To make the correct rosetting of the spacious rosette of galaxies. normal galaxies
In the midst of all the more weak ones, the number of G. shvidko grows up. So, G. yaskravish 12th zoryanoy magnitude vіdomo apprx. 250, 15th - already approx. 50 thousand., And the number G., which can be photographed with a 6-meter telescope at the edge of the possibilities, becomes a lot of million. Tse vkazu on the meanє. greatness of G.
Vnegalactic. astronomy of doslіdzhu the development of zoryan systems, їх masi, budov, power optical., ІЧ, roentgen. and radio prominence. Vivchennya of the spacious rozpodilu G. vyavlyak large-scale structure of Vsesvit (it can be said that the guarded part of Vsesvit is accessible - tse svit G.). At the prestigious spacious rozpodilu G. and the gentry of the evolucy of the extragalactic. Astronomy is about cosmology - the science of Vsesvit as a whole.
One of those who were found in extragalactic people. Astronomy thinks about the problem of visibility to the city of G. Zavdyaka to that, in the best cities of the world, there is also the most important glimpse of the continuous blitz (over-the-top), in the distance to stand up to the cities of G. Until more and more G. іdstanі be evaluated in the other ways (div.).
In 1912, Amer. astronomer V. Slipher has seen the miracle of St. G.: in the spectra of distant G., the entire spectrum. Lines evolved by means of a revenge to a dovoghvilovy (chervony) fineness in proportion to such lines in the spectra of dzherel, which are unreliable apparently spostering (the so-called liniy). In 1929, Amer. astronomer E. Hubble, who went back to the city of God and his chervony zsuvi, turned out to grow up in the middle directly proportional to the times (div.). Tsey law giving astronomers an effective method of viznennya vіdstanay to G. on їkh chervony zsuvu. Vimiryany chervoni zsuvi thousand G. and hundreds.
The appointment of a visit to G. and the position in heaven made it possible to stand up, one by one G., a group of G., a large purchase and a purchase of a purchase (over purchase). Por. in groups and purchased warehouses several. hundreds of kpc; tse approximately 10-20 times larger than the size of the most G. Por. from groups of G., single G. and multiple systems store 1-2 Mpc, from goods purchased - dozens of Mpc. Thus, G. zapovnyuyut the space with a greater generic scope, lower zirki internal galactic. space (in the middle of 20 million times more diameters).
For the toughness of viprominuvannya G. you can go to December. classes of lust. The widest range of luminosities is more favorable for eliptich. G., in the central regions of the majority of G.'s purchases, the cD galaxies have emerged, which are record-breaking for luminosity (the absolute value is 24 m, the lightness is ~ 10 45 erg / s) and mass (). And in our Mistsevoy group of G. we know eliptich. G. of little lightness (abs. Values from -14 to -6 m, i.e., lightness ~ 10 41 -10 38 erg / s) and mass (10 8 -10 5). In spinal G., the interval of abs. The zaryanny values become from -22 to -14 m, the luminosities - from 10 44 to 10 41 erg / s, the interval of the mass is 10 12 -10 8. Incorrect G. according to the abs. values weaker - 18 m, їх lightness 10 43 erg / s, mass.
Education of young children is found in the central region of the Galaxy. Gas falls to the center of the Galaxy, which is not observable to the moment. Here the stars of the 2nd generation spherical will pop up. subsystems to form the core of the Galaxy. Allow a friendly mind to set up zirok-overgiants in the cores, so as the gas falls into small blobs. In quiet small vapors, if the gas transmits an overturned moment to the midst of the midst and squeezes in a massive amount of money, the whole process will not end safely: the pressure on the gas cannot be produced until the end of the day. The collapse supervises itself as a wikid of a part of speech from the galactic region. kernels (div.).
The larger the galaxy G., the stronger the heavy grip of the spinal sleeves, the larger the larger G., the sleeves are thinner, they have more light and less gas (more light is applied). For example, in the giant nebula M81, thin spiral arms are visible, similar to that in the nebula M33, but spirals of middle size, the sleeves are significantly wider.
Falsely to the type of spiritual G. may also develop the development of a child. Most swiftness in type Sc (unit 5 in rik), naymensha - in type Sa (unit 1 in rik). Visoka svidk_st zorevorennya at the first is tied shche, mabut, with the necessary gas from the galactic. crowns.
At eliptich. In the early systems, the evolutionary path is guilty of being simpler. The thread in them from the very cob didn’t volody significant overturned moment і magn. field. To this, the constriction in the process of evolution did not call such a system until it was wrapped and strengthened by the magn. fields. All the gas in the ciche systems from the ear itself has been re-created into the spherical stars. pidsystems. In the course of the farther evolution of the star, the gas kicked in, which went down to the center of the system and the stars to illuminate the new generation of all these spheres. pidsystems. The pace of development in eliptich. G. Mauve dorіvnuvati shvidkostі reliable gas from projected zіrk, in the main over new zіkіk, oskіlki vіtіkannya speech iz zіrok in elіptіch. G. is insignificant. Richna waste gas with sparks in eliptich. G. to become ~ 0.1 for the size of the galaxy with a mass of 10 11. The size of the frame is also the same as the central part of the elliptic. D. through the presence of young children, they are guilty of blakitnish, lower peripheral regions. D. However, it is not possible to be discouraged. On the right is what it means. part of the gas station in eliptich. G. seems to be hot in the morning, which can be seen when sleeping over the new years, and in G.'s purchases, it’s still to be seen with hot hot intergalactic. gas, we will emerge in the last hour on the x-ray. vipprominuvannya.
There are a lot of young generations of young generation in a great number of the same type G., it is possible to set up a lot of young people in the evolution. Older G. are more likely to increase their reserves of gas and reduce the rate of education and the backlog of new generations. Then there are rich - overpowering stars of small growths in them, which represent one of the last stages of the evolution of stars. In general and in the past, G. Slid means, on the ear of the Evolution of G. Mali, Mabut, more luminosity, since K. They have more massive young children. Evolution of the evolutionary change in the light of G.'s visibility is possible in the principle of changing the luminosity of close and even distant G., from which light took a lot of billions of rock.
Vnegalactic. astronomy still did not give a singing message on food, tied with the vicinities of G.'s collection, zokrem, which in spherical. purchased products and linse-like systems. Mabut, with the remarkably small hmara gas, as they didn’t miss the overturned moment, they pretended to be spherical. purchase from perevazhannya eliptich. and linse-like systems, also may give a malium overtal moment. And from the great gasps, which volodіli іstotnoy obvertalny moment, the purchase of G., a similar purchase in Dіvі. Here there were more options for the development of the overturned moment in the middle of the clotted gas, which was taken by G., and in such purchases, the most frequent are the spinal systems.
