Lenin's latest photos in the hills. Lake in the center of sharjah
Director of public schools in Simbirsk province Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov. 1882
Inspection of public schools in Simbirsk province with director I. N. Ulyanov. 1881 year.
Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova
Alexander Ilyich Ulyanov
Dmitry Ilyich Ulyanov
Maria Ilyinichna Ulyanova
House in Simbirsk
Volodya Ulyanov with his sister Olga. 1874 Simbirsk
The Ulyanov family. 1879 Simbirsk
Standing (from left to right): Olga, Alexander, Anna. Sitting (left to right): Maria Alexandrovna with her daughter Maria in her arms, Dmitry, Ilya Nikolaevich, Vladimir.
Vladimir Ulyanov in his school years. 1887 Simbirsk
Vladimir Ulyanov. Portrait. 1891, no later than March 26 (April 7). Samara
the photo was attached to V.I.Ulyanov's petition of March 26 (April 7) 1891 addressed to the chairman of the legal test commission at St. Petersburg University for admission to exams as an external student for a university course
IN AND. Ulyanov during his arrest in the case of the St. Petersburg Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class, 1895
1895, not earlier than December 9 (21) - not later than December 20 (January 1, 1896). St. Petersburg.
IN AND. Ulyanov among the members of the St. Petersburg Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class, 1897
In the photo (from left to right): standing - A.L. Malchenko, P.K. Zaporozhets, A.A. Vaneev; sitting - V.V.Starkov, G.M. Krzhizhanovsky, V.I.Ulyanov, Yu.O. Martov (Zederbaum). 1897, not earlier than February 14 (26) - not later than February 17 (March 1).
V.I.Ulyanov. Portrait. St. Petersburg, 1897
1897, not earlier than February 14 (26) - not later than February 17 (March 1). St. Petersburg.
V.I.Ulyanov. Portrait. Moscow, 1900
This photograph was mailed from Moscow to Shushenskoye in 1900 to the name of OA Engberg, a worker at the Putilov factory who was exiled with V.I.Lenin.
V.I.Lenin visiting A.M. Gorky plays chess with A.A. Bogdanov. 1908, between 10 (23) and 17 (30) April. Capri, Italy
In the photo: to the left of Vladimir Ilyich are A.M. Ignatiev and I.P. Ladyzhnikov sitting; standing - V.A. Bazarov (Rudnev), A.M. Gorky, Z.M. Peshkov, N.B. Bogdanova. 1908, between 10 (23) and 17 (30) April. Capri, Italy.
V.I.Lenin visiting A.M. Gorky. Capri, Italy
1908, between 10 (23) and 17 (30) April. Capri, Italy
V.I. Lenin. Portrait. 1910 Paris
VI Lenin on a walk in the vicinity of Zakopane. 1913, summer. Zakopane, Poland
In the photo: G.E. Zinoviev, S.Yu.Bagotsky.
V.I. Lenin. Portrait. 1914, between 6 (19) and 13 (26) August. Poronin, Poland
V.I. Lenin. Portrait. 1916, not earlier than January 28 (February 10) - not later than February 28 (March 12). Zurich, Switzerland
VI Lenin and a group of Russian political emigrants in Stockholm on their way from Switzerland to Russia. 1917, March 31 (April 13). Stockholm
VI Lenin at the entrance to the Central Station in Stockholm on the way from Switzerland to Russia. 1917, March 31 (April 13). Stockholm.
T. Nörman and K. Lindhagen are walking alongside V. I. Lenin.
VI Lenin performs at the Tauride Palace. 1917, not earlier than 4 (17) - not later than 17 (30) April. Petrograd
V.I. Lenin in a wig and a cap before the illegal departure from Petrograd to Finland. 1917, July 25-29 (August 7-11). Art. Spill
VI Lenin in the box of the Tauride Palace at a meeting of the Constituent Assembly. 1918, January 5 (18). Petrograd
1918, January 5 (18). Petrograd.
V.I. Lenin. Portrait. 1918, January. Petrograd
VI Lenin in Smolny at a meeting of the Council of People's Commissars. 1918, January 1 - March 11. Petrograd
In the photo: from left to right - I.Z.Shteinberg, V.P. Milyutin (?), B.D. Kamkov, V.D. Bonch-Bruevich, V.E. Trutovsky, A.G. Shlyapnikov, P.P. Proshyan, V.I. Lenin, I.V. Stalin, A.M. Kollontai, P.E. Dybenko, E.K. Koksharova, N.I. Podvoisky ( ?), N.P. Gorbunov, V.I. Nevsky, A.V.Shotman, G.V. Chicherin. 1918, January 1 - March 11. Petrograd.
VI Lenin, NK Krupskaya and MI Ulyanova in a car after the end of the parade of the Red Army units in Moscow on the Khodynskoye field. 1918, May 1. Moscow.
In the photo: A.S. Bubnov, K.P. Maksimov, P.S. Kosmachev, P.L. Petrov and others.
V. I. Lenin, M. I. Ulyanova and N. K. Krupskaya in a car during a trip to the country house to V. D. Bonch-Bruevich. 1918, May 9-10 or June 22-24. Maltse-Brodovo (now Pushkin District of the Moscow Region).
VI Lenin and MI Ulyanova are sent to the Bolshoi Theater for a meeting of the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets. 1918, July 5. Moscow.
VI Lenin delivers a speech to the participants of the I All-Russian Congress on Education. 1918, August 28. Moscow.
In the photo (from left to right): P.N. Lepeshinsky, V.M. Pozner, A.V. Lunacharsky, V.I. Lenin, V.P. Potemkin, N.K. Krupskaya, V.I. .Popov; standing - A.I. Zeibut, S.I. Kudelin, S.I. Gorshechnikov and others
V. I. Lenin and N. K. Krupskaya after the meeting of the 1st All-Russian Congress on Education. 1918, August 28. Moscow.
Vladimir Lenin at his desk in his office in the Kremlin. 1918, October 16. Moscow.
Vladimir Lenin at the bookcase in his office in the Kremlin. 1918, October 16. Moscow.
V.I. Lenin. Portrait. 1918, October 16. Moscow.
VI Lenin in the courtyard of the Kremlin on a walk to recover from injury. 1918, October 16. Moscow.
V. I. Lenin with V. D. Bonch-Bruyevich in the courtyard of the Kremlin on a walk to recover from injury. 1918, October 16. Moscow.
Vladimir Lenin in the Kremlin presides over a meeting of the Council of People's Commissars for recovery from injury. 1918, October 17. Moscow.
In the photo: P.I. Stuchka, L.M. Karakhan, S.M. Dimanstein, N. N. Krestinsky, A. I. Svidersky, A.I. Rykov, D.I.Kursky, I.P. Tovstukha, L.D. Trotsky, G.V. Chicherin, K.B. Radek and others.
VI Lenin in a group of employees of the secretariat of the Council of People's Commissars in the Kremlin. 1918, October 17. Moscow.
V. I. Lenin, J. M. Sverdlov, M. F. Vladimirsky and P. G. Smidovich on the Revolution Square before the opening of the temporary monument to K. Marx and F. Engels. Moscow, November 7, 1918
Vladimir Lenin makes a speech at the opening of a temporary monument to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Moscow, November 7, 1918
Lenin and YM Sverdlov visiting the open temporary monument to K. Marx and F. Engels. Moscow, November 7, 1918
Lenin cuts the ribbon, opening a memorial plaque on the Kremlin wall in memory of the peoples who fell for peace and brotherhood. Moscow, November 7, 1918
V. I. Lenin, J. M. Sverdlov, V. A. Avanesov, N. I. Podvoisky, G. I. Okulova and M. F. Vladimirsky in front of an open memorial plaque in memory of peoples who fell for peace and brotherhood. Moscow, November 7, 1918
VI Lenin delivers a speech on Red Square on the day of the celebration of the 1st anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution. Moscow, November 7, 1918
VI Lenin on Red Square on the day of the celebration of the 1st anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution. Moscow, November 7, 1918
VI Lenin and Ya.M. Sverdlov in the presidium of the I All-Russian Congress of Land Departments and Kombedov in the Column Hall of the House of Unions. Moscow, December 11, 1918
VI Lenin on the presidium of the First Congress of the Comintern in the Kremlin. From left to right: G. Eberlein, V. I. Lenin and F. Platten. Moscow, March 2-6, 1919
VI Lenin on the presidium of the First Congress of the Comintern in the Kremlin. From left to right: G. Klinger, G. Eberlein, V. I. Lenin and F. Platten. Moscow, March 2-6, 1919
V.I. Lenin. Moscow, March 2-5, 1919
V.I.Lenin makes a speech at the funeral of Ya.M. Sverdlov on Red Square. Moscow, March 18, 1919
V. I. Lenin, Demyan Bedny and the delegate from Ukraine F. Panfilov at the VIII Congress of the RCP (b). Moscow, March 18-23, 1919
V. I. Lenin, I. V. Stalin and M. I. Kalinin at the VIII Congress of the RCP (b). 18-23 March 1919
V. I. Lenin in front of a recording apparatus in the Kremlin. Moscow, March 29, 1919
V.I. Lenin. Moscow, March 29, 1919
V.I.Lenin and M.I. Kalinin in a group of cadets of the Moscow courses of the heavy artelery of the Red Army. Moscow, April 15, 1919
Lenin makes a speech on Red Square at the opening of a temporary monument to Stepan Razin. Moscow, May 1, 1919
Lenin makes a speech on Red Square on the day of the May Day holiday. Moscow, May 1, 1919
VI Lenin on Red Square during the May Day demonstration. Moscow, May 1, 1919
V. I. Lenin on Red Square talks with the secretary of the MK RCP (b) V. M. Zagorsky during the May Day demonstration. Moscow, May 1, 1919
V.I. Lenin. Moscow, May 1, 1919
V.I. Lenin and. N.K. Krupskaya leaving the House of Unions after the meeting of the I All-Russian Congress on extracurricular education. Moscow, May 6, 1919
VI Lenin with a group of commanders bypasses the front of the Vsevobuch troops on Red Square. Moscow, May 25, 1919
VI Lenin makes a speech in front of the Vsevobuch troops on Red Square. Moscow, May 25, 1919
IN AND. Lenin, N.K. Krupskaya, M.I. Ulyanova, T. Samuely and A. Belenky on Red Square during the parade of the Vsevobuch troops. Moscow, May 25, 1919
Lenin, before leaving Red Square, says goodbye to a participant in the parade of the Vsevobuch troops. Moscow, May 25, 1919
Vladimir Lenin speaks from the balcony of the Moscow City Council with greetings to the communist fighters who are going to fight Denikin. Moscow, October 16, 1919.
