shyness.

Conscience is the right court of a good man.

Vanity is the lowland desire to honor.

The most expensive spending is time.

I barely started living, we are dying, so there is nothing worthless than the pursuit of Glovy.

In life more empty than useful.

The main philosophical ideas of Aristotle

1. There are no''chish ideas'''''ids, eidos not related to the surrounding reality. ʜᴎʜᴎ are the display of things and real world items;

2. There are only single and specifically defined things;

3. These things are called individuals (indivisible); That is, for example, there is only a specific horse in a particular place, and not 'like a horse'''', the embodiment of which this horse is, and a particular chair, which is in a particular place and having his signs, and not 'child stool''''s, etc.

4. Individuals are primary essence, and the types and childbirth of individuals are secondary.

5. The answer to the question that such Being Aristotle gives through the statement about being, that is, through categories (statements - translated from ancient Greek).

8. Genesis - ϶ᴛᴏ Essence (substance), which has the properties expressed by the following categories, quantities, quality, place of time, relationship, position, state, action, suffering.

The problem of man in the philosophy of Aristotle:

· A person on biological essence is one of the species of highly organized animals;

· Man differs from animals by the presence of thinking and mind;

· A person has a congenital tendency to live with himself like (that is, to live in the team).

· The need to live in the team leads to the emergence of society.

Problems of matter and consciousness in the philosophy of Aristotle:

1. Matter - ϶ᴛᴏ potency bounded by the shape (copper ball - ϶ᴛᴏ copper bounded by balloon).

2. Everything on Earth has a potency (actually matter) and the form;

3. The change in at least one of these qualities leads to a change in the essence of the subject itself.

4. Reality - ϶ᴛᴏ Sequence of the transition from matter to form and on the form to matter.

5. Potency (matter) is a passive start, the form is active.

6. The highest form of this is God who has being outside the world. God exists forever, like pure thought, happiness, complete self-condemning.

7. God is a complete cause of any activity.

8. One God consists of a form without matter. This is the form of all forms.

9. Consciousness is a soul.

10. The philosopher highlights three levels of the soul:

· The plant soul is responsible for the functions of nutrition, growth and reproduction;

· Animal shower, except for these functions, complemented

features of sensation and desire;

· Reasonable (human) soul covers all the following functions and complemented by the functions of reasoning and thinking.

Aristotle about the state:

· The regulatory mechanism of society (protection against enemies, maintaining internal order, promoting the economy, etc.) is the state.

·'''Duvny'''''s forms of the state: tyranny, extreme oligarchy and hollocency.

· '' Khoroish''''m forms of the state: monarchy, aristocracy and politics.

· The best form of the state is politia, State of'Smed class'''' (ideal Aristotle).

The historical meaning of the philosophy of Aristotle:

· Criticism of the teaching of Plato about '' Calcular ideas'''''''''''s;

· Gave a materialistic interpretation of the origin of peace and man;

· Allocated 10 philosophical categories;

· Gave the definition of being through the category;

· Determined the essence of matter;

· Allocated six types of state and gave the concept of an ideal type - politics;

· Made a significant contribution to the development of logic;

· Located the basics of logic, psychology, biology, ethics, aesthetics as separate sciences.

Characteristic features of ancient Greek philosophy are:

· Professionalization of mental labor, separation of thought in a special group of people who earn money to the life of intellectual activity;

· The basis and development of the first philosophical schools;

· Preparation of personnel of intellectuals;

· Completion of the development of the main philosophical problem;

· Development of a conceptual category;

· The presence of versatile natural-encyclopedic knowledge;

· A distinct separation of materialistic and idealistic trends in the development of antique philosophy;

· Folding and achieving the highest level of the first historical form of dialectics;

· Cosmocentrism - the core idea of \u200b\u200bthe rod idea of \u200b\u200bthe first stage of ancient Greek philosophy.

The main philosophical ideas of Aristotle are the concept and species. Classification and features of the category "The main philosophical ideas of Aristotle" 2017, 2018.

