Greek alphabet with translation. Greek alphabet symbolic meaning

A combination of letters in the Greek system. Yaz. located in the accepted order (see below table.). The letters G. A. Used in editions to rus. Yaz. as symbols mat. and Piz. Designations. In the original, the letters G. A. It is customary to enter into a red circle ... ... Publishing Dictionary-Directory

greek alphabet - Greeks first enjoyed a consonant letter. In 403 BC e. With archon, Euclidean is introduced into Athens classic Greek alphabet. It consisted of 24 letters: 17 consonants and 7 vowels. For the first time, letters were introduced to designate vowels; α, ε, η ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Jerebilo

This is an article about the Greek letter. For a Cyrillic numerical sign, see the Coppa Article (Cyrillic) Greek alphabet α α alpha β β beta ... Wikipedia

Self-timing: ελληνικά Countries: Greece ... Wikipedia

Language self-setting: ελληνικά Countries: Greece, Cyprus; communities in the USA, Canada, Australia, Germany, United Kingdom, Sweden, Albania, Turkey, Ukraine, Russia, Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Italy ... Wikipedia

It is the last phenomenon in the letter history. This name is a number of written signs located in the famous stand-up and transmitting approximately and exactly all individual sound elements from which this language is compiled ... Encyclopedia Brockhaus and Ephron

This term also has other values, see alphabet (values). Wikislovar has an article "Alphabet" Alphalia ... Wikipedia

Alphabet - [Greek. ἀλφάβητος, from the name of the two first letters of the Greek alphabet of Alpha and Beta (Novogrech. Vita)] The system of written signs transmitting the sound appearance of the language words by means of symbols depicting separate sound elements. Invention ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

It is the last phenomenon in the letter history (see Letter). This title denotes a number of written signs located in a certain constant manner and transmitting approximately full and exactly all individual sound elements, of which ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

ALPHABET - A set of letters or similar signs used in writing, where every letter indicates one or more background. The alphabets were not the oldest basis of writing, having received development from hieroglyphs or written images used, ... ... Symbols, signs, emblems. Encyclopedia

Books

• Origin Alphabet, V.V. Struve. It is generally accepted that all Mediterranean alphabets (Latin, Greek) arose from Phoenician. Academician Struve, exploring the Egyptian phonetic letter from compliance between him and ...
• Origin Alphabet, V.V. Struve. It is generally accepted that all Mediterranean alphabets (Latin, Greek) appeared by Phoenician. Academician Struve, exploring the Egyptian phonetic letter finds conformity between him and ...

It should be noted here that in Greece in school children are taught to write in printed letters, i.e. Do not connect the letters among themselves. Then there is a couple of lessons (somewhere in the third or fourth grade), when they show written letters, the so-called calligraphy, but almost no one passes to it and continue to write printed, without connecting the letters among themselves. Moreover, when foreign languages \u200b\u200bare taught in school - English, German, etc., they also write printed, without connecting letters.

I learned to write in Greek, living in Russia, and wrote in writing letters. When the Greeks saw how I wrote, they were surprised. "Oh !!! Calligraphy !!" They exclaimed. And, I must say, not every Greek could disassemble my handwriting. And I could not understand what they were surprised.

What am I talking about this? You can learn how to write in writing letters that I have led above, and you can and something like that, as it is written in the photo below. So writes the overwhelming majority of the Greeks. The choice is yours.

And this is a sample handwriting of one of my students, which writes writing letters, and also took a photo of one invitation from the Internet, which is written calligraphically.

Table with a Greek alphabet (image of capital letters and uppercase - lowercase letters), with writing the name of the Greek letters in Groanly in capital letters, with the first title and line.

The table of the Greek alphabet includes the transcription of the correct pronunciation of the name of the Greek letters and the sounds themselves, which indicate these letters. We give the traditional name of Greek letters in Russian (which are used in mathematics, physics and other accurate sciences to designate concepts).

In the Greek alphabet 24 letters. There is no letter "h" and "sh", but many other hissing and cleansing sounds, which are denoted by other letters and their combinations.

The word alphabet itself, which we use for the name of the symbol system (letters) of the Russian language - Greek origin and consists of the first two letters of the Greek alphabet: Alpha and Vita (which we are called beta in Russia).