VI Lenin on Red Square during the celebration of the 2nd anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution. Moscow, November 7, 1919
V.I. Lenin. Moscow, November 7, 1919
VI Lenin and MI Kalinin in the House of Unions during the First All-Russian Congress of Labor Cossacks. Moscow, March 1, 1920
VI Lenin and MI Kalinin in the House of Unions in a group of delegates to the I All-Russian Congress of Labor Cossacks. Moscow, March 1, 1920
VI Lenin on the presidium of the IX Congress of the RCP (b) in the Sverdlovsk Hall of the Kremlin. Moscow, March-April 1920
V.I.Lenin at the 1st All-Russian Subbotnik in the courtyard of the Kremlin. Moscow, May 1, 1920
V.I.Lenin makes a speech at the laying of a monument to K.Marks on Sverdlov Square. Moscow, May 1, 1920
V.I.Lenin signs a mortgage board on the laying of a monument to Karl Marx on Sverdlov Square. Moscow, May 1, 1920
VI Lenin lays the first stone in the foundation of the monument to Karl Marx on Sverdlov Square. Moscow, May 1, 1920
V.I. Lenin. Moscow, May 1, 1920
VI Lenin goes to the place where the monument "Liberated Labor" was laid. Moscow, May 1, 1920
VI Lenin at the laying of the monument "Liberated Labor". Moscow, May 1, 1920
VI Lenin and AV Lunacharsky in a group of comrades after the laying of the monument "Liberated Labor". Moscow, May 1, 1920
VI Lenin speaks on Sverdlov Square in front of the troops going to the front. Moscow, May 5, 1920
Censored version with the removed figures of Trotsky and Kamenev
Original version
VI Lenin takes the parade of the XI release of the commanders of the First Moscow Soviet machine-gun courses in the Kremlin. Moscow, May 12, 1920
VI Lenin at the time of his arrival at the II Congress of the Comintern. Petrograd, July 19, 1920
V. I. Lenin, N. I. Bukharin and G. B. Zinoviev at a meeting of the II Congress of the Comintern. Moscow, 1920
Lenin in the group of delegates to the II Congress of the Comintern on the Square of the Victims of the Revolution. Petrograd, 19 July 1920
VI Lenin makes a speech on Palace Square at an international rally dedicated to the opening of the Second Congress of the Comintern. Petrograd, July 19, 1920
VI Lenin delivers a report on the international situation at a meeting of the II Congress of the Comintern. Petrograd, 19 July 1920
VI Lenin at the II Congress of the Comintern in the Kremlin. Moscow, July-August 1920
VI Lenin at a meeting of one of the commissions of the II Congress of the Comintern in the Kremlin. Moscow, July-August 1920
VI Lenin and ED Stasova during the II Congress of the Comintern in the Kremlin. Moscow, July-August 1920
V.I. Lenin. Moscow, July 1920
V. I. Lenin in his office in the Kremlin talking with the English writer Herbert Wells. Moscow, October 1920
V.I.Lenin and N.K. Krupskaya in a group of peasants at a holiday dedicated to the opening of the Kashin power plant. the village of Kashino, November 14, 1920
Vladimir Lenin in his apartment in the Kremlin. Moscow, autumn 1920
V. I. Lenin and N. K. Krupskaya with A. I. Elizarova, M. I. Ulyanova, D. I. Ulyanov and G. Ya. Lozgachev in the Kremlin apartment of V. I. Lenin. Moscow, autumn 1920
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin - famous Russian revolutionary, Soviet political and statesman, founder Soviet Union, organizer of the CPSU. He was involved in many areas. He is considered the most legendary leader and politician in history. Moreover, Lenin organized the first socialist state. This communist leader was interested in the policies of Mark Engels, and soon continued his work. Vladimir Ilyich changed the fate of not only the Soviet state, but the entire world. Lenin is the founder of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. The main task of this statesman was to create a party of the working class. This innovation was supposed to positively affect the fate of the state in the future, according to Lenin.
Portrait of Vladimir Lenin
Biography of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
This personality is considered the most important organizer and leader of the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia. In addition, Vladimir Ilyich - first chairman of the Council of People's Commissars.
Despite the huge period of time that has passed since the reign of the legendary personality, historians are paying more and more attention to the study of his politics, the methods of activity and life of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. He actively developed his policy in the early twentieth century. However, his form of government was not to everyone's liking. Someone condemned the politician, someone admired him. Despite everything, he still remains one of the most significant personalities in the field of politics.
Lenin was an ardent Marxist and always clearly defended his opinion. He is considered the founder of Marxism-Leninism. Vladimir Ilyich is the ideologist and creator of the Third Communist International. The state representative was also involved in the field of political and publicistic work. He penned works of various kinds. For example, materialist philosophy, the theory of Marxism, the construction of socialism and communism, and many others.
Vladimir Lenin and his sister Maria
Millions consider Vladimir Ilyich Lenin one of the most famous politicians in the whole world history... This is due to the methods of his government and the nature of his activities. Employees of the popular Time magazine added Lenin to the list of the hundred most significant revolutionary figures of the twentieth century. This Russian leader was included in the category "Leaders and Revolutionaries"... It is also known that the works of Vladimir Ilyich annually lead the list of translated literature. Printed works rank third in the world after Bible and works Mao Zedong.
Childhood and adolescence of Vladimir Ulyanov
The real name of the great Russian leader is Ulyanov... Vladimir Ilyich was born in 1870 in Ulyanovsk (Simbirsk today) in the family of an inspector of public schools in the Simbirsk province. Vladimir's father, Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov, was a state councilor. Previously, he taught at secondary educational institutions in Penza and Nizhny Novgorod.
Vladimir Lenin as a child
Mother of Vladimir Ulyanov, Maria Alexandrovna, had Swedish and German adventures on the mother and European - on the father. Maria Ulyanova has passed exams for the position of a teacher. However, she later ended her career and devoted all her free time to raising her children and housework. In addition to Vladimir, the family had older children - son Alexander and daughter Anna. A few more years later, two more children appeared in the family - Maria and Dmitry.
As a child, young Ulyanov received Orthodox baptism and was a member of the Simbirsk religious Society of St. Sergius of Radonezh. During the school period, the boy received high marks according to the law of God.
Little Vladimir was a very developed child. At the age of five, he already knew how to read and write perfectly. Soon he entered the Simbirsk gymnasium. There he was attentive, diligent and devoted a lot of time to the educational process. For hard work and efforts he constantly received letters of commendation and other awards. Some teachers often called it "the walking encyclopedia."
Vladimir Lenin in his youth
Vladimir Ulyanov was very different from other students in the level of his development. All classmates respected him and treated him like an authoritative friend. During his school years, the future leader read a lot of advanced Russian literature, which soon influenced the boy's worldview. He preferred the works of V. G. Belinsky, A. I. Herzen, N. A. Dobrolyubov, D. I. Pisarev and especially N. G. Chernyshevsky and others. In 1880, the student received a book with gold embossing on the binding: "For good behavior and success" and a commendation sheet.
In 1887 graduated from the Simbirsk gymnasium with a gold medal, all his grades were at a high level. Then he entered the law faculty of Kazan University. Heads of the gymnasium F. Kerensky was extremely surprised and disappointed with the choice of Vladimir Ulyanov. He advised him to continue his studies at the Faculty of History and Literature. Kerensky argued this decision by the fact that his student was really successful in the field of Latin and literature.
In 1887, a terrible incident occurred in the Ulyanov family - Vladimir's elder brother Alexander was executed for organizing an assassination attempt on the Tsar Alexander III... From that moment on, Ulyanov's revolutionary activity began to develop. He started attending an illegal student circle "Narodnaya Volya" headed by Lazar Bogoraz... In this regard, he was expelled from the university in his first year. Ulyanova and several dozen other students were arrested and sent to the police station. The situation with his brother influenced his worldview. Vladimir Ulyanov seriously protested against national oppression and tsarist policies. It was during that period that the guy began his revolutionary activities against capitalism.