1. Aristotle(384 - 322, GG. BC) - an ancient Greek philosopher of the classical period, a student of Plato, the educator of Alexander Macedonian.

In Ov the philosophical activity Aristotle passed three main stages:

367 - 347. BC e. (20 years old) - worked, starting from 17 years of age, at the Plato Academy and was his student (until the death of Plato);

347 - 335 BC e. (12 years old) - lived and worked in Pelle -Stolitsa Macedonian state at the invitation of Tsar Philippe; brought up Alexander Macedonian;

335 - 322. - founded his own philosophical school - Liqukey (peripatetic school) and worked in it until his death. The most famous works of Aristotle include:

"Organon", "Physics", "Mechanics", "Metaphysics", "About the Soul", "Animal History", "Nikomakhova Ethics", "Rhetoric", "Politics", "Athenian Polish", "Poetics".

2. The philosophy of Aristotle divided into three types:

theoreticalstudying the problems of being, various spheres of being, the origin of all things, the causes of various phenomena (received the name "primary philosophy");

practical -about human activity, state device;

poetic.

It is believed that in fact Aristotle as the fourth part of philosophy was allocated logics.

3. Considering the problem of being, Aristotle spoke with criticism of the philosophy of Plato,according to which the world It was shared on the "world of things" and "the world of pure (disembodied) ideas," and the "world of things" as a whole, like each thing individually, was only a material display of the corresponding "clean idea".

Plato's mistake, according to Aristotle, is that he touched the "world of ideas" from the real world and considered "pure ideas" beyond any connection with the surrounding reality, which has its own characteristics - length, peace, movement, etc.

Aristotle gives his interpretation of this problem:

there are no "pure ideas" that are not related to the surrounding reality, the display of which are all things and objects of the material world;

There are only single and specifically defined fancy;

These are merely called individuals(Translated - "indivisible"), that is, there is only a specific horse in a particular place, and not the "idea of \u200b\u200ba horse", the embodiment of which this horse is, a specific chair in a particular place and having his signs, and not the "idea of \u200b\u200ba chair" , a specific house that has exactly certain parameters, and not the "idea of \u200b\u200bthe house", and so on;

Individuals are the primary essence, and the types and childbirth of individuals (horses in general, at all at all, etc.) -Torch.

4. Since being is not "clean ideas" ("Eidosa") and their material reflection ("things"), the question arises: what is being?

Give an answer to this question (what is being) Aristotle is trying through statements about being,that is, through categories(Translated from the ancient Greek - statements).

Aristotle highlights 10 categories,which respond to the question (about being), and one of the categories suggests that being being, and 9 remaining its characteristics. These categories are:

Entity (substance);

Number;

Quality;

Relation;

Position;

Condition;

Act;

Suffering.

In other words, according to Aristotle, being- this essence (substance), which has the properties of quantity, quality, place, time, relationship, position, state, action, suffering.

A person is usually able to perceive only the properties of being, but not his essence. Also, according to Aristotle, the category is the highest reflection and generalization of the surrounding reality, without which the Being itself is unthinkable.

5. An important place in the philosophy of Aristotle is occupied problems of matter.

What is matter?

By aristotle, matter- this is a potency limited by form.(For example, a copper ball is copper bounded by balloon, etc.).

Referring to this problem, the philosopher also comes to the conclusions that:

Everything on Earth has a potency (actually matter) and the form;

The change in at least one of these qualities (either matter or form) leads to a change in the essence of the subject itself;

Reality is a sequence of transition from matter to form and from the form to matter;

Potency (material) is a passive principle, the form is active;

The highest form of all things is God who has being outside the world.

6. Carrier of consciousness, patariotyle, is soul.

Philosopher highlights three levels of soul:

vegetable soul;

Animal soul;

Reasonable soul.

As a carrier of consciousness, the soul also knows the functions of the body.