Alphabet or a wedding for children in Greek is called αλφαβητάρι (alphabet BUTri or alphabet BUTrio).

Greek letters	How is read and pronounced name greek letters in different languages
Title- Strict	Grekinwritingname of letters		Sound greek	Russianname, used in mathematics, physics, chemistry
	Thaws First title Licnate	howto tell
		BUTlFA
		in andtA		beta, Bita
		g. butma.	As south Russian fricatable G. in a word yeah (almost aha); before vowels ε, αι, η, ι, υ, ει, οι - like Russian J.
		d. e.lTA	Hacking average between D. and Z.(language between teeth)
		epsil aboutn.
		z. andtA
		f. andtA	Hacking average between T.and FROM (language between teeth, as when pronouncing English tH.). The name of the letter reads with the same sound.
		j. abouttA	In front of α, ε, ο, υ \u003d J., in other cases - I.	yota, Iota
		to butpA
		l. imθa.		lambda, Lambda
			M.(with mouth closed)
		About micr aboutn.
		from andgMA	Coppy, medium between FROM and Z.(language between teeth)
		And ppg aboutn.
			X,but before ε and soften ( Xe)
		About M. e.h.

A table with the Greek alphabets and letters will help you to deal with how to correctly read ordinary Greek words. Greek alphabet with transcription will help you understand the signs and inscriptions in Greek, read the menu in Greek and make everything else that you need to rest in Cyprus and in Greece.

This is a video where you will hear how to correct the letters of the Greek alphabet. Not very good, but if you turn on the sound, it will be fine, everything will be fine.

How are Greek letters in combination read

1. Greek vowels and their combinations

η, ι, υ, ει, οι, υι - and;

αυ, ευ - AV, EB - if you stand before ringing consonants or as AF and EF, if before deaf consonants.

ει, οι - th (if it is a combination of letters unbrained and stands before or after vowels.

Public sounds are pronounced equally clearly in the shock and in an unstressed position, do not swallow or change the sounds.

2. Greek consonants and their combinations

Greek λ is pronounced with medium softness.

The letter γ - happens r (fricatative, south-Russian sound close to x) or y.

If γ in front of the vowels α, ο, ω, αι or before the consonants \u003d

If γ in front of the vowels ε, η, ι, υ, αι, ει, οι, υι - y.

The letters θ, Δ are missing in Russian, they are close to the English th, when the tongue is necessary a little bit (by 2-3 mm) to cover between the teeth and pronounce the sound with a slight quarrence and whisper.

If in the word Greek θ, try to say, a little whispered with (deaf sound).

If the letter Δ, then swept slowly s (ring sound).

3. Double consonant sounds of the letters of the Greek

4. Combining Greek consonant letters

μπ - b (at the beginning of the word), MB (in the middle of the word);

ντ - d (at the beginning of the word), nd (in the middle of the word);

γγ, γχ - ng, nh (n corresponds to the sound of H, which is pronounced in the Russian word "item", a little in the nose, with a closed mouth);

γκ - g explosive (at the beginning of the word), ng (in the middle of the word, like the Russian sound n in the word "Kong");

μια - mne (the sound of m is pronounced with the nasal pride, without opening the mouth);

σ - in front of β, γ, λ, μ, ν, ρ is pronounced as z (with spin);

π - before η, ι, υ, and unstressed ει, οι - pronounced as PC (Sound P with PTs).

5. How to pronounce Greek combinations of consonants at the hess

If the word ends with one consonant, and the word in the text begins to another consonant, then it is necessary to say so:

ν-κ (on ν ends the first, the second starts on κ) \u003d ng;

ν-τσ \u003d ndz;

ν-π or ν-μπ \u003d MB.

6. Pronunciation of double agreeing in Greek

If in the Greek Word there are 2 identical consonants in a row (double consonants), read as one. For example: Limassol - Limassol, Apollo - Apolon, etc.

Question mark in Greek

The question mark in Greek is not denoted by the traditional "?", But a point with a comma (;).

Therefore, do not be surprised and less often use a comma point. If you write on Greek, otherwise you will be missed.