Vladimir Lenin in his youth
After being expelled from Kazan University, he moved to a small village called Kukushkino, located in the Kazan province. There he lived for two years in the house of the Ardashevs. In connection with all the events, Vladimir Ulyanov was included in the list of suspicious individuals who must be carefully monitored. Moreover, the future leader was prohibited from restoring university studies.
Soon Vladimir Ilyich became a member of various Marxist organizations that Fedoseev created. The members of these groups studied the compositions Karl Marx and Engels... In 1889, Vladimir's mother, Maria Ulyanova, acquired a huge plot of more than a hundred hectares in the Samara province. The whole family moved to this mansion. The mother persistently asked her son to manage such a large house, but this process was not successful.
Local peasants robbed the Ulyanovs and stole a horse and two cows from them. Then Ulyanova could not stand it and decided to sell both the land and the house. Today the house-museum of Vladimir Lenin is located in this village.
Lenin abroad
In 1889 the Lenin family changed their place of residence. They moved to Samara. There, Vladimir's ties with the revolutionaries were renewed again. However, after a while, the authorities changed their mind and allowed the previously arrested Vladimir to start preparing for exams to study law. In the process of studying, he actively studied economic textbooks, as well as zemstvo statistical reports.
Participation of Vladimir Lenin in revolutionary activities
In 1891 Vladimir Lenin entered the Faculty of Law at St. Petersburg University as an external student. There he worked as an assistant attorney at law from Samara and defended prisoners. In 1893 he moved to St. Petersburg and devoted much of his time to writing works related to Marxist political economy. At the same time, he created the program of the Social Democratic Party. Among the popular and surviving works of Lenin - "New economic movements in peasant life."
Vladimir Lenin with a newspaper
In 1895 Lenin went abroad and visited several countries at once. Among them are Switzerland, Germany and France. There Vladimir Ilyin met famous personalities like, Georgy Plekhanov, Wilhelm Liebknecht and Paul Lafargue... Later, the revolutionary leader returned to his homeland and began to develop various innovations. First of all, he united all the Marxist circles in the "Union for the Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class." Lenin began to actively spread the idea of \u200b\u200bfighting the autocracy.
For such actions, Lenin and his allies were again arrested. They were detained for a year. Then the prisoners were sent to the Shushenskoye village of the Elysee province. During this period, the statesman was actively establishing relations with social democrats from different parts of the country, namely from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Voronezh, Nizhny Novgorod.
In 1900 he was free and visited all the cities of Russia. Lenin spent a lot of time visiting various organizations. In the same year, Lenin created a newspaper called "Spark"... It was then that Vladimir Ilyich first began to sign himself with the surname "Lenin". A few months later he organized a congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. In connection with this event, there was a split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. Lenin became the head of the Bolshevik ideological and political party. He tried to fight the Mensheviks with everyone and took radical measures.
Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin
Since 1905 Lenin lived in Switzerland for three years. There he carefully prepared for an armed uprising. Later, Vladimir Ilyich illegally returned to St. Petersburg. He tried to attract the peasants to him, so that they were one strong team for the struggle. Vladimir Lenin called on the peasants to fight actively and asked to use everything at hand as a weapon. It was necessary to attack civil servants.
Role in the shooting of the family of Emperor Nicholas II criticism and accusations
As it became known, on the night of July 16-17, 1918, the family of Nicholas II and all the servants were shot. This incident took place by order of the Ural Regional Council in Yekaterinburg. The decree was headed by the Bolsheviks. Lenin and Sverdlov had a certain number of sanctions that were used to shoot Nicholas II... These data are officially confirmed. However, historical experts and other specialists are still actively discussing Lenin's sanctions on the execution of the family and servants of Nicholas II. Some historians admit this fact, others categorically deny it.
Initially, the Soviet government decided that it was necessary to try Nicholas II. This issue was discussed in 1918 at a meeting of the Council of People's Commissars, which took place at the end of January. The party board officially confirmed such actions and the need for a trial of Nikolai II. This idea, respectively, was supported by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin and his allies.
Vladimir Lenin's speech
As you know, during that period Nicholas II, his family and servants were transported from Tobolsk to Yekaterinburg. Most likely, this move was associated with all the events taking place. M. Medvedev (Kudrin) provided confirmation that it was not possible to obtain sanctions for the execution of Nikolai II. Lenin, however, argued that the tsar must be transferred to a place safer for life. On July 13, a meeting was held at which issues related to the military review and careful protection of the king were discussed.
Wife of Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Krupskaya told that on the night of the murder of the Tsar and his family, the Russian leader was at work all night and returned only early in the morning.
Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky
Personal life of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Krupskaya
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin tried to carefully hide his personal life, like other professional revolutionaries. Nadezhda Krupskaya became his wife. They met in 1894 during the active creation of an organization called "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class"... During that period, a Marxist meeting took place, where they met. Nadezhda Krupskaya was delighted with Lenin's leadership qualities and his serious character. She, in turn, interested Lenin with an analytical mindset and development in many areas. Government activities brought the couple closer together and after a few years they decided to tie the knot. The chosen one of Vladimir Ilyich was restrained and calm, extremely flexible. She supported her lover in everything, no matter what. Moreover, his wife helped the Russian revolutionary in secret correspondence with various party members.
However, despite the wonderful character and loyalty of Hope, she was a terrible mistress. It was almost never possible to notice Krupskaya in the process of cooking and cleaning. She did not do the housework and cooked very rarely. However, if such cases did occur, then Lenin did not complain and ate everything he was given. Note that once in 1916, on New Year's Eve, there was only yogurt on their festive table.
Vladimir Lenin and Nadezhda Krupskaya
Before Krupskaya, Lenin admired Apollinaria Yakubovabut she rejected it. Yakubova was a socialist.
After they met, they had love at first sight. Krupskaya everywhere followed her lover and participated in all the actions of Vladimir Ilyich. Soon they got married. Local peasants became best men. Their ally made the rings for them from copper dimes. The wedding of Krupskaya and Lenin took place on July 22, 1898 in the village of Shushenskoye. After that, Nadezhda truly loved her husband. Moreover, Lenin got married, despite the fact that at that time he was an ardent atheist.
In her free time, Nadezhda went about her own business, namely, theoretical and pedagogical work. She had her own opinion on many situations and did not completely obey her abusive spouse.
Vladimir has always been cruel and callous towards his wife, but Nadezhda has always adored him, truly loved and helped him in all areas. In addition to Nadezhda, there were many other women in Lenin's life even after marriage. Krupskaya knew about this, but she proudly held back the pain and endured a humiliating attitude towards herself. She forgot about the feeling of pride and jealousy.
Vladimir Lenin and Inessa Armand
There is still no reliable information about the children of Vladimir Lenin. Someone claims that he was sterile and had no children at all. And other historians say that the famous Russian leader had many illegally born children. There is also information that Lenin has a child named Alexander Steffen from his beloved Inessa Armand... Their romance lasted for five years. Inessa Armand was Lenin's mistress for a long time and Krupskaya knew about everything that was happening.
They met Inessa Armand in 1909 while in Paris. As you know, Inessa Armand is the daughter of a famous French opera singer and comic actress. At that time, Inessa was 35 years old. She was absolutely not like Nadezhda Krupskaya neither externally nor internally. She was distinguished by beautiful features and an unusual appearance. The girl had deep eyes, beautiful long hair, an excellent figure and a beautiful voice. Krupskaya, according to Anna Ulyanova, Vladimir's sister, was completely ugly, had eyes like a fish, and did not have beautiful expressive features.
Inessa Armand she had a passionate character and always expressed her emotions vividly. She loved to communicate with people, had good manners. Krupskaya, unlike the French chosen one Lenin, was cold and did not like to express her emotions. They say that Vladimir, most likely, was just a physical attraction to this lady, he did not feel any feelings for her. However, Inessa herself loved this man very much. Moreover, she was radical in her views and categorically did not understand free relationships. Armand was also an excellent cook and was always engaged in farming, in contrast to Nadezhda Krupskaya, who was almost never involved in these processes.
Vladimir Lenin
There was also information that Nadezhda Krupskaya suffered from infertility. It was this fact that argued the absence of children in a married couple for many years. Later, doctors ascertained the fact that the woman had a terrible ailment - Graves' disease. It was this disease that was the reason for the absence of children.
In the Soviet Union, information about Lenin's betrayal and the absence of children from a married couple was not disseminated. These facts were considered shameful.
Nadezhda's parents loved Vladimir Ilyich very much. They were happy that she connected her life with an intelligent young man, very educated and restrained. However, the Lenin family was not very happy with the appearance of this girl. For example, Vladimir's sister - Anna, hated Nadezhda and considered her strange, unattractive.
Nadezhda knew everything about her husband's infidelities, but she behaved with restraint and never said anything to him, and even more so to Inessa. Everyone around him knew about this love triangle, since the famous revolutionary did not hide anything and did it in public. Inessa Armand has always been present in the life of the couple. Moreover, Inessa and Nadezhda tried to maintain friendly relations and communicate.