Evolution G. in purchases and groups has few features. The rozrakhunks showed that when G. was imprisoned, they were guilty of "ripping off" and growing over the entire volume of the group or the purchase. Tsey mezhgalactic. gas dropping into viyaviti for high-temperature x-ray. viprominuvannya, which is seen from the merchant G. Besides, the massive members of the merchant, collapsing in the middle, are "dynamically rubbing": to their heavy stench the suspicious G., ale to their devil, see Mabut, so the Magellanic tradition of being in the Missevoy group of G. was established in the center of the purchase of massive G., it was not only to “rip off” the gas crowns and G. to pass through them, but to gasp and the glimpses of the “vidviduvach”. Transmitting, zokrema, cD-galaxies, volodyut massive halos, set them off with such a "canybal" way.
Behind іnuyuchie rozrahunki, after 3 billion. Rockіv "canіbal" camp and our Galaxy: out there, the Great Magellan's Khmara is approaching it.
Equivalent growth of matter on the scale of the Metagalaxy is due to the sameness of matter and space in all parts of the Metagalaxy (uniformity) and the sameness in all parts of the Metagalaxy (isotropy). Tsi important sv-va Metagalaxy are characteristic, apparently, for such. I will become Metagalaxy, protest in the past, on the very cob, the expansion, anisotropy and heterogeneity of matter and space could be found. The poses of the anisotropy and heterogeneity of the Metagalaxy in the past represent a foldable and urgent task of post-Galactic astronomy, until the date of what astronomy can only go.
- Specificity of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation
- Number of sides 144
1 Methods for assigning visibility to galaxies.
1.1 Introduction to respect.
12 Photometric methods.
1.2.1 New and New Shows.
1.2.2 Blakitny and chervony nadgiganty.
1.2.3 Cepheide.
1.2.4 Chervoni giganti.
1.2.5 KE Leary.
1.2.6 Vikoristannya functions of the visibility of the objects.
1.2.7 Method of surface fluctuation (8ВР).
1.3 Spectral methods.
1.3.1 Hubble Deposits Victory.
1.3.2 Deforestation of Talli-Fisher (TR).
1.3.3 Victory Day of Faber-Jackson deposit.
1.4 Our methods.
1.5 Routine methods for the designation of visas.
2 Finding stars in galaxies and photometrics.
2.1 Finding stars in galaxies.
2.2 Black and chervony nadgiganti.
2.2.1 Calibration method.
2.2.2 Accuracy of the best color method.
2.2.3 the future; її method of the most beautiful children.
2.3 Chervoni giganti and TCSV method.
2.3.1 Infusion of metallicity і vіk.
2.3.2 Injection of SG and AGB bright and bright fields to the accuracy of the TRGB method.
2.4 Photometry of stars in galaxies.
2.4.1 Photographic methods.
2.4.2 Aperture photometry from PCVISTA.
2.4.3 Photometry from DAOPHOT.
2.4.4 Features of photometry HST signs.
2.5 Measurement of the accuracy of photometry of industrial methods.
2.5.1 Measurement of photographic and CCD photometry.
2.5.2 Equal results in Zeiss-1000 - BTA.
3 Mistseviy complex of galaxies and the vastness of Budov.
3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Mistseviy complex of galaxies.
3.3 Misce group of galaxies.
3.3.1 Galaxy ICIO.
3.3.2 Galaxy LGS3.
3.3.3 Galaxy DDO210.
3.3.4 New galaxies of the Miscevo group.
3.4 Group М81 + NGC2403.
3.5 Group IC342 / Maffei.
3.6 Group M101.
3.7 Cloud of CVn galaxies.
3.8 Rozpodil galaxies at the Missevoy complex, anisotropy of fluidity.
4 Structure of galaxies in a straight line
Divi. The value of the post-Hubble post.
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 The structure of the purchased galaxies in Divi.
4.3. Forward selection of galaxies for parameters.
4.4 Precautions and photometric measurements.
4.5 Accuracy of Photometry and Measurement of Places.
4.6 Spacious rose of galaxies.
4.7 The value of the post-Hubble.
4.8 Rated results.
5 Group NGC1023.
5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Group NGC1023 і її warehouse.
5.3 Guarding galaxies in the NGC1023 group.
5.4 Photometry of stars on BTA and HST signs.
5.5 Visiting the galaxies of the group.
5.5.1 Values for the most beautiful oversized gadgets.
5.5.2. Visa value based on TRGB method.
5.6 Problem of the galaxy NGC1023a.
5.7 Roster of views of group galaxies.
5.8 The value of the post-Hubble towards NGC1023.
6 The spacious structure of irregular galaxies
6.1 Introduction to respect.
6.2 Spiral and irregular galaxies.
6.2.4 Zirkovy warehouse of galaxies.
6.3 Peripherals of galaxies.
6.3.1 Galaxies, visible "valleys" and "from edges".
6.3.4 Between galaxies.
6.4. Disks of gigantic giants and a host of irregular galaxies.
Introduction of a dissertation (part of the author's abstract) on the topic "Wide space and structure of galaxies based on the creation of the most beautiful stars"
Statement of tasks
Historically, it went like this, on the ear of the 20th century, literally vibuchs in the early years and the early purchasers in our Galaxy, so in the early systems, having established that basis, on the last and the most powerful astronomical galactic. Appearing a new one directly in astronomy, the founders of the robots of Hertzsprung and Russell, Duncan and Abbe, Levitt and Beily, Shepley and Hubble, Lundmar and Kertis, in which the current may have become quite modern, were introduced.
In its future development, the post-galactic astronomy has come to such a place, since it is not visible anymore, even earlier, astronomers, who are engaged in extragalactic predictions, have published a great number of such topics, 'to the evocation of the glimpses of the stars, the prompting of the scales of the visitor, to the evolution of the evolutive stages of quiet chi types of youngsters.