Instruction

Write the first four letters of the Greek alphabet. The title "Alpha" has the form as ordinary A, the line can be viewed "a" or horizontal loop-α. Big "beta" "B", and - the familiar "in" or with a tail, lowering the string below - β. The title "" looks like a Russian "g", but the line - like a vertical loop (γ). Delta is an equilateral triangle - Δ or Russian handwritten "d" at the beginning of the line, and in its continuation, it looks more like "B" with a tail from the right side of the circle - Δ.

Remember the writing of the following four letters - "Epsilon", "Dzeta", "This" and "Theta". The first in the title printed and handwritten form is indistinguishable from the familiar "E", and in the line is a mirror reflection "s" - ε. Big "Dzeta" is a well-known "Z". Another version of writing is ζ. In manuscripts, it may look like a written Latin F - a vertical loop over the line line and its mirror reflection below it. "This" "H" or as if lowercase N with a tail down - η. "Theta" has no analogues in the Latin alphabet, nor in Cyrillic: it is "o" with a dash inside - θ, θ. In the letter, its lowercase drawings has the form of a Latin V, which has the right tail raised up and rounded first to the left, and then. There is another version of writing - similar to the written Russian "B", but in the mirror image.

Specify the view of the next four letters - "Yota", "Kappa", "Lambda", "MJ". Writing the first is no different from Latin I, only the line does not put a point at the top. "Kappa" - poured "K", but in a letter inside the word is similar to the Russian "and". "Lambda" -digal is written as a triangle without a base - λ, and the lower case has an additional tail on top and a playfully bent the right leg - λ. It can be very similar to "MJ": at the beginning of the line it looks like "M", and in the middle of the word - μ. It can still be written as a long vertical line, dropped below the line to which "l" adhesive.

Try to write "Nuj", "KSI", "Omikron" and "PI". "NU" displays as ν or as ν. It is important that an angle is clearly expressed in lower spelling. "KSI" are three horizontal features that are not connected or have a vertical line in the center, ξ. Lowercase letter Much more elegant, it is written as "jet", but with tails at the bottom and above - ξ. "Omikron" is only called unfamiliar, but looks in any writing as "o". "PI" in the title version represents "P" with a wider upper crossbar than the option. The string is written or the same as the registration - π, or as a small "omega" (ω), but with a barustic loop at the top.

Disassemble "RO", "Sigma", "Tau" and "Ipsylon". "RO" is the printed "P" big and small, and the handwritten option looks like a vertical dash with a circle - ρ and ρ. "SIGMU" in the capital version is easiest to describe as the printed letter "M", which was overturned to the left - σ. The line has two options for writing: a circle with a tail to the right (σ) or disproportionate S, the lower part of which is fused from the row - ς. "Tau" -The-informant write as a printed "t", and the usual one is like a hook with a horizontal hat or Russian written "h". "Ipsylon" is the Latin "Igrek" in the capital version: or v on the leg - υ. The line υ should be smooth, without an angle at the bottom - this is a sign of vowel.

Pay attention to the last four letters. "FI" is written as "f" and in the title and lower case. True, the latter may have the kind of "C", which has a loop and tail below the string - φ. "Hee" is our "x" and a big and small, only in a letter to the darling, going down from left to right has a smooth bend - χ. PSI reminds the letter "I", which has grown the wings - ψ, ψ. In manuscript, it is depicted similarly to the Russian "y". The title "Omega" printed and handwritten differ. In the first case, it is an unlocked loop with legs - Ω. Write a hand in the middle of the row of a circle, under it - a trait that can be connected to the vertical line, and you can not connect. The lowercase letter is written as dual "U" - Ω.

Greek letter refers to the category of alphabetical, goes back to the Phoenician writing. The oldest written monuments refer to 14-12 centuries. BC er, written by a sluggish critical letter (linear letter A, linear letter b).
It's believed that greek alphabetoriginated in the 8th century BC e. The first monuments of writing belong to the 8th century. BC e. (Dipilon inscription from Athens, as well as the inscription from the fer). By appearance and the set of characters is the most close to Frigian alphabetical letter (8 century BC.). In Greek, unlike Semitic, Connce (in the letter, only consonant) prototypes are reflected in the letter, except for the graphem for the designation of consonant sounds, the county appeared for the designation of vowel sounds, which can be considered a new stage in the development of the letter.