Lenin Vladimir Ilyich
Lenin's French mistress helped him in everything; she went with him to party meetings throughout Europe. Also, the woman translated his books, articles and other works. Note that in her bedroom Nadezhda kept a photograph of her husband's mistress and looked at her rival every day. Nearby were pictures of Vladimir and mother Nadezhda.
Nadezhda endured her husband's humiliation and betrayal to the last, and, it would seem, has already come to terms with the presence of a mistress in Vladimir. However, at some point, she could not resist and invited her husband to leave. He disagreed and left his mistress Inessa Armand. In 1920, Inessa died of a terrible disease - cholera. Nadezhda Krupskaya also attended the funeral of her rival. She held Vladimir's hand all the time.
The French chosen one Lenin left two children from his first marriage, who became orphans. Their father had also died earlier. Therefore, the couple decided to take care of these children and take care of them. Initially, the children lived in Gorki, later they were sent abroad.
Vladimir Lenin in the last years of his life
The death of Vladimir Lenin
After the death of Inessa Armand, Lenin's life went downhill. He also became often ill, the state of health of the Russian leader deteriorated significantly in connection with all the events that were taking place. Soon he passed away on January 21, 1924 at the estate Gorki of the Moscow province... There were many versions of the death of a man. Some historians suggest that he died of syphilis, which may have been transmitted to him by a French mistress. As you know, he took drugs for a long time to treat such diseases.
However, according to official data, Lenin died of atherosclerosis, which he suffered recently. The last request of Vladimir Ilyich was bring Inessa's children to him... At that time they were in France. Krupskaya complied with this request of her husband, but they were not allowed to see Lenin. In February 1924, Nadezhda proposed to bury Vladimir next to the ashes of Inessa Armand, but Stalin categorically denied this proposal.
The funeral of Vladimir Lenin
A few days after the death of the world famous leader, his body was transported to Moscow. He was placed in the Column Hall of the House of Unions. For five days, this building was used to say farewell to the Russian leader, political and statesman, and the head of the Soviet people.
January 27, 1924 Lenin's body was embalmed. For the body of this legendary personality, the Mausoleum was specially built, which is still located on Red Square. The question of reburial of Vladimir Lenin is raised annually, but no one does it.
Lenin's Mausoleum on Red Square in Moscow
Creativity, compositions and works of Lenin
Lenin was a famous successor Karl Marx... He often wrote works on this topic. Thus, hundreds of works belong to him. In Soviet times, more than forty "Lenin's collections" were published, as well as collected works. Among the most popular works of Lenin - "The Development of Capitalism in Russia" (1899), "What to Do?" (1902), "Materialism and Empirio-Criticism" (1909). Moreover, in 1919-1921 he recorded sixteen speeches on records, which testifies to the oratorical abilities of the people's leader.
Lenin's cult
A real cult began around the personality of Vladimir Lenin during his reign. Petrograd was renamed Leningrad; many streets and villages were named after this Russian revolutionary. In every city of the state, a monument to Vladimir Lenin was erected. In many scientific and publicistic works, the legendary man was quoted.
Revolutionary Lenin Vladimir Ilyich
A special survey was conducted among the population of Russia. More than 52% of the respondents claim that the personality of Vladimir Lenin has become one of the most important and necessary in the history of their people.
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin is a world-famous Russian revolutionary, the main leader of the Soviet people, a politician and statesman. He was involved in the field of journalism; hundreds of works belong to the pen of this legendary man. Over the past decades, many poems, ballads, poems have been released in his honor. In almost every city there is a monument to Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, whose rule will be talked about for decades around the world.
Studied for 3 months at Kazan University.
Vladimir Lenin is the great leader of the working people of the whole world, who is considered the most outstanding politician in world history, who created the first socialist state.
Embed from Getty Images Vladimir LeninThe Russian communist theoretical philosopher, who continued his work and whose activities were widely deployed at the beginning of the 20th century, is still of interest to the public today, since his historical role is of significant importance not only for Russia, but for the whole world. Lenin's activities have both positive and negative assessments, which does not prevent the founder of the USSR from remaining a leading revolutionary in world history.
Childhood and youth
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov was born on April 22, 1870 in the Simbirsk province of the Russian Empire in the family of the school inspector Ilya Nikolaevich and the school teacher Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanov. He became the third child of parents who put their whole souls into their children - my mother completely gave up work and devoted herself to raising Alexander, Anna and Volodya, after which she gave birth to Maria and Dmitry.
Embed from Getty Images Vladimir Lenin as a childAs a child, Vladimir Ulyanov was a mischievous and very intelligent boy - at the age of 5 he had already learned to read and by the time he entered the Simbirsk gymnasium he became a “walking encyclopedia”. During his school years, he also showed himself to be a diligent, diligent, talented and accurate student, for which he was repeatedly awarded meritorious certificates. Lenin's classmates said that the future world leader of the working people enjoyed tremendous respect and authority in the classroom, since every student felt his mental superiority.
In 1887, Vladimir Ilyich graduated from high school with a gold medal and entered the law faculty of Kazan University. In the same year, a terrible tragedy happened in the Ulyanov family - Lenin's older brother Alexander was executed for participating in organizing an assassination attempt on the Tsar.
This grief aroused in the future founder of the USSR a protest spirit against national oppression and the tsarist regime, therefore, already in the first year of the university, he created a student revolutionary movement, for which he was expelled from the university and sent into exile in the small village of Kukushkino, located in the Kazan province.
Embed from Getty Images Vladimir Lenin FamilyFrom that moment on, the biography of Vladimir Lenin was continuously connected with the struggle against capitalism and autocracy, the main goal of which was the liberation of workers from exploitation and oppression. After exile, in 1888, Ulyanov returned to Kazan, where he immediately joined one of the Marxist circles.
In the same period, Lenin's mother acquired an almost 100-hectare estate in the Simbirsk province and persuaded Vladimir Ilyich to manage it. This did not prevent him from continuing to maintain ties with local "professional" revolutionaries who helped him find the People's Will and create an organized movement of Protestants of the imperial power.
Revolutionary activity
In 1891, Vladimir Lenin managed to pass exams at the Imperial St. Petersburg University at the Faculty of Law as an external student. After that, he worked as an assistant to a sworn advocate from Samara, engaged in the "state protection" of criminals.
Embed from Getty Images Vladimir Lenin in his youthIn 1893, the revolutionary moved to St. Petersburg and, in addition to legal practice, began writing historical works on Marxist political economy, the creation of the Russian liberation movement, the capitalist evolution of post-reform villages and industry. Then he began to create the program of the Social Democratic Party.
In 1895, Lenin made his first trip abroad and made a so-called tour of Switzerland, Germany and France, where he met his idol Georgy Plekhanov, as well as Wilhelm Liebknecht and Paul Lafargue, who were leaders of the international labor movement.
Upon his return to St. Petersburg, Vladimir Ilyich managed to unite all the scattered Marxist circles into the "Union of the Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class", at the head of which he began to prepare a plan for the overthrow of the autocracy. For active propaganda of his idea, Lenin and his allies were imprisoned, and after a year in prison they sent him to the Shushenskoye village of the Elysee province.
Embed from Getty Images Vladimir Lenin in 1897 with members of the Bolshevik organizationDuring his exile, he established contact with the Social Democrats of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Voronezh, Nizhny Novgorod, and in 1900, after the end of his exile, he traveled to all Russian cities and personally established contact with numerous organizations. In 1900, the leader created the newspaper Iskra, under whose articles he first signed the pseudonym Lenin.
In the same period, he became the initiator of the congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, in which after that there was a split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. The revolutionary headed the Bolshevik ideological and political party and launched an active struggle against Menshevism.
Embed from Getty Images Vladimir LeninIn the period from 1905 to 1907, Lenin lived in exile in Switzerland, where he was preparing an armed uprising. There he was found by the First Russian Revolution, in whose victory he was interested, since it cut off the path to the socialist revolution.
Then Vladimir Ilyich illegally returned to St. Petersburg and began to act actively. He tried at all costs to attract the peasants to his side, forcing them into an armed uprising against the autocracy. The revolutionary called on people to arm themselves with everything that is at hand and to attack civil servants.
October Revolution
After the defeat in the First Russian Revolution, the cohesion of all Bolshevik forces took place, and Lenin, having analyzed the mistakes, began to revive the revolutionary upsurge. Then he created his own legal Bolshevik party, which published the newspaper Pravda, of which he was the chief editor. At that time, Vladimir Ilyich lived in Austria-Hungary, where he was found World War.
Embed from Getty Images Joseph Stalin and Vladimir LeninAfter being imprisoned on suspicion of spying for Russia, Lenin spent two years preparing his theses on the war, and after his release he went to Switzerland, where he came out with the slogan of turning the imperialist war into a civil war.
In 1917, Lenin and his associates were allowed to leave Switzerland via Germany to Russia, where a solemn meeting was organized for him. Vladimir Ilyich's first speech to the people began with a call for a "social revolution," which aroused discontent even among Bolshevik circles. At that moment, Lenin's theses were supported by Joseph Stalin, who also believed that the power in the country should belong to the Bolsheviks.
On October 20, 1917, Lenin arrived in Smolny and began leading the uprising, which was organized by the head of the Petrograd Soviet. Vladimir Ilyich proposed to act promptly, toughly and clearly - from October 25 to 26, the Provisional Government was arrested, and on November 7, at the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, Lenin's decrees on peace and land were adopted, and the Council of People's Commissars was organized, headed by Vladimir Ilyich.