Doslіngennya zirok in іnіh galaxies allow astronomers to see the picture at once. First, clarify the scale of views. Apparently, I don’t know the exact values of what they are, I don’t know the main parameters of galaxies - size, mass, luminosity. Vidkrittya in 1929 p. Hubble of fallowness between galaxies' exchanges and being in front of them allows you to reach quickly to see a galaxy on the basis of a simple way of changing galaxies. However, the method cannot be victorious, as it is not the Hubble ruin of galaxies, that is, the ruin of galaxies, tied not with the extensions of All-Sight, but with the extraordinary laws of gravitation. At the end of the day, we need an assessment of the status, which is not drawn on the basis of the change in speed, but on the basis of the change in the parameters. At the same time, galaxies at up to 10 Mpc may be of great power, as it is possible to get a shipment from the Hubble Expanded Alliance. The summation of two as many of the same vectors of liquidity, one of the most extreme straightforward, will produce incredibly unrealistic results, as we will be victorious about the presence of the Hubble in the presence of a vast space of galaxies. That is, in general, we cannot see it based on the changing characteristics of galaxies.
On the other hand, the fragments of all galaxies are formed from the stars, then they are growing and evolving from the galaxies, so we will be informed about the morphology and evolution of the galaxy itself. The information about the zorya warehouses of the galaxy is intertwined with the versatility of the zoomed models for the walks and evolution of the entire zorya system. In such a rank, if we want to know the way and evolution of galaxies, we absolutely need to increase the population of different types of galaxies to the maximum possible photometric boundary.
In the era of photographic astronomy, the pre-dawn population of galaxies was carried out using the largest telescopes in the world. Ale all one is to visit such nearby galaxies, like M31, the inhabitants of the P type, tobto the red giants, which was on the border of the photometric vimiryuvans. Such a technical amalgamation of possibilities has called for the fact that the inhabitants of the Zoryans live in detail and only in the galaxies of the Mistsevo group, de, for happiness, the presence of galaxies as many as all types. At 40-th rocky Baade divided all the population of galaxies into two types: young overguns (type I), located; It is in a thin disk, and an old giganty (type P), which occupies a larger volume of the halo. Piznіshe Baade and Sandіzh indicated the presence of type II populations in all galaxies of the Misce group, so that the elderly, as they are good, can be seen on the periphery of galaxies. On the signs of larger distant galaxies, the boules can only see yaskravi overgantries, like the Hubble vikoat its own hour for the appointment of galaxies with the calculated parameter of extension to the All-Sight.
The technical progress of the 90s in the development of the advancement of early vaccinations before reaching the weak stars became available in galaxies and beyond the borders of the Misce group, and there was a possibility of really adjusting the parameters of the bright population of many galaxies. At the same hour, the transition to the CCD matrix was determined by the regression of the global parameters in the growth of the zarya population of galaxies. It just became uncomfortable for the galaxy to reach the size of 30 kutovy khviliiny svitloprymach razmіrom 3 kutov khviliiny. And only at once the CCD matrices appear, behind the sizes it is possible to remove from a large number of photographic plates.
The characterization of the robot is out of the blue.
The relevance of robots can only be shown:
The theory of the development and evolution of galaxies, the value of the cob function of the mass in case of flexible physical minds, as well as the stages of the evolution of single massive stars in order to reject the direct symbols of galaxies. Tilki rіvnyannya conservatism and theory of great success in astrophysics. We have rendered great visual material, such as even side-by-side astrophysical results in the view of candidates for LBV stars, which are confirmed spectrally at the same time. Seemingly, in Danish hour on HST there is a program of direct galaxies "for the future; Have; If we have archives, it is insignificant to compromise on the fact that it happens at the same time on the HST.
In Denmark, the problem of determining the exact views of galaxies, both so distant and so close, became the main problem in the robots of great telescopes. Just as for the greats of the world, I use such robots to designate the post-Hubble with maximum accuracy, then on small places I use the noise of the local heterogeneous growth of galaxies. And for the whole of it is necessary to know exactly how to get to the galaxies of the Mission complex. The first one closest to us has already renounced the data on the vast distribution of galaxies. In addition, calibrating the methods of displaying the exact values for quiet non-key galaxies, which are basic.
Just at once, after the emergence of the dead matrices, it became possible to quickly enter the warehouse of galaxies. We will immediately open a path for the creation of the history of the revival of galaxies. It is a single source material to serve the direct images of galaxies, shattered in new filters.
The history of the detection of weak structures of galaxies is present in more than a dozen rockies. Especially, it has become important to reject long curves of the wrapping of spinal and irregular galaxies from radio observation. The recognition of the results was applied to the detection of significant invisible mass and the noise of optical manifestation of mass is intensively carried out in the observatories. We reject the results and show that there are different types of extended disks around galaxies, which are built up from the old, dawning population - the red giants. The oblik masi cich disks can alleviate the problem of invisible mas.
META ROBOTS.
The goals of the dissertational robotics є:
1. Rejection of the largest single-sided array of signs of galaxies in the private sky with a speed of less than 500 km / s and the definition of visibility to galaxies on the basis of photometry of the highest stars.
2. Calling to the stars of galaxies, which is supported in two other directions - in the purchased Divi and in the group N001023. The designation of the visits to the named groups and the calculation, on the basis of the results, post-production of the Hubble in two different directions.
3. Vivchennya zoryanyy warehouse periphery of irregular and spinal galaxies. Viznachennya spacious forms of galaxies on the great vіdstanіy to the center.
SCIENCE NOVELTY.
For a great number of galaxies on the 6-m telescope, we have rendered glimpses of images in two) Colorahs, which allowed the display of galaxies to the stars. A photometry was carried out for the signs of indications and prompted by the diagrams of the color - value. On the basis of these data, it was designated for 92 galaxies, including in such distant systems as purchased in Divi or the group N001023. For a large number of galaxies, we will see the destruction of the future.
Vimiryani vіdstanі vіkorіstanі for viznenie permanent Hubble in two opposite directions, which allowed the evaluation of gradієnt nіzhvidkostі mіzh Mіstsevoi group and group N001023, the size of which, as it did not survive,
The vivification of the zorya warehouse of the periphery of galaxies has led to the appearance of long disks in the irregular galaxies, and the formation of the old youngsters, the red giants. The size of such disks 2-3 times overshadows the visible size of galaxies beyond 25 "A / P". It is known that galaxies on the basis of a spacious rosette of gigantic hearts can clearly rotate the cordon.
SCIENCE І PRACTICAL CINNІST.
On the 6th telescope, there are a lot of signs of close to 100 permissible for the glimpses of galaxies. In cich galaxies, the color and the brightest of all visible colors are visible. Seen gipergiganti and nadgiganti with the best light.