Before the emergence of the alphabetical letter, Ellina used a slight linear writing (CRT letter included a linear letter A, which is not deciphered so far, a linear letter B, a letter of a fest part).
The letter based on the Greek alphabet was divided into 2 varieties: the East Greek and West Greek letter, which, in turn, was shaken by a number of local species, distinguished by the features in the transfer of individual characters. The East Greek letter was further developed into a classic ancient Greek and the Byzantine letter, became the basis of the Coptic, Gothic, Armenian, to some extent of the Georgian letter, Slavic Cyrillic. The West Greek letter was the basis for Etruscan, and therefore the Latin and Roong German Letter.

Initially, the Greek alphabet consisted of 27 letters, and in this form it was 5 V. BC e. Based on the Ionian variety of Greek letters. The direction of the letter is from left to right. The signs of "stigma" (ς) is now transmitted through στ, "kopp" (¢) and "samppi" (¥) were used only to designate numbers and further out of use. Also in some local versions (on Peloponnese and Boeotia), the symbol of  "Digamma" was used to designate the phonam [W].
Traditionally ancient Greek, and after him and the Novogreic alphabet has 24 letters:

Designing	Name	Pronunciation
Α α	άλφα
Β β	βήτα
Γ γ	γάμα
Δ δ	δέλτα
Ε ε	έψιλον
Ζ ζ	ζήτα
Η η	ήτα
Θ θ	θήτα
Ι ι	γιώτα
Κ κ	κάπα
Λ λ	λάμδα
Μ μ	μι
Ν ν	νι
Ξ ξ	ξι	Ks.
Ο ο	όμικρον
Π π	πι
Ρ ρ	ρο
Σ σ ς	σίγμα
Τ τ	ταυ
Υ υ	ύψιλον
Φ φ	φι
Χ χ	χι
Ψ ψ	ψι	PS.
Ω ω	ωμέγα

In the theory, two types of pronunciation are distinguished: Erasmovo (ητακιστική προφορά, it is believed that it was characterized in the classical period of using an ancient Greek language, it is now used only in teaching) and Reichlinovo (ιωτακιστική προφορά). Pronunciation in the Novogreic language - Reichlinovo. Its main feature is the presence of several options for the transmission of the same sound.
In Greek there are difongs:

Designing	Pronunciation	Designing	Pronunciation
αι		αη	I.
οι		οϊ	Oh
ει		οη	Oh
υι	W.	ευ	EV (EF)

All difthongs are pronounced in one syllable. If after ει, οι, ι, υ follows a vowel, such a combination is also pronounced in one syllable: πιάνο [peano] (piano), ποιες [Pan] (who). Such difongs are called incompatible (καταχρηστικός Δίφθογγος).
The letter Γ, followed by ει, οι, ι, υ, ε, which, in turn, should be vowel, not pronounced: γυαλιά [yaly] (glasses), γεύση [yevsi] (taste). Γ before the posterior (γ, κ, χ) is pronounced as [N]: άγγελος [Angelos] (Angel), αγκαλιά [Anglen] (arms), άγχος [Anchos] (stress).

In addition, the following combinations of consonants began to be used in the Novogreic language, transmitting the sounds of the Greek language: τσ (τσάϊ [c "ah] but: έτσι [" ETSI]), τζ (τάάμι [DZ "AMI]), μπ (MB in the middle of the original Greek word: αμπέλι [AMB "Eli] or B at the beginning of the word and in borrowed words: μπορώ [boron" about]), ντ (nd in the middle of the original Greek word: άντρας ["Andras] or d at the beginning of the word and in borrowed words : ντύνω [D "INO]), Γκ (NG in the middle of the original Greek word: ανάγκη [Ange] or g at the beginning of the word and in borrowed words: Γκολ [goal]).

Double letters ξ ψ always replace the combination of consonants κσ, πσ. Exception: εκστρατεία (campaign). The sign ς is used only at the end of the word. The sign σ is never used in the end of the word.
The word may end to vowels, ν or ς. The exception is only some interjections and borrowed words.