Embed from Getty Images Leon Trotsky and Vladimir LeninThis was followed by the 124-day "Smolninsky period", during which Lenin actively worked in the Kremlin. He signed a decree on the creation of the Red Army, concluded the Brest Peace Treaty with Germany, and also began to develop a program for the formation of a socialist society. At that moment, the Russian capital was moved from Petrograd to Moscow, and the Congress of Soviets of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers became the supreme body of power in Russia.
After the main reforms were carried out, which consisted in withdrawing from the World War and transferring the land of the landowners to the peasants, the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (RSFSR) was formed on the territory of the former Russian Empire, ruled by the communists led by Vladimir Lenin.
Head of the RSFSR
With his coming to power, according to many historians, Lenin ordered the execution of the former Russian emperor along with his entire family, and in July 1918 he approved the Constitution of the RSFSR. Two years later, Lenin liquidated the supreme ruler of Russia, the admiral, who was his strong opponent.
Embed from Getty Images Vladimir Ilyich LeninThen the head of the RSFSR implemented the policy of "red terror", created to strengthen the new government in the context of a flourishing anti-Bolshevik activity. At the same time, the decree on the death penalty was restored, under which anyone who did not agree with Lenin's policy could fall.
After that, Vladimir Lenin began to destroy the Orthodox Church. Since that time, believers have become the main enemies of the Soviet regime. During that period, Christians who tried to protect the holy relics were subjected to persecution and executions. Also, special concentration camps were created for the "re-education" of the Russian people, where people were imputed in especially harsh ways that they were obliged to work for free in the name of communism. This led to a massive famine that killed millions of people and a terrible crisis.
Embed from Getty Images Vladimir Lenin and Kliment Voroshilov at the Congress of the Communist PartyThis result forced the leader to deviate from his planned plan and create a new economic policy, during which people, under the "supervision" of the commissars, restored industry, revived construction sites and industrialized the country. In 1921, Lenin abolished "war communism", replaced the food appropriation with a food tax, allowed private trade, which allowed the broad mass of the population to independently seek funds for survival.
In 1922, on the recommendations of Lenin, the USSR was created, after which the revolutionary had to step down from power due to his rapidly deteriorating health. After an acute political struggle in the country in pursuit of power, Joseph Stalin became the sole leader of the Soviet Union.
Personal life
The personal life of Vladimir Lenin, like that of most professional revolutionaries, was shrouded in secrecy for conspiracy purposes. He met his future wife in 1894 during the organization of the Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class.
She blindly followed her beloved and participated in all of Lenin's actions, which was the reason for their first separate exile. In order not to part, Lenin and Krupskaya got married in a church - they invited the Shushensky peasants as best men, and their ally made their wedding rings from copper dimes.
Embed from Getty Images Vladimir Lenin and Nadezhda KrupskayaThe sacrament of the wedding of Lenin and Krupskaya took place on July 22, 1898 in the village of Shushenskoye, after which Nadezhda became a faithful companion to the life of the great leader, before whom she bowed, despite his harshness and humiliating appeal to herself. Having become a real communist, Krupskaya suppressed in herself a sense of ownership and jealousy, which allowed her to remain the only wife of Lenin, in whose life there were many women.
The question "did Lenin have children?" is still of interest all over the world. There are several historical theories regarding the paternity of the communist leader - some claim that Lenin was sterile, while others call him the father of many illegitimate children. At the same time, many sources claim that Vladimir Ilyich had a son, Alexander Steffen, from his beloved, an affair with whom the revolutionary lasted for about 5 years.
Death
The death of Vladimir Lenin occurred on January 21, 1924 in the Gorki estate of the Moscow province. According to official figures, the leader of the Bolsheviks died of atherosclerosis caused by severe overload at work. Two days after Lenin's death, Lenin's body was transported to Moscow and placed in the Column Hall of the House of Unions, where farewell to the founder of the USSR took place for 5 days.
Embed from Getty Images Funeral of Vladimir LeninOn January 27, 1924, Lenin's body was embalmed and placed in a specially built Mausoleum located on the Red Square of the capital. The ideologist of the creation of Lenin's relics was his successor, Joseph Stalin, who wanted to make Vladimir Ilyich a "god" in the eyes of the people.
After the collapse of the USSR, the question of Lenin's reburial was repeatedly raised in the State Duma. True, he remained at the discussion stage back in 2000, when the one who came to power during his first presidential term put an end to this issue. He said that he does not see the desire of the overwhelming majority of the population to reburial the body of the world leader, and until it appears, this topic will no longer be discussed in modern Russia.
Vladimir Lenin (real name: Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov) is a famous revolutionary, leader of the Land of Soviets and leader of the working people of the whole world, founder of the first socialist state in world history, creator of the Communist International.He was one of the key ideological inspirers of the October Revolution of 1917 and the first head of the new state, created on the basis of the union of equal republics and the theory of the subsequent world revolution.
In the USSR, he was the object of incredible admiration and cult. He was glorified, exalted and idealized, called a seer, a giant of thought and a shrewd genius. Today, in different strata of society, the attitude towards him is very contradictory: for some, he is a major political theorist who influenced the course of world history, for others, he is the author of especially cruel concepts for the destruction of compatriots, who destroyed the foundations of the country's economy.
Childhood
The future major politician was born on April 22, 1870 in Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk is named in his honor), a city on the Volga, in an intelligent family of teachers. There were no Russians in his family: mother Maria Aleksandrovna came from Germans with an admixture of Swedish and Jewish blood, father Ilya Nikolaevich - from Kalmyks and Chuvash. He was engaged in the inspection of public schools and made a very successful career: he received the rank of a real state councilor, which gave the right to a noble title. 
Mom devoted herself to raising children, of whom there were five in their family: daughter Anna, sons Alexander, Vladimir, Dmitry and the youngest child - Maria or Manyasha, as her relatives called her. The mother of the family graduated from a teacher training college as an external student, knew several foreign languages, played the piano and passed on her knowledge and skills to the children, including exceptional accuracy in everything.
Volodya knew Latin, French, German, English, and a little worse - Italian. His love for languages \u200b\u200bremained throughout his life; shortly before his death, he began to learn Czech. In the gymnasium, he preferred philosophy, but also had excellent marks in other disciplines.
He grew up as an inquisitive boy, loved to arrange noisy games with brothers and sisters: a horse, Indians, soldiers. Reading Uncle Tom's Cabin, he imagined himself Abraham Lincoln smashing slave owners.
In his last year of study, in 1986, his father died. A year later, their family suffered another ordeal - the execution of their brother Alexander by hanging. The young man was good at the natural sciences, so the terrorists who were preparing the assassination attempt on Alexander III recruited him to create an explosive device. In the case, Ulyanov was one of the organizers of the attempted assassination of the tsar.
Formation of political consciousness
After graduating from high school, the young man began to study law at Kazan University. At 17, he was not politically active. Lenin's biographers believe that the decision to change the political system was largely dictated by the death of Alexander. Deeply worried about the death of his brother, Volodya was carried away by the idea of \u200b\u200boverthrowing tsarism. 
Soon he was expelled from the university for participating in student riots. At the request of his mother's sister Lyubov Blank, he was sent to the village of Kukushkino, Kazan province, and lived with his aunt for about a year. Then his political views began to form. He took up self-education, read a lot of Marxist literature, as well as the works of Dmitry Pisarev, Georgy Plekhanov, Sergei Nechaev, Nikolai Chernyshevsky.
The revolution of the proletariat will completely abolish the division of society into classes, and consequently, all social political inequality.
In 1889, Maria Alexandrovna, demonstrating her immeasurable love and support to her son, who needed money, sold a house in Simbirsk and bought a farm in the Samara province for 7.5 thousand rubles. She hoped that Vladimir would find an outlet in the ground, however, without experience in farming, the family did not succeed. They sold the estate and moved to Samara.
In 1891, the authorities allowed Ulyanov to pass exams for the first year of the law faculty of St. Petersburg University. For a little less than a year Vladimir was an assistant attorney. This service was boring to him, and in 1893 he left for the Northern capital, where he began to practice law and study the ideology of Marxism. By this time, he had finally taken shape as a person, his views evolved: if earlier he bowed before the ideas of the populists, now he became a supporter of the social democrats.
The road to revolution
In 1895, the young man went to Europe, where he met with members of the Russian Marxist group Emancipation of Labor. Returning to the city on the Neva, he founded the Union of Struggle in partnership with Yuliy Martov. They were involved in the management of the strike, the release of a workers' newspaper with articles by Ulyanov, the distribution of leaflets.We must fight religion. This is the alphabet of all materialism and, therefore, Marxism. But Marxism is not materialism that stops at the ABC. Marxism goes further. He says: one must be able to fight religion, and for this one must materialistically explain the source of faith and religion among the masses.
Soon Vladimir was arrested and sent into exile for 3 years in the Siberian village of Shushenskoye, where he later wrote more than three dozen articles. At the end of his sentence, Ulyanov went abroad. Once in Germany, in 1900 he initiated the publication of the famous underground newspaper Iskra. Then he began to sign his works and articles with the pseudonym Lenin. Vladimir Ilyich had high hopes for Iskra, believing that it would unite the disunited revolutionary organizations under the banner of Marxist ideology.
