Vegetative organisms reproduction. Vegetative reproduction of plants: brief overview. Vegetative reproduction of lower plants
The reproduction, which represents the ability to reproduce its type, is the fundamental characteristic of all living organisms. Such quality fully possesses viruses, devoid of all other characteristics of the living. Vegetative plant reproduction is the most common method of reproduction for these organisms, which has tremendous scientific and practical importance in the economic activities of people. Such an ability of plant organisms is extremely actively used in crop production, gardening, forestry and many other industries. In order to understand how important for a person is vegetative reproduction of plants, it is enough just to recall that many cultures with large national economic importance are reproduced exclusively in this way. This includes all the tube, including potatoes and Topinambur, as well as many fruit trees (Apple, all citrus, pear, sweet cherry, plum and other). In the field of forestry, there is also a very widely used vegetative reproduction of plants: on the site of cutting of oak, birch, maple and ash, the young pig ripen in the next year.
These cells can be gamets or disputes. It is possible that vegetative bodies acquire reproductive abilities under certain conditions, leading to the emergence of multicellular shoots formed by a set of plant cells that separate and cause a new creature.
In accordance with this, reproduction may be useless or sexual. In case of useless reproduction, a new creature comes from the mass of vegetative cells, which make an independent life or proceed from disputes, being in the first case in vegetative reproduction, and in the second case a sporulation.
Biological principles of vegetative reproduction
Vegetative reproduction Plants are based on a widely common ability for regeneration. With this method of reproduction from the parent organism, relatively large, mostly differentiated part, which further develops independently. Often, higher plants are formed special organs that are intended for the vegetative method of reproduction. However, all of them must have kidneys, of which then the independent organism is formed. And since the kidneys are formed only on stems, in all such special reproductive bodies there must be at least a small area. Vegetative reproduction, examples of which surround us everywhere (enough to recall potatoes, tulips or onions), many trees, shrubs and cereals are based on such special reproductive bodies, which include bulbs, rhizomes, collines and tubers.
Vegetable reproduction of plants. All vegetables have vegetative useless reproduction. On the lower floors, this faculty is very accentuated. Mosses produce portions, called reproduction, which consist of several vegetable cells that are broken and forming a new MCH. Lichens, who build rocks and trees, produce saride, consisting of a bunch of mushroom hyphae with several unicellular algae, and some mushrooms, such as ardor, produce sclerosion, which is nothing more than a very dense mass. Gif with sleeping life, those waiting for the passage of winter for her germination. Flowering plants have yolk as a shooting designed for vegetative reproduction. This kidney is formed by meristems, embryonic, totipotent fabric, still non-differentiated and protected with scaly leaves. In the tubers there are kidneys, which, when they develop, give birth to a new plant. Potatoes and ChUFA form starch bulbs at the ends of their underground stems. . Multiply methazoyan.
Reproductive organs of plants
Some of these organs, besides their main reproductive function, also serve also for the concentration of the reserves of the supply of nutrients, providing its survival in the most unfavorable conditions. For example, in a cold or too arid course of the year. And upon the occurrence of favorable conditions, these reserves are used by the plant for growth and development. In almost all cases, the supply of nutrients that guarantee the survival, normal development and reproduction is created by means of photosynthesis. The most important for the economic activity of people are such agencies of plant reproduction of plants, like a bulb, clubnelluca, rhizome and tuber.
This reproductive modality is found only in those organisms whose cells are weakly differentiated or have totipotent embryonic cells. These states occur in sponges, intestines, worms and iglinodes, as well as in the embryonic forms of all animals, including mammals. Methods of vegetative reproduction are boring or hemapopania, splitting or escisi party.
Reproduction of killing: In the intestine-haired there are many species that produce yolks that separate and actively live like in freshwater hydraulic. The kidneys are also formed, which remain attached to the body, which spawned them, thus organizing intestinal and msnok colonies. One embryo is transformed into many others by repeated sufferements, giving each of them a person who develops within one egg. The same thing happens in the battleship and in human species; Identical twins have this origin. An animal is divided into two parts, each of which restores the missing. . Reproduced by sporulation.
Brief description of some vegetative organs
Bulb
It is a form of a modified escape, characteristic, for example, for daffissance and tulip. It consists of short stem and fleshy leaves, in which nutrients are concentrated. Outside, it covers several layers of brown film leaves, whose stored substances are already spent. The bulb contains one or more kidneys, each of which can form the escape, by the end of the vegetative period gives a new plant organism. The bulb has only apparent roots, departing directly from the stem.
Reproduction of leaf cuttings
This reproductive modality occurs in prokaryotm, plants, mushrooms and the simplest. The dispute is a cell that is resistant to unfavorable conditions ambientformed in sporangies in plants. Two biomes where the cold is the main restrictive factor in vegetation, are tundra and high mountain.
Methods of reproduction of some floral annuals, perennials and vegetable crops
So, how do plants make to survive? The cold is a factor that limits plants growth, and this can be caused by two main factors: height and high latitudes. And in high latitudes, the cold is caused by low insolation. Until certain limits, the plants can live in high mountains and even form ecosystems by the enzyme of the polar circle in the northern hemisphere, the so-called tundra. Therefore, for some reason, plants survive in the cold in these ecosystems.