At the present time, in which the author bravs an unprecedented fate, for the first time, the great and one-sided array of data on the appearance of all galaxies for all galaxies in the private sky with speeds less than 500 km / s will be discarded. Otrimani dans allow to carry out an analysis of non-Hubble rucks of galaxies in the Mission complex, which interconnects the vibrational models of illumination of the Mission galaxies.
A warehouse and spacious structure of the closest groups of galaxies on the private sky is designated. The results will allow you to carry out statistical correlated parameters in the groups of galaxies.
It was carried out to the end of the budget and straight ahead for the purchase of galaxies in Divi. There are known a number of randomly close galaxies that have been expanded between the accumulations and the Misce group. It is assigned to the appearance and vision of the galaxy, so that it belongs to the most purchased, and is rooted in the small parts of the periphery and the center of the purchase.
Visited before the purchase in Divi and Volossi of Veronica and calculated on the basis of the Hubble. The brightest stars of 10 galaxies of the N001023 group are brightly visible, but lie on the top of 10 Men. It is assigned to galaxies and the Hubble is calculated in a straight line. A visnovka about maliy gradієntі shvidkostі mіzh Miscevoi group and group N001023 has been made, so you can explain the dominance of the collection of galaxies in Divi.
ON AN ACQUISITOR TO BE FUCKED:
1. The results of the process of developing and implementing the method of photometry of probes on automatic microdensitometers AMD1 and AMD2 of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
2. Scallop of calibrated deposition by the method of designation of specimens according to black and worm-bearing overguns.
3. Results of photometry of the stars in 50 galaxies of the International Complex and the designation of the locations to the number of galaxies.
4. The results of the number of up to 24 galaxies in direct purchase in Divi. The value of the post-Hubble post.
5. Results of the rating of visits to the galaxies of the NOC1023 group and of the rating of the post-Hubble in the opposite view of the purchase in Divi directly. Visnovok about maliy gradієntі shvidkostі mіzh Miscevoy group and group NGO1023.
6. The results of the extended growth of different types of stars in irregular galaxies. The appearance of elongated disks from gigantic hearts near irregular galaxies.
Testing of robots.
The main results, recognized in the dissertation, were updated at the seminars of the Military Academy of Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences, GAISH, AI OPbGU, as well as at conferences:
France, 1993, In ESO / OHP Workshop "Dwarf Galaxies" eds. Meylan G., Prugniel P., Observatoire de Haute-Provence, France, 109.
PAR, 1998, in lAU Symp. 192, The Stellar Content of Local Group Galaxies, ed. Whitelock P., and Gannon R., 15.
Finland, 2000 "Galaxies in the M81 Group and IC342 / Maffei Complex: The Structure and Stellar Populations", ASP Conference Series, 209, 345.
Russia, 2001., All-Russian Astronomical Conference, 6-12 Serpnya, St. Petersburg. Dopovid: "Spacious rose of different types in irregular galaxies."
Mexico, 2002 Cozumel, April 8-12, "Stars as a Tracer of the Shape of Irregular Galaxies Haloes".
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DESCRIPTION STRUCTURE
Dissertations are stored in the entry, six razdiliv, Visnovkiv, the list of cited literature and supplements.
dissertational visnovok on the topic "Astrophysics, radioastronomy", Tikhonov, Mykola Oleksandrovich
The main missions of the headquarters are located in irregular and in the lesser world of spinal galaxies. To that end, they would look at the types of galaxies with a greater lecturer rank, thus redefining the main respect for the visibility and the similarity between them. The world is in the smallest step of quiet parameters of galaxies, which do not appear in our preliminaries.
6.2.1 Nutrition of the classification of galaxies.
Historically, it was arranged in such a way that the entire classification of galaxies was created on the basis of the signs that were removed in the blue swings of the spectrum. Naturally, on these signs, it is especially bright to see those objects, such as blaky colors, so that areas of recreation with bright young stars. Such areas are effectively seen in the spinal galaxies; іsya gіlki, and in irregular galaxies - spread out more chaotically along the number of galaxies yaskravі dіlyanka.
The visibility in the development of the regions of revitalization has become this cob cordon, which has divided the spinal and irregular galaxies just in view of the fact that the classification of denominations according to Hubble, 194 Beauguler 1923 is carried out. In some systems of authoritative classification, the parameters of galaxies, in addition to the most recent ones, have been enriched with the simplest Hubble classification.
Naturally, scho sush; There are physical reasons for the separation in the development of the development areas in the spinal and irregular galaxies. In the first place, there is a difference in masks and vrash; Jenny, however, the primary classification was only in view of galaxies. At the same hour, between the two types of galaxies, the fragments of large irregular galaxies may be indicative of a spiral or bar-like structure in the center of the galaxy. Great Magellanic hmara, as it serves as a symbol of a typical irregular galaxy, a volodya bar and faint signs of a spinal structure characteristic of type Sc galaxies. Signs of the spinal structure of irregular galaxies are especially bright in the radio range when a neutral water is introduced. As a rule, near an irregular galaxy of dry land; There is a length of gas chmara, in which it is often used to give a sign of spinal gilts, (for example, in ICIO 196], Holl, IC2574).
The taste of such a smooth transition is common; їх powers from the spinal galaxies to irregular є sub-activity at morphological types of galaxies by different authors. Moreover, since the first photographic plates will be sensitive to the infrared changes, and not to the blue ones, then the classification of galaxies will not be seen in some of the largest galaxies. On such infrared signs, the regions of galaxies are most beautifully visible, to take revenge on the old inhabitants of the population - the hearts of the giants.
If a galaxy is in the IK range, there is a smoothed appearance, without contrast, spinal gaps are seen, or regions of the resolution, and the disk and bulge of the galaxy are most likely to appear. On the signs in the ІК range of the Irr galaxies, one can see how discs dwarf galaxies, which have been installed to us from small kutas. This can be seen well in the IK atlas of galaxies. Thus, the alleged classification of galaxies was carried out on the basis of knowledge in the infrared range, then both spiral and irregular galaxies were consumed in one group of disk galaxies.
6.2.2 Correlation of the backward parameters of the spinal and irregular galaxies.
The continuity of the transition from spiral galaxies to irregular is seen when looking at global parameters near the last of galaxies, to be from spiral: Sa Sb Sc to irregular: Sd Sm Im. All parameters: masi, size, instead of vkazuyut on one class of galaxies. The same reliability of the May and photometric parameters of galaxies: lightness and color. tic, mi, and did not get magical, because of the exact type of galaxy. Yak, having shown further information, the parameters of the growth of the zarya population in dwarf spirals and in irregular galaxies are approximately the same. Tse esh; e times I am sitting, so offended types of galaxies were followed by one name - disks.