In 1903, the II Congress of the RSDLP prepared by the revolutionary was held in Brussels, where a split took place between the adherents of his idea of \u200b\u200bseizing power by armed means and the supporters of the classical parliamentary path - the Mensheviks, and the party program developed together with Plekhanov was adopted. In 1905, at the first party conference in Finland, he first met Stalin.
Any extreme is not good; everything good and useful, taken to an extreme, can become and even, beyond a certain limit, necessarily becomes evil and harm.
Lenin met the victory in the February Revolution of 1917, which led to the overthrow of the monarchy, abroad. Arriving at home, he called for an uprising against the Provisional Government. It was organized by Leon Trotsky, head of the Petrograd Soviet. Commemorative October 25, the Bolsheviks, with the support of the proletariat, seized power. Lenin headed a completely new government of the RSFSR - the Council of People's Commissars, signed decrees on land (confiscation of landowners' lands) and peace (negotiations on non-violent reconciliation of all the belligerent countries).
After October
In the country ruin reigned, and in the heads of people - chaos and chaos. Lenin signed a decree establishing the Red Army and the humiliating Brest Peace Treaty so that he could focus on internal problems. Many bright minds of the country, not appreciating his ideas, emigrated, others joined the White movement. The Civil War broke out.No one is to blame if he was born a slave; but a slave who not only shuns the striving for his freedom, but justifies and embellishes his slavery, such a slave is one who evokes a legitimate feeling of indignation, contempt and disgust - a lackey and a boor.
During this period, the leader of the Bolsheviks ordered the execution of the entire royal family. Nicholas II and his wife, their five children and close servants were killed on the night of July 16-17 in Yekaterinburg. Note that the question of Lenin's involvement in the execution of the Romanovs is still debatable.
In 1918, there were two attempts on Lenin's life (in January and August) and the murder of the chief Chekist of Petrograd, Moses Uritsky. As a response to what happened, the authorities organized the Red Terror on the initiative of Felix Dzerzhinsky. Within its framework, the decree on the death penalty was revived, the creation of concentration camps began, they practiced forcible conscription into the army, pogroms of Orthodox churches.
Lenin's speech to the Red Army (1919)
The Bolsheviks introduced the tough and ineffective concept of "war communism", involving people in free public works up to 16 hours a day, confiscating food, liquidating the market.
These actions provoked widespread famine and crisis, forcing the country's leader to develop a New Economic Policy (NEP). She gave positive results, but he could not correct all the mistakes he made because of his failing health.
Personal life of Vladimir Lenin
The first head of the USSR was married. He met his chosen one, intelligent and devoted Marxist Nadezhda Krupskaya in 1894 during the creation of the Union of Struggle. After 4 years they got married, legalizing their relationship in order to obtain permission to serve exile in Shushenskoye together. 
The spouses did not have offspring, although people who knew them claimed that they really wanted to have at least one child. The reason for this was called the living conditions of a married couple, unfavorable for the appearance of children (exile, prisons, emigration), as well as the consequences of Krupskaya's illness, who had a serious illness "on the female side" during imprisonment.
A person needs an ideal, but a human one, corresponding to nature, and not a supernatural one.
According to researchers, until his death, the couple was connected not by intimacy, but by a strong friendship. The leader considered his wife to be his reliable and main support in life. She repeatedly offered him freedom, in particular, so that he could marry his next mistress, Inessa Armand, with whom Nadezhda had an excellent relationship. But he always refused, did not want to let her go.
The politician was not particularly attractive, had a speech defect - burr, but possessed powerful charisma, piercing eyes, and could almost hypnotically influence those around him.
Death
In May 1922, the Bolshevik leader suffered a stroke with speech impairment and paralysis of the right side of the body. By the fall, the illness had receded, and he returned to business, demonstrating colossal efficiency. He spoke at the fourth congress of the Comintern, held a number of meetings of the Council of People's Commissars, meetings of the Politburo, and wrote about two hundred business notes and orders in 2 months. But in December and then in March of the following year, there were repeated strokes. Lenin moved from the capital to the Gorki residence near Moscow, closer to nature, healing silence and fresh air.Rare footage from the funeral of Vladimir Lenin
In January 1924, there was a sharp deterioration in the people's leader's health, and on the 21st he died of a cerebral hemorrhage. The reasons for his death were also called atherosclerosis, syphilis, a genetic disease that led to the "petrification" of the brain vessels and even poisoning from a bullet. However, these are all just hypotheses.
After the death of the leader, it was decided to create a Mausoleum near the Kremlin wall for his burial. By the day of the funeral on January 27, a temporary wooden burial structure was erected, where Ilyich's body was placed. Now in its place there is a red brick mausoleum. The embalmed leader of the nations rests there to this day.
The figure of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin has attracted close attention of historians and politicians around the world for almost a century. One of the most taboo topics in “Leninians” in the USSR is Lenin's origin, his genealogy. The same topic was subject to the greatest speculations on the part of the geopolitical opponents of the state, whose founder and “banner” was V.I. Lenin.
Secrets of Lenin's biography
How did the children of serfs become hereditary nobles, why did the Soviet government classified information about the ancestors of the leader on the maternal side, and how in the early 1900s did Vladimir Ulyanov become Nikolai Lenin?
The Ulyanov family. From left to right: standing - Olga, Alexander, Anna; sitting - Maria Alexandrovna with her youngest daughter Maria, Dmitry, Ilya Nikolaevich, Vladimir. Simbirsk. 1879 year. Courtesy of M. Zolotarev
Biographical chronicle of V.I. Lenin "begins with the entry:" April 10 (22). Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) was born. The father of Vladimir Ilyich, Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov, was at that time an inspector, and then director of public schools in the Simbirsk province. He came from the poor townspeople of the city of Astrakhan. His father was previously a serf peasant. Lenin's mother, Maria Alexandrovna, was the daughter of the doctor A.D. Blank ".
It is curious that Lenin himself did not know many of the details of his genealogy. In their family, as well as in the families of other commoners, it was somehow not customary to delve into their “genealogical roots”. It was only later, after the death of Vladimir Ilyich, when interest in such problems began to grow, his sisters took up these studies. Therefore, when in 1922 Lenin received a detailed questionnaire for the party census, when asked about the occupation of his paternal grandfather, he sincerely replied: "I don't know."
GRANDSON OF THE FORTRESS
Meanwhile, Lenin's paternal grandfather, great-grandfather and great-great-grandfather were indeed serfs. Great-great-grandfather - Nikita Grigorievich Ulyanin - was born in 1711. According to the revision tale of 1782, he and the family of his youngest son Theophanes were recorded as a courtyard of the landowner of the village of Androsov, Sergach district of the Nizhny Novgorod governorship, Martha Semyonovna Myakinina.
According to the same revision, his eldest son Vasily Nikitich Ulyanin, born in 1733, with his wife Anna Semionovna and children Samoila, Porfiry and Nikolai lived there, but were listed as courtyards of the cornet Stepan Mikhailovich Brekhov. According to the revision of 1795, Lenin's grandfather Nikolai Vasilyevich, 25 years old, single, lived with his mother and brothers in the same village, but they were already listed as servants of ensign Mikhail Stepanovich Brekhov.
He was listed, of course, but he was no longer in the village ...
The Astrakhan archive contains the document “Lists of names of landowners peasants who are expected to be reckoned fugitives from different provinces”, where at number 223 it is written: “Nikolai Vasilyev, son of Ulyanin ... Nizhny Novgorod province, Sergach district, village Androsov, landowner Stepan Mikhailovich Brekhov, peasant. Absent in 1791 ”. It is not known for sure whether he was a runaway or released on a quitrent and ransomed, but in 1799 Nikolai Vasilyevich was transferred to the category of state peasants in Astrakhan, and in 1808 he was admitted to the bourgeois estate, to the workshop of artisans-tailors.
Having got rid of serfdom and becoming a free man, Nikolai Vasilyevich changed his surname Ulyanin to Ulyaninov, and then Ulyanov. Soon he married the daughter of the Astrakhan bourgeoisie Alexei Lukyanovich Smirnov - Anna, who was born in 1788 and was 18 years younger than her husband.
Based on some archival documents, the writer Marietta Shahinyan put forward a version according to which Anna Alekseevna is not Smirnov's own daughter, but a baptized Kalmyk woman, freed from slavery and adopted allegedly only in March 1825.
There is no indisputable evidence of this version, especially since already in 1812 he and Nikolai Ulyanov had a son, Alexander, who died four months old, in 1819, a son, Vasily, was born, in 1821, a daughter, Maria, in 1823 - Feodosia and, finally, in July 1831, when the head of the family was already over 60, the son Ilya was the father of the future leader of the world proletariat.
FATHER'S TEACHING CAREER
After the death of Nikolai Vasilyevich, care for the family and raising children fell on the shoulders of his eldest son Vasily Nikolaevich. Working at that time as a salesman for the well-known Astrakhan firm "The Brothers Sapozhnikovs" and without having his own family, he managed to ensure prosperity in the house and even gave his younger brother Ilya an education.
ILYA NIKOLAEVICH ULYANOV GRADUATED FACULTY OF PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS OF KAZAN UNIVERSITY.