Vegetable soulresponsible for the functions of nutrition, growth and reproduction. These features (nutrition, growth, reproduction) is also animal soulhowever, thanks to her, the body is complemented by the functions of sensation and desire. Only reasonable (human) soul,encompassing all of the above functions, also ends with the functions of reasoning and thinking. This is what highlights a person from around the world around.

Aristotle materialistically approaches the problem of man. He believes that the human:

According to the biological essence, it is one of the types of high-organized animals;

Differs from animals by the presence of thinking and mind;

It has an innate tendency to live with itself similar (that is, to live in the team).

It is the last quality - the need to live in the team - leads to the emergence of society - a large team of people engaged in the production of material goods and their distribution living in one territory and the united language, related and cultural ties.

The regulatory mechanism of society (protection against enemies, maintaining internal order, promoting the economy, etc.) is the state.

7. Aristotle highlights six types of state:

Monarchy;

Tyranny;

Aristocracy;

Extreme oligarchy;

Oklokracy (the power of the crowd, extreme democracy);

Politium (a mixture of moderate oligarchy and moderate democracy).

Like Platon, Aristotle shares the "bad" forms of the state (tyranny, an extreme oligarchy and oxo) and "good" (monarchy, aristocracy and politics).

The best form of the state, according to Aristotle, is the Politium - a set of temperate oligarchy and moderate democracy, the state of the "middle class" (the ideal of Aristotle).

8. The historical importance of the philosophy of Aristotlein the fact that he:

made substantial adjustments to a number of provisions of Plato's philosophy, criticizing the doctrine of "clean ideas";

Gave a materialistic interpretation of the origin of peace and man;

Allocated 10 philosophical categories;

Gave the definition of being through categories;

Determined the essence of matter;

Allocated six types of state and gave the concept of an ideal type - politics;

Made a significant contribution to the development of logic (gave the concept of a deductive method - from private to the general, justified the system of syllogisms - withdrawals from two or more sentences).

Philosophy of Epicura

1. Epicur(341 - 270 BC. E.) - an ancient Greek philosopher materialist.

The philosophy of epikura is divided into three large sections:

Doctrine of nature and space ("physics");

The doctrine of knowledge ("canonika");

The doctrine of man and his behavior ("aesthetics").

2. The main provisions epicura doctrine on nature and spacethe following are:

Nothing comes from the non-existent and nothing becomes non-existent, because there is nothing besides the universe, which could enter it and make changes (the law of conservation of matter);

The universe is eternal and infinite;

All substances (all matter) consist of atoms and emptiness;

Atoms and emptiness are eternal;

Atoms are in constant motion (in a straight line, with deviations, faced with each other);

"The world of pure ideas" does not exist;

There are many material worlds in the universe.

3. "Canonika" (the doctrine of knowledge)relies on the following main ideas:

The world surrounding;

The main type of knowledge is sensual knowledge;

It is impossible to "contemplation by the mind" of any "ideas" or phenomena, if it was not preceded by sensual knowledge and feeling;

Feelings arise due to the perception of the learning entity (person) of the expirations (images) of the objects of the surrounding life.

4. "Aesthetics" of Epicura (the doctrine of man and his behavior)you can reduce such basic provisions:

By his appearance, a person owes itself (parents);

Man is the result of biological evolution;

Gods may exist (as the moral ideal), but they can't interfere with people and earthly affairs;

The fate of a person depends on himself from the circumstances, but not from the gods;

The soul is a special type of matter;

Man's soul is mortal, like the body;

A person should strive for happiness within the earth's life;

The happiness of a person is the pleasure;

Understood the absence of suffering, health, beloved affairs (and not sensual pleasures);

The norm of life should be a reasonable limitation (desires, needs), non-vulnerable and serenity (atraxia), wisdom.

Aristotle is the best student of Plato. But he managed to get out of the wing of the Great Teacher and create his philosophical system. Briefly and clearly set out the basic principles of being. His teaching can be divided into several major topics.

Logics

His works rightfully proud Aristotle introduced the concept of category. In total, he allocated 10 categories - the basic concepts needed for knowledge. A special place in this row is the concept of entity - what the subject is actually.