6.2.3 Vast forms of galaxies.
Brutalizing up to the spacious Budova of galaxies. The flattening of the forms of spinal galaxies is not explained. With a description of the type of galaxies, on the basis of photometry, one can see the bulge and disk of the galaxy. Oscillations of long and flat curves of the changing liquidities of the spinal galaxies can be explained in terms of the presence of significant masses of invisible matter, then in the morphology of galaxies there is often a long halo. Try to know the visible manifestation of such a halo was timid more than once. Moreover, in the fall of the central thickening of the bulge in irregular galaxies, it is possible to produce before the photometric razrіzov can see only the exponential disk storage of the galaxy without signs of the other storage facilities.
To determine the shapes of irregular galaxies, the Z axis needs to be careful about the galaxies visible from the edge. The hunt of such galaxies for the LEDA catalog when selecting for a swiftness of wrapping, one hundred percent of the axes and sizes, grafting us to a compiled list of dozens of galaxies, a large part of which are pasted on great heights. In case of high surface photometry, it is possible to reveal the low surface sensitivity of the subsystems and to change the photometric characteristics. The low quality of the subsystem does not mean that malium is flowing into the life of the galaxy, some of the mass of such a subsystem can reach great through the great value of M / L.
UGCB760, BTA. 1800s
20 40 60 for RADIUS (arcsec)
Position (PRCSEC)
Small. 29: Rozpodil koloru (U - Z) udovzh of the great axis of the galaxy N008760 and її isophoti to HE - 27A5
In fig. 29 presented by us on BTA the results of the surface photometry of the irregular galaxy 11008760. The isophotes of the galaxy show that, with large photometric boundaries, the shape of the outer parts of the galaxy is close to an oval. In another way, the weak isophotes of the galaxies trivially along the great axis of the main frame of the galaxy, you can see the bright glimpses and areas of development.
Continued disc component is visible; Beyond the boundaries of the main body of the galaxy. The handrail is presented in a color from the center of the galaxy to the weakest isophotes.
Photometric measurements showed that the smut of a galaxy with a maximum color (Y-th) = 0.25, which is absolutely typical for irregular galaxies. Vimіryuvannya to the color of regions, distant from the main frame of the galaxy give the value (V - K) = 1.2. Such a result means that we are weak = 27.5 "" / P ") and lengthy (3 times more, below the size of the main type) the name of the part of the central galaxy is guilty of folding up from the worms. photometric between VTA.
For such a result, it became sensible, that it was necessary to continue to monitor nearby irregular galaxies, but it could be said more about the zarya warehouses and about the vastness of the form of the faint call parts of galaxies.
Small. 30: Measurement of metallicity of overgiant magenta in giant (M81) and dwarf galaxies (Holl). The position of the head of the overgiant velmy sensitively looks at the metal of the galaxy
6.2-4 Zirkovy warehouse of galaxies.
Zirkovy warehouse of spinal and irregular galaxies of the same name. On the display of one type of diagrams, G - R may not be more important because of the type of galaxy. Deyaky pouring in to make a statistical effect, in gigantic galaxies there are more and more blakytny and chervony nadganty populations. However, the mass of the galaxy still manifests itself in the parameters of a population of stars. In large galaxies, all the important elements, which were established during the evolution of the stars, get lost in the boundaries of the galaxy, filling the middle ground with metals. During all the coming generations of stars in massive galaxies, metal may have changed. In fig. 30 shows the relative G - R diagrams of massive (M81) and dwarf (Holl) galaxies. One can clearly see the difference in the position of the gillets of chervony overgants, which is an indicator of their metal specialties. For the old zorya population - the worm giants - in the massive galaxies, the glimpses of the great range of metal specialties 210] are more likely to show up in the large galaxies, so that it can be recognized on the width of the giants. In dwarf galaxies, high galusies of giants (Fig. 3 $) and low metallicity are more likely to occur. The superficiality of the giants is changing for the exponential law, which is related to the disk warehouse (Fig. 32). A similar behavior of giant worms was revealed by us in galaxy IC1613.
Small. 32: Serpentine of the superficial mass of giant hearts in the F5 field of the ICIO galaxy. On the cordon of the disc you can see a fungus of large giants, which falls behind the cordon of the disc not to zero. A similar effect is spontaneous in the spinal galaxy of the MZZ. The scale of the graph in chilines of the arc towards the center.
I will look at the results and everything said before about the irregular galaxies, it is possible to allow more allowances, but the very old glimpses of the red giants and set up the extended periphery of galaxies, more recently, about dry land; The news of giant worms on the outskirts of the Miscevo group galaxies in v. Vaadeh. For some reason, the robots of Minit and his colleagues were barely naked, but the smells of the halo of red giants around two galaxies were known: WLM and NGC3109, but in the publications they had not heard about such a winter.
For the purpose of the law of change of the surface gustin of the pink type, including the giants, the need for large bullets for the prevention of nearby galaxies is
Small. 33: The change in the brightness of the stars in the galaxies BB0 187 and BB0190 from the center to the edge. Likewise, the gigantic chervoni did not reach their borders and may progress beyond the borders of our sign. The scale of the graph in arc seconds. vikladenikh plasma, which can be promoted by ICIO.
Our caution on the 2.5-m Nordic telescopes of the galaxies DD0187 and DDO 190 confirmed that the number of irregular galaxies visible by plasmas was to prevent the exponential fall of the surface density of the wormy edges of the galaxy in the center to the center. Moreover, the length of the structure of the gigantic red giants overturned the size of the main body of the skin galaxy (small 33). The edge of the halo / disk is located behind the boundaries of the locked CCD matrix. The exponential change in the power of giants has been found in some of the largest irregular galaxies. Oscillations of all pre-existing galaxies behave in the same way, then you can say, as a fact about the establishment, about the exponential law of change in the prowess of the old, young population - the worm giants, which are indicative of the disk component. However, tse esh; e to bring sush; New disks.
The reality of disks can only be verified from the guard of galaxies seen from the edges. Keeping such galaxies safe for the visible manifestation of a massive halo was carried out several times in different regions of the spectrum. Repeatedly naked about the appearance of such a halo. The original butt of the foldability is to be quilted in publications. A number of independent pre-glimpses were voiced about the appearance of such a halo near N005007. Step by the way of caution on a light-powered telescope with a total exposure at the age of 24 (!)