HE WAS PROPOSED TO REMAIN AT THE DEPARTMENT FOR "IMPROVEMENT IN SCIENTIFIC WORK" - ON THIS FAMOUS MATHEMATICIAN NIKOLAY IVANOVICH LOBACHEVSKY insisted on this
In 1850, Ilya Nikolaevich graduated from the Astrakhan gymnasium with a silver medal and entered the physics and mathematics faculty of Kazan University, where he completed his studies in 1854, receiving the title of candidate of physical and mathematical sciences and the right to teach in secondary educational institutions... And although he was asked to stay at the department for "improvement in scientific work" (this, by the way, was insisted on by the famous mathematician Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky), Ilya Nikolayevich preferred the career of a teacher.
Monument to Lobachevsky in Kazan. The beginning of the XX century. Courtesy of M. Zolotarev
His first place of work - from May 7, 1855 - was the Noble Institute in Penza. In July 1860, Ivan Dmitrievich Veretennikov came here as an inspector of the institute. Ilya Nikolaevich made friends with him and his wife, and in the same year Anna Aleksandrovna Veretennikova (née Blank) introduced him to her sister Maria Aleksandrovna Blank, who came to visit her for the winter. Ilya Nikolaevich began to help Maria in preparing for the exam for the title of teacher, and she helped him in spoken English. The young people fell in love with each other, and in the spring of 1863 the engagement took place.
On July 15 of the same year, after successfully passing the exams at the Samara male gymnasium, "the daughter of the court counselor, maiden Maria Blank" received the title of primary school teacher "with the right to teach the Law of God, Russian, arithmetic, German and French." And in August they already had a wedding, and "the maiden Maria Blank" became the wife of the court adviser Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov - this rank was also granted to him in July 1863.
Panorama of Simbirsk from the side of the Moscow highway. 1866-1867 years. Courtesy of M. Zolotarev
Lenin's sisters Anna and Maria began to study the genealogy of the Blank family. Anna Ilyinichna said: “The elders could not figure it out for us. The surname seemed to us of a French root, but there was no evidence of such an origin. For a long time, I personally began to think about the possibility of Jewish origin, which was prompted mainly by the message from my mother that my grandfather was born in Zhitomir, a well-known Jewish center. The grandmother - the mother of the mother - was born in St. Petersburg and was by birth German from Riga. But while my mother and her sisters kept in touch with their maternal relatives for a long time, about the relatives of her father, A.D. Blank, nobody heard. He was, as it were, a cut-off piece, which also made me think of his Jewish origin. No grandfather's stories about his childhood or youth have been preserved by his daughters. "
Anna Ilyinichna Ulyanova reported to Joseph Stalin about the results of the search, which confirmed her assumption, in 1932 and 1934. “The fact of our origin, which I had assumed earlier,” she wrote, “was not known during his [Lenin's] life ... I don’t know what motives we communists might have for keeping this fact quiet.”
"To be absolutely silent about him" - that was Stalin's categorical answer. And Lenin's second sister, Maria Ilyinichna, also believed that this fact "let it be known sometime in a hundred years."
Lenin's great-grandfather - Moshe Itskovich Blank - was born, apparently, in 1763. The first mention of him is contained in the revision of 1795, where Moyshka Blank is recorded among the townspeople of the city of Starokonstantinov in the Volyn province at number 394. Where he came from in these places is unclear. However…
Some time ago, the famous bibliographer Maya Dvorkina introduced an interesting fact into scientific circulation. Somewhere in the mid-1920s, archivist Yulian Grigorievich Oksman, who was studying the genealogy of the leader of the world proletariat on the instructions of the director of the Lenin Library Vladimir Ivanovich Nevsky, discovered a petition from one of the Jewish communities in Minsk province, allegedly related to early XIX century, about the exemption from tax of a certain boy, because he is "the illegitimate son of a major Minsk official", and therefore, they say, the community should not pay for him. The boy's surname was Blank.
According to Oksman, Nevsky took him to Lev Kamenev, and then the three of them came to Nikolai Bukharin. Showing the document, Kamenev muttered: "I always thought so." To which Bukharin replied: "What do you think is not important, but what are we going to do?" Oksman took the floor that he would not tell anyone about the find. And since then, no one has seen this document.
One way or another, Moshe Blank appeared in Starokonstantinov as an adult, and in 1793 he married a local 29-year-old girl Maryam (Marem) Froimovich. From subsequent revisions it follows that he read both Hebrew and Russian, had his own house, was engaged in trade, and, in addition, he rented 5 morgues (about 3 hectares) of land from the town of Rogachevo, which were sown with chicory.
In 1794, his son Aba (Abel) was born, and in 1799 - the son of Srul (Israel). Probably, from the very beginning, Moshe Itskovich did not have a good relationship with the local Jewish community. He was "a man who did not want or, perhaps, did not know how to find a common language with his fellow tribesmen." In other words, the community simply hated him. And after in 1808 from a fire, and possibly arson, Blank's house burned down, the family moved to Zhitomir.
LETTER TO THE EMPEROR
Many years later, in September 1846, Moshe Blanc wrote a letter to Emperor Nicholas I, from which it can be seen that already “40 years ago” he “renounced the Jews”, but because of the “overly pious wife” who died in 1834 , adopted Christianity and received the name Dmitry only on January 1, 1835.
But the reason for the letter was different: preserving hostility towards his fellow tribesmen, Dmitry (Moshe) Blank proposed - in order to assimilate the Jews - to prohibit them from wearing national clothes, and most importantly, to oblige them to pray in synagogues for the Russian emperor and the imperial family name.
It is curious that in October of that year, the letter was reported to Nicholas I, and he fully agreed with the proposals of the "baptized Jew Blank", as a result of which in 1850 Jews were prohibited from wearing national clothes, and in 1854 the corresponding text of the prayer was introduced. Researcher Mikhail Stein, who collected and carefully analyzed the most complete data on Blank's pedigree, rightly noted that, due to his dislike of his people, Moshe Itskovich “can be compared, perhaps, only with another baptized Jew - one of the founders and leaders of the Moscow Union of the Russian People V.A. ... Greenmouth "...
Alexander Dmitrievich Blank (1799-1870). Courtesy of M. Zolotarev
That Blank decided to break with the Jewish community long before his baptism was also evidenced by another. Both his sons, Abel and Israel, like his father, also knew how to read Russian, and when a district (povet) school was opened in Zhitomir in 1816, they were enrolled there and successfully graduated from it. From the point of view of Jewish believers, it was sacrilege. And yet, belonging to the Jewish religion doomed them to vegetation within the boundaries of the Pale of Settlement. And only the event that happened in the spring of 1820 abruptly changed the fate of young people ...
In April, a "high rank" arrived in Zhitomir on a business trip - the ruler of the affairs of the so-called Jewish Committee, senator and poet Dmitry Osipovich Baranov. Somehow, Blank managed to meet with him, and he asked the senator to assist his sons in entering the Medical and Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg. Baranov did not at all sympathize with the Jews, but the rather rare conversion of two "lost souls" to Christianity at that time, in his opinion, was a good deed, and he agreed.
The brothers immediately went to the capital and filed a petition addressed to the Metropolitan of Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Estland and Finland, Mikhail. “Having settled now to live in St. Petersburg,” they wrote, “and having the usual treatment of Christians who profess the Greek-Russian religion, we wish now to accept it”.
The petition was granted, and already on May 25, 1820, the priest of the Church of St. Sampson the Stranger in St. Petersburg Fyodor Barsov "enlightened both brothers with baptism." Abel became Dmitry Dmitrievich, and Israel became Alexander Dmitrievich. Younger son Moshe Blanca received a new name in honor of his successor (godfather) Count Alexander Ivanovich Apraksin, and his patronymic in honor of Abel's successor, Senator Dmitry Osipovich Baranov. And on July 31 of the same year, at the direction of the Minister of Education, Prince Alexander Nikolayevich Golitsyn, the brothers were identified as "pupils of the Medico-Surgical Academy," tools.
MARRIAGE OF THE HEAD-DOCTOR
Dmitry Blank remained in the capital as a police doctor, and Alexander in August 1824 began serving in the city of Porechye in the Smolensk province as a district doctor. True, in October 1825 he returned to St. Petersburg and was enrolled, like his brother, as a doctor in the city police staff. In 1828 he was promoted to the headquarters physician. It was time to think about getting married ...
His godfather, Count Alexander Apraksin, was at that time a special assignment official at the Ministry of Finance. So Alexander Dmitrievich, despite his origin, could well count on a decent game. Apparently, his other benefactor, Senator Dmitry Baranov, who was fond of poetry and chess, who was visited by Alexander Pushkin and gathered almost all of "enlightened Petersburg", the younger Blank and met the Groschopf brothers and was received in their house.
Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov (1831-1886) and Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova (1835-1916)
The head of this very respectable family, Ivan Fedorovich (Johann Gottlieb) Groshopf, was from the Baltic Germans, was a consultant of the State Justice College of Livonian, Estonian and Finnish affairs and rose to the rank of provincial secretary. His wife Anna Karlovna, nee Estedt, was Swedish and Lutheran. There were eight children in the family: three sons - Johann, who served in the Russian army, Karl, vice director in the foreign trade department of the Ministry of Finance, and Gustav, who was in charge of Riga customs, and five daughters - Alexandra, Anna, Ekaterina (married von Essen) , Caroline (married Biuberg) and the younger Amalia. Having met this family, the head-doctor made an offer to Anna Ivanovna.