Only by operating categories, you can create statements. Each of them acquires its modality: chance, necessity, possibility or inability. Perhaps only if it meets all the laws of logical thinking.

The statements, in turn, lead to syllogism - logical conclusions from previous statements. Thus, from the already known, new knowledge is born, produced by logical reasoning.

Metaphysics

Metaphysics - philosophy, the teachings of Aristotle, according to which the idea of \u200b\u200bthe subject and its essence is inextricably linked. Each thing has 4 reasons.

Matter itself.
The idea of \u200b\u200bthe subject.
Features hidden in the subject.
The result of the creation act.

Matter itself wants to be decorated in the essence of the subject, this desire for Aristotle called Entelechia. The transition of the possibility of validity is an action. In the process of action, more and more advanced items are created. This movement seeks to perfection, and God is perfection.

God, as the embodiment of the idea of \u200b\u200bperfection, cannot be realized in something better, so its role is only contemplation. The universe in its development seeks to get closer to God as a certain ideal. He himself is in blissful inaction, but at the same time can not exist without the material world, like any other idea.

Physics

The philosophy of Aristotle briefly and understandably describes the world. The basis of the world is 4 traditional elements. They created on the basis of opposites: dry - wet, warm - cold. Warm elements - fire and air. Warm tend to top, and water and earth - down. Because of this movement in different directions, they are mixed, forming all items.

Aristotle represented himself a universe heliocentric. All planets are rotated around orbits around orbits, as well as the sun and the moon. Next are the fixed stars. They are alive creatures worth an order of magnitude higher than the person. All this is surrounded by a sphere filled with divine element - ether. This system of ideas about the world was a huge step forward, compared with more ancient ideas.

Nature and soul

All living on Earth has his soul, and what he has no, seeks to buy it. Aristotle's philosophy briefly and clearly shows all the variety of being on our planet. He highlighted 3 types of soul. Vegetable - lower level, its purpose only nutrition. Animal - Feeling soul, animals are able to feel and respond to the outside world. Human is the highest form of the soul, possible on Earth. The soul can not exist without its material body.

Based on the idea of \u200b\u200bthe development, the whole natural world also seeks to go to new level. She strives to go into plants, plants in animals, animals in a person, a man in God. This development is manifested in the fact that life is becoming brighter and more diverse. There is a peculiar evolution of the soul in the desire for perfection. So, the soul that reached the highest point merges with God.

Ethics

Knowledge of what is good, is not a virtue yet. The philosophy of Aristotle briefly and clearly shows, a craving for good can be created only by means of a numerous repetition of exercises aimed at ensuring that the act of good becomes unconsciously.

Good is the domination of the mind over the lower passions. The most important thing is not to fall in extremes. Delight should be called not by vicious actions, but awareness of its morality.

Home Value is justice. Every person must try to do everything for the good of his state. The basis of the state is the family. The head is indisputable by a man, but the woman does not lose their liberty. Children have less rights and are obliged to obey in all the will of the head of the family.

Although Aristotle spoke a lot about the values \u200b\u200bof freedom, he considered slavery. Wild people set themselves to them almost tween with animals, unable to develop virtue. And so that these virtues can develop citizens of Greece, they can not work physically.

About what is the philosophy of Aristotle written a lot of books. But the main provisions can be stated short enough. His idea about the world and nature fully corresponded to his time and even something was before.

Unlike Plato Aristotle (384-322) denied ideas like the essence of things. He believed that the essence of things is out of things, the essence of things is the connection of shape and matter.

In "Metaphysics", Aristotle develops the doctrine of the causes and initially everything. The reasons are these:

A) mother- "What". The variety of things that exist objectively. Matter is eternal and unable, it cannot arise from nothing, to increase or decrease in its quantity, it is inert and passive. Formless matter is non-existence. Primary-molded matter is expressed in the form of five primary elements (elements): air, water, land, fire and ether (heavenly substance).