Corm
It is a short swollen vertical underground stem, characteristic of saffron or gladiolus. It is distinguished from the bulbs only the absence of fleshy leaves. Otherwise, the vegetative mechanism of this body is almost identical to the previous one.
Rhizome
This is an underground horizontal growth stem, characteristic of plants such as Iris, creeping, mint and astro. It consists of leaves, kidneys and apparent roots. Type of leaves varies from small thin white or brown color (drinking) to overhead green (iris).
Vegetative plant reproduction is applied
But what plants do they and how do they do it? First, you need to know the type of plants that grow in these two biomes. Trees have a very limited growth in these biomes. When there are no trees, therefore there is no forest, they talk about the alpine semi highlands. 
On the other hand, the shrub soil is bad in both biomes, most of them crawling and small shrubs. Thus, they manage to protect themselves from severe frost and cold winds, thanks to which they are covered with snow during unfavorable time.
Tuber
Underground annual organ life cycle. After the use of all nutrients during the growing season, it simply swears. The final phase of the growing season of tuber plant is characterized by the formation of new fresh reproductive organs. And the whole cycle is repeated again.
In the agricultural industry and gardening uses mainly methods of artificial reproduction of plants, as this makes it possible to control and regulate the process of reproduction. The most traditional ways are weaving, shilling and vaccination. However, the so-called microreproduction methods (cloning) are becoming increasingly popular at the commercial level, where plant cells or very small sections of their biological tissues are served. Such material is grown under special conditions in specially cultivated media, so this technique is also referred to as the culture of the tissue.
As an example, we have cranberries. 
Herbs, along with briefites and lichens, are the most dominant vegetation of these two biomes, as they are more numerous. 
Because of the cold and other restrictive factors of these biomes, plants had to be adapted in different ways. In these two bios, summer is a favorable time, and it is when the plants are developed. On the other hand, in winter, in an unfavorable period, they remain inactive in the form of seeds or reduce their activity to a minimum, while avoiding their own energy consumption.
Vegetative reproduction of plants - This is a reproduction with the help of vegetative organs - roots, shoots, leaves or even small particles. With vegetative reproduction, new plants are exactly the same as the parent plant.
No genetic changes have a new plant and all signs of maternal are completely repeated in a subsidiary.
Because of all, they are plants that produce backup organs under the ground, where they are protected from low temperatures. Examples are rhizomes and bulbs. These reserve bodies guarantee sufficient energy in an unfavorable period. In addition, their roots are thick and can also accumulate stocks.
On the other hand, his ability to achieve new areas where to live, new habitats, to a greater extent depends on the vegetative or mineral reproduction, that is, from the emission of kidneys, underground bodies, etc. And, in particular, this contributes to the production large number kidney.
Vegetative plant reproduction is applied
1. If the plants during seed reproduction do not repeat the maternal qualities, simply speaking, if the plant in the first generation is grown from the F1 hybrid seeds, then the seeds cannot be taken from such a plant, because new plants will not be similar to the maternal. These plants include numerous vegetables hybrids, as well as roses, gladiolus, tulips, dahlias, some varieties of petunitions, phlox, edelweiss, lilac, nephrolepp, Wegel.
Very curious adaptation, which also protects against wind, is the morphology of the pillow. Some plants look like pillows; It increases the humidity and temperature inside the plant and, therefore, stimulates development and facilitates photosynthesis. 
Considering that the favorable period is short, plants tend to be evergreen, that is, they have leaves round yearAnd therefore they do not need to invest in the restoration of new ones. The favorable period is so short that it is often impossible to grow, form flowers and fruits in the same year.
2. If some plants do not form viable seeds or grown in conditions when the seeds do not mature. Such plants, for example, can be attributed to the ficus, fuchsia, reed, dragene, alocation, category, margrament, jasmine room, pelargonium, cuff, pancracium, some copper forms of plants.
Therefore, plants usually live more than a year and tend to perform only one of these three functions during a favorable period. Then they remain inactive in an unfavorable time. Thus, the existence of annual plants affects its cycle.
Thanks to all these devices, plants managed to live in such unusual places as these biomes, being incredible surviving. Remember, if you like this article, you should not forget to share it. Thank you so much for your interest.
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3. If vegetative reproduction is economically beneficial, for example, if you are preparing plants for sale: to produce low plants, for faster and early flowering.
4. If the vegetative reproduction is much easier than seed. In some plants, for example, in turquish, astilba, lemongrass, Zamioculkas, Arony of the black-fledged, cypressovka Elevood. Seeds of these plants must pass the complex conditions for preparing for sowing. Even after long-term stratification, the seeds are very difficult to rise, and the shilling of these plants, on the contrary, is very easy to do. Selagineella seed reproduction is almost impossible at home, as men's and women's disputes are needed for seed reproduction, and it is even very difficult to do in the laboratory. Therefore, the vegetative reproduction of Selagineella - the division of the bush or cuttings is the only way of reproduction at home.