Among the nearby irregular galaxies, visible from the edges, I respect the dwarf in Pegasi, multiple times. The caution on BTA decilkoh fields allowed us to increase the quilt in a new wake of the spirits of young children, both as great as the little axes. The results are shown in Fig. 34,35 In another way, the shape of the rose along the axis of the view is close to an oval or an ellipse. In a third, there is no visible halo that folds from the giants of red.
Small. 34: Between the Galaxy Pegasus Dwarf on the basis of the creation of gigantic hearts. BTA signs are indicated.
AGB blue stars Q Pro Pro
PegDw w "" (W zhoko * 0 0 oooooaooo
200 400 600 majoraxis
Small. 35: Rose of the surface gusset of the young types of the great axis of the Pegasus Dwarf galaxy. It can be seen between the disc, de-vidbuvaєtsya decline in the size of the worm giants. about 1
Our presented results are based on the photometry of the NRT knowledge, which we have taken from the archive of free access. The shock of the zanyaty galaxies on the NZT, which are allowed on the hearts of large and visible plasmas and from the ribs, giving us nearly two dozen candidates for vivchennya. It's a pity that the lack of space for NZT for us was one of the goals of our robots - quilting the parameters of the rosette.
For standard photometric processing, boules are stimulated by G - R diagrams for cich galaxies and the vision of a different type. Їх doslіdzhennya showed:
1) In galaxies visible by plasmas, the fall of the surface gustini of red giants followed the exponential law (Fig. 36).
- | -1-1-1-E-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1--<тГ
PGC39032 / w "".
15 red giants Z w
Small. 36: Exponential change in the thickness of gigantic worms in the dwarf galaxy PCC39032 from center to edge based on NRT
2) In the same galaxy, apparently, from the ribs there is no longer a prolonged, along the axis 2, halo of red giants (Fig. 37).
3) The shape of the rose-colored giants along the axis is visible to the oval or ellipses (Fig. 38).
I will look at the vibrational rate and the similarity of the same results for the shape of the growth of giants in all pre-existing galaxies, it is possible, because such a law of the growth of giants of hearts may be greater. Vidhilennya from the outward rule is possible, for example, in interconnecting galaxies.
It means that the middle of the pre-existing galaxies are bulky as irregular, as well as spinal galaxies, which are not giant. We do not know of any specific indications between them in the laws of the rise of hearts of giants along axis 2, behind the vignette of the gradation of decline in the degree of gigants.
6.3.2 Spacious rosette.
You can see on the G - R diagrams of different types, we can base them on the sign of the galaxy, or calculate the parameters of the wide area according to the size of the galaxy.
At home, the younger Zorians are populating irregular galaxies in the regions of dawn, which are chaotically spread across the galaxy. However, the chaotic nature is visible at once, as if the bridle of the radius of the galaxy is visible on the surface of the gusty of young children. The graphs in Fig. 33 it can be seen that on the backbone, close to the exponential, there are masses of fluctuations that are tied to the surrounding areas of resolution.
For a larger old population - the zerk of the progressed asymptotic galluzzi of the giants, the growth of the smallest gradient of the fall of scholarship. The first city of the old population is chervoni giganti. It will be useful to convert the fallowness for a relatively found population - a horizon of a horizontal head, however, in quiet galaxies, there is a lack of abundance for statistical data. Clearly visible is the abundance of the winter and the parameters of the spaciousness of the space, which can be explained in a nutshell. ... importantly before
Small. 37: Decrease of strength of gigantic giants along axis 2 in decile galaxies visible from the edge
Small. 38: In the image, apparently from the edges of a dwarf galaxy, according to the position of the known gigantic hearts. Zagalny viglyad rozpodilu - an oval or an ellips set, as such an effect can be reconfigured in caveats. However, only the model of the evolution of the galactic disk can be helpful in regards to the generation of certain hypotheses.
6.3.3 Structure of irregular galaxies.
In the first place, it is possible to win the future of an irregular galaxy by an offensive rank: I will extend the most in all coordinates, and the system will set up a red gigante. The shape of їх rospodіlu is a kind of disc, which is less exponential than the surface gustini giants from the center to the edge. The disc partnership is the same for all of the last years. Bigger young zoryan systems and make contributions to the whole disk of their subsystem. The population is younger than the Zoryans, and the disc is thinner than the one that I will create. I want the youngest inhabitants of the country, blakytny nadgiganti, are distributed among the chaotic regions of the development, in general and in order to be ordered by the geographic laws. All the investments of the subsystem are not unique, one thing alone, so in the areas of development there can be rebuilt old chervoni giganti. For the dwarf galaxies themselves, de one region of dawn occupies the entire galaxy, the scheme is smart enough, but it is not obvious that the discs of the young population and the old are visible for such galaxies.
Just for the sake of completing, I will look at the structure of irregular galaxies and radio frequency, then it will appear that the whole system is buried in a disk of neutral water. The size of the disk from HI, as the price of the statistics of 171 galaxies, is approximately 5-6 times more, below the visible size of the galaxy at the level of IV = 25 "*.
The size of both disks in the ICIO galaxy is approximately equal. For a galaxy in Pegasus, the water disk is two times smaller than the disk size of the red giants. And the galaxy NGC4449, which has one of the most extended water disks, is unlikely to have a floor and an extended disk of red giants. kakh not only our warnings. We have already guessed about the display of the halo. Having rediscovered the images of only a part of the galaxy, the stench took the size of the disk along the axis of being seen for the development of a halo, for example, they thought they didn’t get magical until they grew up in the cich galaxies along the great axis.
We, in their pre-sledges, didn’t start gigantic galaxies, if we didn’t look at the structure of our Galaxy, then for her already a clear understanding of the "good disk" for a low-metal old population. If the term "halo" is right, then it’s stagnant, as we are to be built, to spherical, but not up to the integration of systems, I want only terminology on the right.
6.3.4 Between galaxies.
Food about the boundaries of galaxies hasn't been reached yet. Protecting our results can make a singular contribution to your solution. Expect to get involved in the fact that there is a sense of power on the edges of galaxies to step by step go to the cordon of galaxies, as such, it is simply not imaginable. We imaged the behavior of the found subsystem, so that it could be stored from the worm giants, the bridle of the Z axis. 37). That is, the galaxy along the Z axis has a small turn of the edge, and the inhabitants of the population are very close, and not go step by step.