B) form- "What". Essence, stimulus, target, as well as the cause of the formation of diverse things from monotonous matter. Creates forms of a variety of things from matter God. Aristotle approaches the idea of \u200b\u200ba single being thing, phenomena: it represents the merger of matter and forms.

C) acting, or producing reason, "then, from where." Characterizes the moment of time from which the existence of things begins. The beginning of all the God began to be. There is a causal dependence of the existing phenomenon: there is a valid reason - this is an energetic force that generates something in peace of the universal interaction of the events of the existing, not only matter and forms, an act and potency, but also generating energy-causes having along with the current start and target meaning.

D) goal, or the final reason, "that for which". Each thing has its own private purpose. The highest goal is benefit.

Aristotle believed that the soul with integrity is nothing but an inseparable from the body its organizing principle, a source and method of regulating the body, its objectively observed behavior. The soul is the bodies entelech. The soul is inseparable from the body, but herself, Necuese. Then, thanks to which we live, feel and reflect, is the soul. "The soul is the reason for how the movement, as a goal and as an essence of animated tel."

Aristotle allocated philosophy categories. Categories are the most common and fundamental concepts of philosophy, expressing significant, universal properties and attitudes of the phenomena of reality and knowledge. The categories were formed as a result of generalizing the historical development of knowledge. Aristotle created the hierarchy of the levels of all things - from matter as an opportunity to form a single forms of being and further.

Detailed and deeply disassemble the theory of knowledge, Aristotle created labor on logic that retains his incredit value and so on. Here he developed the theory of thinking and its shape, concepts, judgment and conclusion.

Aristotle is the founder of logic. The task of concept consists of climbing a simple sensual perception to the heights of abstraction. Scientific knowledge There is knowledge of the most reliable, logically proven and necessary.

A huge number of those ideas, theories, reasoning, which Aristotle introduced into philosophy and approved in it. Separation of philosophy on the part, the allocation of logic as auxiliary discipline and the "first philosophy" as the initial discipline; development of logic interpreted as a syllogistic, as well as the development of psychology as the theory of mental forces; Comparison of categories and principles (Four principles or reasons: formal, material, valid and targeted); New metaphysical concepts: forms, matter, energy, potency, the essence of things; The new concept of God as the root cause of the world and the new concept of the soul as a form of an organic body; The new theory of mind, division into active and passive mind - all this and many other scientific and philosophical ideas originates from Aristotle.