Asexual reproduction of sporulation occurs in all three groups. Asexual reproduction by reproduction can occur in the liver. On the dozal surface of these plants there are special structures called concepts. They are cupped and inside are breeding, multicellular structures in the form of eight, which have cells with a midmatomatic ability capable of producing a new plant.
With the possible rotting raise at certain points, these plants can become independent people. In the plywood, the useless reproduction can occur in vegetative reproduction, because the stems and leaves, which are vegetative organs, have the ability to reproduce, leading to the emergence of new individuals. An important characteristic of the stem is the presence of vegetable kidneys or gems. When gems Coming into contact with the soil, it can, roots and form a completely new plant.
5. Vegetative reproduction is used in order to extend the juvenile phases of plant development. The juvenile phase is called the "youthful" plant period, it continues from the germination of seeds to the bookmark of the first buds. During this period, vegetative plants organs are formed: roots are growing, stems, leaves. Such plants like Cyperus, it is better to update all the time, otherwise the cipers will quickly yellow.
This is the case, for example, with the simplest stems, called columns: developing on Earth, when contacting the surface, their kidneys are rooted and form new plants that can be separated from the parent plant. This is the case with strawberries and garden grass. The leaves can also generate new people, as can be observed in good luck and begonias.
The described mechanisms occur spontaneously in nature, but may also be artificial, especially for the economical cultivation of some plants. Sugar cane, for example, is planted simply by burialing its kidneys that have precious stones, rooting and generating new plants. Thanks to the vegetative distribution, favorable characters can remain unchanged in individuals that are formed. The person has developed other mechanisms of vegetative reproduction, such as Stah, duck, watering and vaccination.
In industrial flower growing is widely practiced vegetative reproduction of plants, After all, its advantages are indisputable: plants grown from seeds bloom much later than in vegetative reproduction. For example, Amarillices from seeds will bloom for the fifth year, and in the reproduction of a subsidiary, three years later.
The vaccination is the process most used for growing plants representing economic interest, and consists in transplantation of seedlings, called a rider or a graft, on a different plant, called a horse or bring. The horse should be one kind of horse or nearby species. When transplanting, it is important that the rider has more than one gems and that the exchange of a horse in contact with the exchange rider. In addition, precious stones must be removed from the horse to prevent the juice to be taken to them, and not to the pearls of the rider.
Also, vegetatively reproduced plants are lower in height. For example, velvets, verbena or ageratum, with seed reproduction, grow to height to half a meter, and when creating borders such high plants It is impossible to use. And with the vegetative reproduction of these plants from cuttings, new plants are obtained with a height of only 15-20 centimeters with very strong flowering. (So \u200b\u200bwhat is the secret of the rain flowering of urban clubs!) But, vegetative reproduction has its own drawbacks: there are low immunity in plants, they are stronger than illness, less durable.
Vegetative plant reproduction can be artificial and natural
Artificial vegetative reproduction - reproduction with cuttings, leaves, part of the sheet. The success of vegetative artificial reproduction depends on the earthen mixture, which rooted new plants, moisture, lighting, air temperature, as well as from the varietal features of the plant, its age. During spring trimming indoor plants, such as Clerodendrum, Blue Passiflora, remains a lot of shoots that are easily rooted. And sensipoly and gloxy can be multiplied by leaves.
For natural vegetative reproduction Vegetative organs are involved that are easily rooted themselves.
Natural vegetative plant breeding bodies
1. For example, nephrolepp, chlorophytum, garden strawberries, the camneur is multiplied usami, or counters. All plants breeding with mustache or collises are characterized by a socket growth.
2.Next plants are released overhead shoots - plenti. The plenty and mustache are very similar. At the end of the shoulder is also formed a socket. The screens are formed in a smoking personnel. In the intercourse, in places of contact with the ground, the roots are formed. In this way, grapes can be rooted, Clematis, maiden grapes. In the spring, put on the ground, pour out the earth, and in the fall of the whip can be cut to the interstitial and planted as independent plants.
3. Some plants at the base of the stem are formed siblings. Many onions at the base form off-binding bulbs. Such siblings multiply pineapple, bromelia, palm tree palm. Sympodial orchids, side shoots on rhizomes can also be called siblings.
If there are few offspring, their growth can be stimulated. To do this, the socket is cut off with a small part of the stem and rooted, and the remaining plants quickly appear siblings.
4. Some plants are formed root Porosl. Who is growing plums in the garden, he is well familiar with the root pig)).
5. The plant of SO discarding shoots. These include some cacti and succulents, such as Mamilia, Briefillium (better known as Kalanchoe), semi-removal. Finding on Earth the shoots quickly root and begin to grow.
6. Some plants are formed daughter bulbs, tubers, clubnelaukovitsa, pseudobulb, rhizomes - modified organs involved in vegetative reproduction. In these organs, the plant accumulate nutrients. In this way, perennial plants are breed: hyacinth, iris, tulip, lily, tigridium, phlox, loyal, snowdrop, clivia, amaryllis, crying, acids, peony and many other rhizuerous plants.