MASHENKA BLANK
At first, Alexander Dmitrievich was doing well. As a police doctor, he received 1,000 rubles a year. For "quickness and diligence" he was repeatedly awarded thanks.
But in June 1831, during the cholera riots in the capital, his brother Dmitry, who was on duty in the central cholera hospital, was brutally killed by a riot by a mob. This death shocked Alexander Blank so much that he resigned from the police and did not work for more than a year. Only in April 1833, he again entered the service - as an intern at the City Hospital of St. Mary Magdalene for the poor from the districts of St. Petersburg across the river. Incidentally, it was here that Taras Shevchenko was treated in 1838. Simultaneously (from May 1833 to April 1837) Blank worked in the Naval Department. In 1837, after passing the exams, he was recognized as an inspector of the medical board, and in 1838 - as a medical surgeon.
IN 1874, ILYA NIKOLAEVICH ULYANOV RECEIVED THE POSITION OF DIRECTOR OF FOLK SCHOOLS IN SIMBIR PROVINCE.
And in 1877, he was awarded the rank of a real statistician councilor, equal in rank to the rank of general and given the right to hereditary nobility
The private practice of Alexander Dmitrievich also expanded. Among his patients were representatives of the highest nobility. This allowed him to move to a decent apartment in the outbuilding of one of the luxurious mansions on the English Embankment, which belonged to the Emperor's physician and president of the Medical-Surgical Academy, Baronet Yakov Vasilyevich Willie. It was here in 1835 that Maria Blank was born. Mashenka's godfather was their neighbor - former adjutant of the Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich, and since 1833 - the equestrian of the Imperial court Ivan Dmitrievich Chertkov.
In 1840, Anna Ivanovna fell seriously ill, died and was buried in St. Petersburg at the Smolensk Evangelical cemetery. Then her sister Catherine von Essen, who was widowed in the same year, took care of the children entirely. Alexander Dmitrievich, apparently, sympathized with her before. It is no accident that he named his daughter, who was born in 1833, Catherine. After the death of Anna Ivanovna, they become even closer, and in April 1841, Blank decides to enter into a legal marriage with Ekaterina Ivanovna. However, such marriages - with the godmother of the daughters and the sister of the deceased wife - were not permitted by law. And Catherine von Essen becomes his common-law wife.
In the same April, they all leave the capital and move to Perm, where Alexander Dmitrievich received the position of inspector of the Perm Medical Council and doctor of the Perm gymnasium. Thanks to the latter circumstance, Blank met the Latin teacher Ivan Dmitrievich Veretennikov, who in 1850 became the husband of his eldest daughter Anna, and the mathematics teacher Andrei Alexandrovich Zalezhsky, who married another daughter, Catherine.
Alexander Blank entered the history of Russian medicine as one of the pioneers of balneology - treatment with mineral waters. Having retired at the end of 1847 from the post of doctor of the Zlatoust arms factory, he left for the Kazan province, where in 1848 the Kokushkino estate with 462 dessiatines (503.6 hectares) of land, a water mill and 39 serfs was bought in Laishevsky district. On August 4, 1859, the Senate approved Alexander Dmitrievich Blank and his children in the hereditary nobility, and they were entered in the book of the Kazan noble deputy assembly.
THE ULYANOV FAMILY
This is how Maria Alexandrovna Blank ended up in Kazan, and then in Penza, where she met Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov ...
Their wedding on August 25, 1863, as before that and the weddings of the other Blank sisters, was played in Kokushkin. On September 22, the newlyweds left for Nizhny Novgorod, where Ilya Nikolaevich was appointed to the post of senior teacher of mathematics and physics at the men's gymnasium. On August 14, 1864, daughter Anna was born. A year and a half later - March 31, 1866 - son Alexander ... But soon there was a grievous loss: daughter Olga, who was born in 1868, fell ill and died on July 18 in the same Kokushkin ...
On September 6, 1869, Ilya Nikolayevich was appointed inspector of public schools in Simbirsk province. The family moved to Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk), which at that time was a quiet provincial town with a little more than 40 thousand inhabitants, of which 57.5% were burghers, 17% were military, 11% were peasants, 8.8% were nobles, 3.2% - merchants and honorary citizens, and 1.8% - people of clergy, persons of other classes and foreigners. Accordingly, the city was divided into three parts: noble, commercial and bourgeois. In the noble house there were kerosene lanterns and plank sidewalks, and in the bourgeois one they kept all kinds of cattle in the yards, and this living creature, contrary to the prohibitions, walked the streets.
Here the Ulyanovs' son Vladimir was born on April 10 (22), 1870. On April 16, priest Vasily Umov and deacon Vladimir Znamensky baptized the newborn. The head of the specific office in Simbirsk, the actual state councilor Arseny Fedorovich Belokrysenko, became the godmother, and the mother of a colleague of Ilya Nikolaevich, the collegiate assessor Natalia Ivanovna Aunovskaya.
Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov (sitting third from the right) among the teachers of the Simbirsk men's classical gymnasium. 1874 year. Courtesy of M. Zolotarev
The family continued to grow. On November 4, 1871, the fourth child was born - daughter Olga. Son Nikolai died without living a month, and on August 4, 1874, a son, Dmitry, was born, on February 6, 1878, daughter Maria. Six children.
On July 11, 1874, Ilya Nikolaevich was appointed director of public schools in the Simbirsk province. And in December 1877 he was awarded the rank of actual state councilor, equal in the table of ranks to the general's rank and giving him the right to hereditary nobility.
A salary increase made it possible to realize an old dream. Having changed six rented apartments since 1870 and saved up the necessary funds, the Ulyanovs on August 2, 1878, for 4 thousand silver, finally bought their own house on Moskovskaya Street - from the widow of the titular adviser Ekaterina Petrovna Molchanova. It was made of wood, on one floor from the facade and with mezzanines under the roof from the courtyard side. And behind the courtyard, overgrown with grass and chamomile, there is a beautiful garden with silver poplars, thick elms, yellow acacia and lilacs along the fence ...
Ilya Nikolaevich died in Simbirsk in January 1886, Maria Alexandrovna - in Petrograd in July 1916, having outlived her husband by 30 years.
WHERE DOES LENIN COME FROM?
The question of how and where from in the spring of 1901 Vladimir Ulyanov got the pseudonym Nikolai Lenin, has always aroused the interest of researchers, there were many versions. Among them are toponymic ones: both the Lena River (analogy: Plekhanov - Volgin) and the village of Lenin near Berlin appear. During the formation of "Leninism" as a profession, they were looking for "amorous" sources. So the assertion was born that the Kazan beauty Elena Lenina was allegedly to blame for everything, in another version - the chorus of the Mariinsky Theater Elena Zaretskaya, etc. But none of these versions could withstand more or less serious testing.
However, back in the 1950s – 1960s, the Central Party Archives received letters from the relatives of a certain Nikolai Yegorovich Lenin, which set out a fairly convincing everyday story. The deputy head of the archive, Rostislav Aleksandrovich Lavrov, forwarded these letters to the Central Committee of the CPSU, and, naturally, they did not become the property of a wide range of researchers.
Meanwhile, the Lenin family originates from the Cossack Posnik, who in the 17th century, for merits related to the conquest of Siberia and the creation of winter quarters on the Lena River, was granted the nobility, the surname Lenin and an estate in the Vologda province. Numerous descendants of him more than once distinguished themselves both in the military and in civil service. One of them - Nikolai Yegorovich Lenin - fell ill and retired, having risen to the rank of state councilor, in the 80s of the XIX century and settled in the Yaroslavl province.
Volodya Ulyanov with his sister Olga. Simbirsk. 1874 year. Courtesy of M. Zolotarev
His daughter Olga Nikolaevna, having graduated from the history and philology faculty of the Bestuzhev courses in 1883, went to work at the Smolensk evening workers' school in St. Petersburg, where she met with Nadezhda Krupskaya. And when there was a fear that the authorities might refuse to issue a foreign passport to Vladimir Ulyanov, and friends began to look for contraband options for crossing the border, Krupskaya turned to Lenina for help. Olga Nikolaevna then conveyed this request to her brother - a prominent official of the Ministry of Agriculture, agronomist Sergei Nikolaevich Lenin. In addition, a similar request to him came, apparently, from his friend, the statistician Alexander Dmitrievich Tsyurupa, who in 1900 met the future leader of the proletariat.
Sergei Nikolaevich himself knew Vladimir Ilyich - from his meetings in the Free Economic Society in 1895, as well as from his works. In turn, Ulyanov knew Lenin: for example, he refers three times to his articles in the monograph "The Development of Capitalism in Russia." After consulting, the brother and sister decided to give Ulyanov the passport of his father, Nikolai Yegorovich, who by that time was already very bad (he died on April 6, 1902).
According to family tradition, in 1900 Sergei Nikolayevich went to Pskov on official business. There, on behalf of the Ministry of Agriculture, he received Sakkov plows and other agricultural machines that arrived in Russia from Germany. In one of the Pskov hotels, Lenin handed over his father's passport with a revised date of birth to Vladimir Ilyich, who was then living in Pskov. This is probably how the origin of Ulyanov's main pseudonym, N. Lenin, is explained.