42. The problem of the historical formation of Russian philosophy. 43. The main features of Russian philosophy.

Russian philosophy is the most important component of the global philosophical thought. Having an almost millennial history, it developed gradually and took shape only in the XVIII century. Prior to that, philosophical ideas and provisions were not institutionally decorated and entered as specific components into other forms of public consciousness. Today, Russian philosophy is a variety of flows, schools, exercises, for whom the increased interest in the topic of spirituality as the most important characteristic of the human and society is characteristic. Russian philosophy is rooted during the Kiev Rus and the Moscow Kingdom. Not only Byzantine Orthodoxy, but also the pagan traditions of Slavs, which are quite rich cultural reservoirs, have had a significant impact on its formation. Together with Christianity, Rus received from Byzantium and Orthodox philosophy, gradually allocating it into an independent field of knowledge. True, the Orthodox philosophical tradition was able to root in our country, only acquiring national character And absorbing cultural traditions Russian people. In the course of the development of philosophy, it reflected the complex and controversial nature of the national history, the features of the culture and national self-consciousness of Russians. The first thinkers who began to develop philosophical and religious problems can be called Metropolitan Illarion (XI century). In the treatise, the word about the law and grace, he considered the issues of the history of mankind and the patterns of its change, considering the reason for these processes to change the forms of religion. Antiproducing the Old Testament (Judaism) and the New Testament (Christianity), the author displays two different principles of the public device: "Law" and "grace". The first is based on the subordination of the peoples to each other, on the second - their complete equality. Kievan Rus, in his opinion, is based on the principle of "grace". This provision serves to him for theoretical substantiation of state independence and the international importance of Russian life. Illarion believed that Christianization of Russia was the final stage of the spread of this faith and dispersion of the "darkness of earslusion" with the help of the "Word of Angelic" and Baptism discovered people to life forever, to the truth and grace. The nature of the human nature is dedicated to the "prayer" of Illarion, where it is emphasized Souring and insufficiency. These qualities rush to the "earthly" and enslave it with "concerns of everyday life." That is why it requires his appeal to God for the salvation of a person who embodies the perfect, great and good. There was a bishop of Kirill Tourov (OK.1130-1182). He sought to substantiate the earthly meaning of morality, which forces people to live in peace. The renunciation is considered as an immoral phenomenon. Turovsky first in Russia proposed the doctrine of the natural origin of the mind. He believed that if the body is primarily in relation to the soul, then, it means that they are created in this order. Following the order of creation, cognition should go: first the knowledge of nature, and then the knowledge of God. A person has his own mind that is able to comprehend and "Slender Mind" - holistic knowledge of the world and God. In the XIV-XV centuries. In the depths of Orthodoxy himself, various heretical teachings arose. Among them, the most significant was that was recorded in the original source of antiquity, in the "mission of Daniel Sharpen." In this work, the mind and wisdom are chased as the highest human virtues, the scholarship and justice are opposed to wealth, the external shine of the boyars and the hypocrisy of the clergy. For the author "one meaning" is more valuable to the state than ten "lordless". As a man religious, Daniel Sharpener at the same time expresses some anticleric ideas, attacking the clergy. About monks and pops He wrote that "Angelic Having an image on himself, and the prodigal temper; Holy Having on himself San, but custom Pokhaben. " In this work is defended strong political power And anxiety is expressed about the fate of the Motherland in the face of the impending external danger. For the Russian culture of the beginning of the XVI century. The discussion on the problems of theology was characteristic. Esicham was a special influence on her - a teaching founded by Byzantine theologian and philosopher Gregory Palama. The impact on the incomprehensibility of the Divine Entity of Isihasti contrasted the statement that God is a person through the energy of entities. Isychasm firmly entered the Russian religious and philosophical tradition. Under his influence in the highest circles of the Orthodox Church, two directions were formed - Josephlanes and nonstustors. If Iosiflane believed that the Books of the Holy Scriptures were the measure of truth and the only means of substantiating any theoretical provisions, then nonstavorors, on the contrary, considered the strict ritual to achieve the truth and spiritual improvement. There were Nile Sorovsky (1433-1508), which wrote a "big charter". It considers human passions in detail: virtues (post, chastity, non-dying, mercy, faith) and vices (fornication, gluttony, sins). Eidavitors also divided Maxim Greek, who wrote such works as a "story about Origen", "Platon Philosopher "," Talk of the soul and mind. " Here he appeals to the problems of knowledge, human problems and his spiritual perfection, considers the dialectic of good and evil. Special meaning Maxim Greek gave the role of philosophy in the spiritual comprehension of the mind and soul. For him, philosophy is the "item is very revered and the most ill.". In the XVII century. The researchers appealed to the analysis of the historical events of the recent past, trying to comprehend the problem of man and its destination, the problems of power and historical fate of the Russian Federation. A certain role in the development of philosophical thought was played by apocryphic literature, in which, along with mysticism and astrology, information on meteorology, economy, etc. Numerous "collections", distributed among the population, concluded excerpts from the philosophical constructions of the fathers of the Church, as well as antique philosophers. However, the passage traces of the awakening of philosophical interests were laid in the framework of the religious worldview. The centers of philosophical education at that time were the Kiev-Mogilyanskaya and Moscow Slavic-Greco-Latin Great Academy. Many prominent figures of Russian education came out of their walls, and the religious philosophy found a well-known response in the educated environment of the Russian society. In the way, the first steps of Russian philosophy were not marked large achievements But its influence on the development of spiritual culture was significant. Philosophy was understood in medieval Russia not only as distracted theorizing, but also as practical morality. Russian thought is not reduced to the language (verbal) forms of expression, but imprinted in a non-language monuments: in the works of painting, plastics, architecture, etc. So, the ruble "Trinity" is not only a monument of painting, but also a philosophical-ideological source, original "Philosophy in the colors" (E. Trubetskaya). The foundation of the first stage in the history of Russian philosophy is very large. First of all, certain ideas were created in its framework and a categorical apparatus was formed. Here three main flows of domestic philosophical thought were formed: religious, moral and historosophical philosophy is an important component of world philosophy. Along with the common, it also has specific features arising from the originality of the development of Russian culture. First of all, it should be noted that, in contrast to the philosophy of Western European countries, she could not rely on the cultural heritage of the ancient world. As wrote the city of Florovsky "Scientific, Philosophical, Literary Tradition of Greece" in the ancient Russian cultural reserve. Not having time to develop on the basis of paganism, philosophy immediately was in captivity of theology, who came from Byzantium with Orthodox Christianity. Another feature of Russian philosophy is that it has developed for a long time in the framework of the religious form of public consciousness, which excluded the existence of non-religious views. It was the Orthodox direction that was always the leading, determining in the formation of original approaches and decisions of the issues of being and knowledge. A close connection of philosophy with Orthodoxy manifested itself in the fact that a number of prominent Russian thinkers devoted their work to the development of a comprehensive Christian worldview in its Orthodox version. Thirdly, Russian philosophy has always been closely related to life, there was a social orientation and certain historicity. Its representatives were invariously inherent in interest in real economic, political and moral issues. They paid a lot of attention to the development of history, its meaning, reflected on the fate of Russia in the context of solving the problem of the relationship of the East and the West, which was the background of many historic phrases. Fourth, unlike representatives of German classical philosophy, Russian thinkers realized the insufficiency of too distinguished thinking and considered philosophy as a means of solving the root problems of human existence. In the center of their reflections, they put the individual and social life of a person. That is why anthropocentricity, close attention to human problems can be called as an important feature of this philosophy. Fifth, for Russian philosophy is characterized by the idea of \u200b\u200ba council. Cathedral within the framework of Orthodoxy meant the combination of unity and freedom of many persons based on their general love for God and all absolute values. At the same time, the principle of socialism matters not only for church life, but also to solve many social issues in the spirit of the synthesis of individualism and collectivism, to consider the problems of secular spiritual and material life. Sixth, the main features of Russian philosophy also include its non-systematic, some underestimation of rationalistic structures. This affected the lack of global logically completed philosophical systems in it, which was characteristic of Western European philosophy. Passing the long path of its development, Russian philosophy performed in various forms at different stages of its development. The following main stages of its development can be distinguished:

1) the formation of philosophy (X-XVII centuries);

2) the separation of philosophy from religion and forming it as an independent social Institute (XVIIII- Ser. XIX centuries);

3) the beginning of creating original philosophical exercises (Ser. XIX-early XX centuries);

4) Soviet period (1917-1991);

5) Revival of the Russian National Philosophy (since 1991).

The peculiarity of the development of philosophy in Russia is primarily due to the fact that there is a smaller place to be given to the problems of gnoseology, knowledge in general, etc., and the socio-anthropological and moral and religious issues comes to the fore. This allows you to explain the fact of close weaving in Russia of literature, journalism and philosophy. The same impulses the development of socio-anthropological philosophy, in the center of which is the doctrine of the meaning of life, the place of man in society and history, about the paths of development of history. The time of the appearance of philosophy in Russia in her modern meaningAccording to many researchers (let's call at least such names as V.V. Zenkovsky (1881 - 1962), A.I. Vvedensky (1856-1925), E.L. Radlov (1854-1928), G.G. Spet (1879-1937), A.F. Losev (1893-1988)), can be considered 1755 - the year of the founding of Moscow University, i.e. Epoch of Enlightenment. However, this does not mean that before this period, philosophy in Russia was absent. In the development of Russian philosophy, the following steps can be distinguished.