Greater foldable behavior of zarya-sihilnosti bridging the radius of the galaxy in the world where the glimpse is. For galaxies visible from the edge, the size of the disk is larger by hand. In the galaxy in Pegasus the Great Axis, one can see a drop in the number of giant giants to zero (Fig. 36). So the galaxy has a whole disk cordon, for which there are practically no red giants. Galaxy J10, in the first approach, is led by a certain rank. The abundance of children is changing, and the number of children moving towards the center of the galaxy is more likely to decrease (Fig. 33). However, in this view, the change does not go down to zero. Likewise, the red gigans are visible beyond the borders of the radius of the fungus and their scholarship, but behind the whole bordering stench there is more space, but those, like the stench, are closer to the center. Quite simply, it is analogous in the spinal galaxy of the MZZ. To be an exponential decline in proficiency, striking and advancing beyond the radius of a striking. Boolean, but the whole behavior is tied to the galaxy mass (ICIO is the most irregular galaxy, the Magellanic horrors, in the Misce group), but a small galaxy was known with the same behavior of the worm giants (Fig. 37). Invisible parameters of red giants beyond the boundaries of the striking radius, why does the stench come from behind the wine and metal? What type of spacious rosette for cichs of distant stars? It is a pity that we cannot meet the food prices for the current year. Required for reading on great telescopes with a wide field.
How great is the statistics of our reports, why talk about the appearance of new disks in galaxies of different types, like about the wider or the outward manifestation? In all galaxies, as small as possible to reach the perfect image, we have seen extended structures
After the archives of the NZT, we knew the images of 16 galaxies, visible from the edges or by plasmas, and allowed on the gigantic heart. The galaxies were re-arranged on the walls of 2-5 Men. Їx list: N002976, VB053, 000165, K52, K73, 000190, 000187, іОСА438, Р00481 1 + 1, Р0С39032, РОС9962, N002366, і0С8320, іОСА442, N00625, N001560.
The exponential development of plasma for galaxies and the view of the growth of red giants near galaxies visible from the edge, bring, that all of them in the background will show their disks.
6.4 Disks of giant giants and a lot of irregular galaxies.
Radio surveillance in H1 of the spinal and dwarf galaxies showed little visibility in the behavior of the curves of the wrapping of galaxies. For both types of galaxies to explain
The shape of the curves requires the presence of significant masses of invisible matter. Where can the extended disks, which we know from all irregular galaxies, be this shukanic invisible mother? Many of the red giants themselves, which are spostering in the disks, are extremely disadvantageous. The victorious ones of our guardianship of the galaxy 1C1613 have set the parameters for the fall of the giants to the edge and virahuval and the vast majority of the world in the galaxy. It turned out that Mred / Lgal = 0.16. That is, the mass of the stars of the giants slightly increased the mass of the entire galaxy. However, the memory of the stage, the stage of the gigant of hearts, is sometimes a poor stage in the life of the star. That should make the sutta amendments to the mass of the disc, the number of men and women who are still young, and who have already passed the stage of the red giant, should be introduced. Bulo b tsykavo, on the basis of even wider measures of the nearby galaxies, to reconsider the population of gilok subgiants and to calculate their contribution to the total mass of the galaxy, even on the right.
visnovok
Robot pidvodyachi pidsagi, paying again on the basis of the results.
On the 6th telescope, there are clear signs of close to 100 permissible for the view of galaxies. Created by archiv danikh. Up to a large number of galaxies can be spawned when a dawn population is implanted, in the middle of a winter of high quality LBV type. In pre-existing galaxies, the color and the brightest of all visible colors are visible. We have seen hyperghans and supernaturals of the greatest quality.
A great and one-sided array of data on the appearance of places for all galaxies in the private sky with a liquidity of less than 500 km / s is recognized. The results, recognized as a special dissertator, are even more significant in the middle of the debate. Otrimanie vimіryuvannya vіdstavly allow to carry out the analysis of non-Hubble layers of galaxies in the Mission complex, which interconnects the vibrational models of illumination of the Mission "glare" of galaxies.
A warehouse and spacious structure of the closest groups of galaxies in the private sky is designated at the display of the first galaxies. The results will allow you to carry out statistical correlated parameters in the groups of galaxies.
The additional distribution of galaxies was carried out directly to the purchase of galaxies in Divi. Known for a few, sometimes close, galaxies that have grown between the accumulations and the Misce group. It is intended that the appearance and vision of the galaxy belong to the most purchased and distributed in the other parts of the periphery and the center of the purchase.
It is assigned to be up to the purchase price in Divi, as it came to be equal to 17.0 Mpc and Volossi of Veronika, equal to 90 Mpc. On the basis of the calculation of the Hubble post, Rivna Yao = 77 ± 7 km / s / Mpc.
At the display of the photometry of the BTA and HST signals, there are some bright stars in 10 galaxies of the N001023 group, which lie on the 10 Mpc base. It is assigned to galaxies and the Hubble is calculated in a straight line. Broken visnovok about maliy gradієntі shvidkostі mіzh Miscevoi group and group NGC1023, as possible
121 explain the relatively small number of galaxies purchased in Divi in the early stages of galaxies.
At the beginning of the day, there are even more spacious roses of red giants in galaxies of different types of large and long discs from old adults. The size of such disks is 2-3 times greater, than the size of the visible part of the galaxy. It is known that it is possible to reach the edge of the edge, beyond the boundaries of which there are few stars.
Uninvolved in carrying out a scaled up to the galaxies of the private sky, in the future; її food was overwhelmed not less, less їх boiled up to the cob. Along with the nutritional value, some at once, especially, in conjunction with the robots of space telescopes, there was a possibility of robustness of precise measurement, as we can change our knowledge about the near space. The warehouse, budovi and kinematics of nearby groups of galaxies, appear to be intensively based on the tissue method.
I respect the periphery of galaxies to myself more and more, especially through the hums of the dark matter and the history of the illumination and evolution of the disks of galaxies. Miraculously, how the 2002 rock in the Observatory of Lovell will be held for the first time; scanning around the periphery of galaxies.
Goodies
For those years, when the robot was shown on the basis of the dissertations I presented, a lot of people, so many people, gave me help in the robot. I’m awesome for a tsyu pidtrimka.