Additional Information:

Features:
The phonetic system consists of 5 vocabulary, opposed in ancient Greek language for longitude / shorts (A, E, I, O, U). In the Novogreic language, this division is irrelevant. Nearby vowels merge into long vowel or form Difong. Diftonies are divided into their own (the second element is required ι, υ) and incompatible (combination of long vowels with i). Emphasis in the ancient Greek musical, movable, three types: (acute, stupid and clothed). In the Novogreic language, the emphasis of only one species is sharp. In the system of consonants of the newgin language, new sounds developed: lifting [ντ], interdental ringing [δ] and deaf [θ], which cause the greatest difficulties in pronouncing them.

Morphology characterizes the presence of 3 genera (male, female, middle) speech parts, their indicators are also articles (defined and indefinite: an indefinite article occurs and fully corresponds to a numerical one), 2 numbers (the only, multiple, in ancient Greek also there also existed a dual The number for the designation of paired objects of the type "eyes, hands, twins"), 5 cases (nominative, charming, genitive, dative, accusative: in ancient Greek, there were existence of other cases, for example, instrumental, local and so on; in the Novogreic language there is no dative case), 3 nominal decline (on-and, on -O, on other vowels, as well as consonants). The verb had 4 inclination (indicative, conjunctiva, optative and imperative), 3 pledge (active, passive, medium, in the newly mining medial in word, fully corresponds to the suffering), 2 types of hiding (on -ω and on -μι, in the newly It is carried out by the presence or absence of accent on the last syllable of the verb).

Groups Times: In ancient Greek, they are divided into the main (present, future, perfect) and historical (aorist, perfect and Plywamperfect). In Modern Greek division occurs at the moment for a long time and inclination (παρατατικός, συνεχής μέλλοντας, συνεχής υποτακτική, συνεχής προστακτική), cross-sectional times and inclination (αόριστος, απλός μέλλοντας, απλή υποτακτική, απλή προστακτική), elapsed time (παρακείμενος, υπερσυντέλικος, τετελεσμένος έέλλοντα). In the system of verb times of the Novogreic language, new analytical models of formation of complex times (perfect, pelvumperfect, future) have developed. The system of education of communion has simplified, but their large amount is used in the frozen form, while their education often uses a sludge increment or reduction.

The syntax system is characterized by free word order in the proposal (preferential sequence in the main sentence - SVO (subject-verb object)) with a developed essay and subordination system within complex offer. Particles play an important role (especially since the infinitive is abolished in the Novogreic language, which is replaced by indicative forms with appropriate particles) and prepositions. The word formation system includes a developed system of prefixes (originated from the prepositions), suffixes. What more actively is used in Russian.

Greek has a very rich and developed lexical system. In the structure of vocabulary, several layers are included: Dogreic (Pelasgian origin), anonymous Greek, borrowed consisting of the Semitic and Latin layers. In the Novogreic language is present a large number of Borrowings from Romance (mostly French and especially Italian), Germanic (English), Slavic (including Russian) languages. A huge layer of vocabulary make up Turkish borrowing. It is also worth mentioning the reverse borrowing when Greek morphemes previously borrowed by others foreign languages Return to the Greek language for the name of recently invented items and phenomena (for example, "phone").
Some features are united by a novice language with other Balkan languages \u200b\u200b(Romanian, Serbian Bulgarian): Combining the functions of the genitive and duties, the absence of an infinitive and its replacement for the forms of the subjunctive inclination, complex (analytical) forms of future time and subjunctive inclination. Elements peculiar to all Balkan languages \u200b\u200bin the syntax are excessive doubling of direct and indirect additions, the use of plain reversals, which for users of other languages \u200b\u200bcause greater difficulty.

In the Novogreic language mostly free words of words. However, pronouns are often losing such freedom: the stronger pronoun is always placed after the noun, brief forms of personal pronouns are defined immediately before the verb in a certain order (first genitive, then accusative). For attracted and personal pronouns, there is a slender system of short and complete forms. The full form is movable, but is used strictly in certain cases: after prepositions; for emphatic pronoun, together with a brief form; Alone.