"Preparatory period", or "Prolog", - XIV-XVIII centuries. The philosophical person of this period realizes his thoughts in his own acts and behavior. He knows the truth, he comprehended her. It distinguishes him from ordinary people, causing the most different feelings in the recent - from admiration to anger. The largest figure to the XIX century. is G.S. The frying pan (1722-1794), which, within the framework of Christian philosophy, puts the general philosophical problems of grinding, anthropology, metaphysics and ethics, which is planned at the same time the path of free, separated from the religion of philosophy. The period up to the 70s. XVIII century Characterized by development secular culture In Russia, under the influence of European enlightenment ideas and is associated with the development of social exercises. At this time, such thinkers, like Tatishchev, Shcherbatov, Novikov, Radishchev, whose written social and moral issues prevail also live and operate. During this period, I am M.V. Lomonosov (1711 - 1765), on the one hand, as the largest scientist and naturophilosopher, and on the other, as a poet and a religious thinker. The period of the late XVIII-XIX century, which A.I. Vvedensky calls the time of the "domination of German idealism", characterized by the most rapid development of philosophy in Russia. At this time, a Christian philosophy is further developed under the influence of spiritual academies, and under the influence of Moscow University - secular. After the war of 1812, philosophical circles arise in Moscow and such thinkers are working as V.F. Odoevsky and P.Ya. Chaadaev. The discussion of Russia's development prospects is poured into a philosophical discussion between Wessengers and Slavophilas (A.S. Khomyakov, I.V. Kireevsky, K.S. and I.S. Aksakov). The development and interpretation of the Hegel philosophy applied to the Russian conditions, the armed hegelev philosophical circles developing the social aspects of German idealism (N.V. Stankevich, MA Bakunin, V.G. Belinsky). During this period, Create A.I. Herzen. Under the influence of positivism and Marxism, such philosophers work like N.G. Chernyshevsky, P.L. Lavrov, N.K. Mikhailovsky. The period of the beginning of the XX century. characterize as "secondary birth" or "system period". He really is a stage of the classical development of philosophy, characterized by the creation of large systems that cover all Parties to Being and Human existence. Here, first of all, it should be noted creativity. Solovyov, developing issues of metaphysics: Teaching about ideas and absolute; gnoseology, anthropology and aesthetics; Cosmology is the concept of "Sofia". Sophia, Cathedral, Unity for many years becoming the main ideas of Russian philosophy. N.F. Fedorov develops an existential anthropological tendency in Russian philosophy. He discusses such problems as the problem of the death of man and the path of resurrection, the immortality of man and space. At the beginning of the century, such directions such as religious philosophy and existentialism (DS Merezhkovsky, N.A. Berdyaev, L. Sestov) are obtained, the anthropological direction (Prince of S. and E. Trubetskaya), transcendental metaphysics (PB . Struve, P.I. Novgorod residents). The philosophy of law, the ratio of law, morality and morality, the role of violence in public life, the peculiar critical processing of the Gegel Heritage - the problems that were in the center of attention of the original Russian thinker I. A. Ilina. Finally, problems of phenomenological philosophy in the works of GG are being developed. Shpet and A.F. Losev. A special place occupies such a direction in Russian philosophy as a metaphysics of unity (L.P. Karsavin - S.L. Frank, P.A. Florensky - S.N. Bulgakov). Philosophy XX century. In Russia, it takes place under the sign of the domination of the ideas of Marxism (G.V. Plekhanov, A.A. Bogdanov, V.I. Lenin), during this period there is a formation of philosophy of dialectical and historical materialism. After the revolution in Russia, there was a dogmatic period of the endless interpretation of the works of the classics of Marxism, and later Marxism-Leninism and Stalinism. Next, it should be noted that in these conditions, philosophical surveys in our country did not stand far from the main lines of development of world philosophy, they detect the same trends and trends. The attempt of peculiar care from ideology was the development of primarily historical and philosophical issues, as well as issues of epistemology, logic and philosophy of science.

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