Ale me, it’s especially good to see someone I’m going to help you see all the time. Without the great qualifications of Galina Korotkova, the robot over the dissertation would be delayed on a new term. The preoccupation and tenacity of the victorious robots, which are manifested in Olga Galazutdinova, allowed me to complete a short term and correct the results for a large number of objects in Divi and N001023. Drozdovskiy Igor, with his small service programs, gave us great help during the photometry of tens of thousands of stars.
I am in the hands of the Russian Fund for Fundamental Doslidzhen, whose grants I have received (95-02-05781, 97-02-17163,00-02-16584), for the financial support of eight years, which allowed me to spend more efficiently the donation.
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172. Fig. 1: Signs of galaxies in the purchased Divi, which we recognized at BTA. To visualize the structure of galaxies, a median filtering of images was carried out143
173. Fig. 3: Signs of galaxies in the KCC1023 group, rendered on BTA and H8T (end)
To the respect, presented in the food of scientific texts of the dissemination for the recognition and recognition of the additional dissemination of the original texts of the dissertations (OCR). At the end of the day, there may be some revenge in them, tied in with incomplete algorithms for the analysis. PDF files of dissertations and abstracts, which are delivered, do not have any pardons.
65. Distribution of stars in the Galaxy. Purchase. Zagalna Budova of the Galaxy.
The end of the form, the beginning of the form The knowledge of visibility before the age allows us to go to the vivchion of the growth in the vastness, and also, in the structure of the Galaxy. In order to characterize the number of stars in the remote parts of the Galaxy, to introduce an understanding of a zarya ryanity, analogous to the understanding of the concentration of molecules. A zoryanny schilnistyu is called a number of stars, which are located in the same space. For one volume, make sure to accept 1 cubic parsec. In the outskirts of Sontsya, the spirits become close to 0.12 glimpses per cubic parsec, in other words, on the skin in the middle seizure obsyag ponad 8 ps 3; The average time between the stars is close to 2 ps. So that you know, as the brightness changes in different directions, the number of stars on the same area (for example, 1 square degree) in the distance of the sky.
First, throwing yourself in the eyes with such pidrakhunks, supervisingly stronger is the increase in the concentration of stars in the world of closeness to the smog of Chumatsky Shlyakh, the middle of the line that will set up a great colo on the sky. Navpaki, in the world close to the pole of the stake, the concentration of the stars is changing rapidly. A whole fact already in the end of the 18th century. allowing V. Herschel to create the correct pattern about those that our zoryan system will flatten its shape, and the Sonce can move not far from the area of symmetry formation. in the middle of the cultural sector, the radius of which is the starting point for the formula
log r m = 1 + 0.2 (m * M)
the end of the form the beginning of the form.
end of form beginning of form Cluster of galaxies - gravitational-linking systems galaxies, One of the largest structures at to all... Grow your collection of galaxies you can reach 10 8 light rock.
The purchase is cleverly subdivided into two types:
regular - purchase of correct spherical shapes, in which they are lens-shaped galaxies, With a clearly curved central part. At the centers of such a collection of gigantic elephant galaxies. Regular stock butt - purchased by Volossya Veronika.
Irregular - a purchase without a singing form, for a number of galaxies to be regular. In the purchased form, reload spiral galaxies... butt - purchase Divi.
Mass purchases vary from 10 13 to 10 15 mas Sontsya.
budova galaxy
Rose in the Galaxy has two very distinct features: in the first place, even more closely the concentration of the stars in the galactic area, and in another way, there is a great concentration in the center of the Galaxy. So, if in the outskirts of Sontsya, in a disk, one zirka falls on 16 cubic parsecs, then in the center of the Galaxy in one cubic parsec 10,000 zerks are taken. At the area of the Galaxy, the increased concentration of sparks is also increased by the concentration of saw and gas.
Size of the Galaxy: - the diameter of the Galaxy disk is close to 30 kpc (100,000 light rock), - the region - about 1000 light rock.
At the end of the day, they are moving far away from the galactic nucleus - at about 8 kpc (about 26,000 light rockies).
The center of the Galaxy is located in the suzir'i Striltsya directly on? = 17h46,1m ,? = -28 ° 51 '.
The galaxy folds into a disk, a halo and a crown. The central, most compact region of the Galaxy is called the nucleus. In the nucleus of the temporal area, the concentration of spines: in the cutaneous cubic parsec, there are thousands of spines. Yakbi lived on the planet when the stars were close to the nucleus of the Galaxy, then on the sky there would be dozens of stars, according to the quality of the little stars. At the center of the Galaxy, a massive black diri is transmitted. Near the ring region of the galactic disk (3-7 kpc), there is a lower level of growth in the molecular speech of the middle middle; there is the greatest number of pulsars, a surplus of over-new and over-the-counter innovations. We can see the prominence of the central regions of the Galaxy, more often than not, with balls of clay material.
The galaxy is to take revenge on two main subsystems (two components), one contribution to the whole and gravitationally linking one to one. The first is called a spherical - a halo, the stars concentrate to the center of the galaxy, and the extent of speech, at the center of the galaxy, to reach quickly from all over the place. The central, most powerful part of the halo in the gaps of the decils of thousands of light rocks towards the center of the Galaxy is called the bulge. Another pidsystem is a complete disk drive. Wine is a yak bi two folds with the edges of the container. At the disk, the concentration of stars is much higher, lower in the halo. The stars in the middle of the disk collapse in circular paths near the center of the Galaxy. At the dawn disc between the spinal sleeves, the Sontse is worn.
The glimpses of the boule galactic disk are named for type I populations, and the glimpses of the halo — for type II populations. Up to the disk, the flat warehouse of the Galaxy, the glimpses of the early spectral classes O and B, the glimpses of the growing stock, the dark saw-nebulae are seen. Halos, navpaki, warehouses, which were discovered at the early stages of the evolution of the Galaxy: the stars of the collection, the stars of the RR Liri type. The glimpses of a flat warehouse in the context of the glazes of a spherical warehouse are distinguished by a great number of important elements. The population of the spherical warehouse is 12 billion rocky. Yogo call to take over the galaxy itself.
In the halo, the disc is wrapped like a shvid. The speed of the disc wrapping is not the same on the other side of the center. The disc masa is estimated at 150 mln M. The disc contains spinal sleeves (sleeves). Young starters and midway through the development of the sleeves, in the main, bridle sleeves.
The disk and the pre-colossal halo are bordered into the crown. In this hour, it’s important to break the crown of the Galaxy 10 times more than the size of the disk.
de H ¾ post_yna Hubble. In sports (6.12) V swung into km / s, a r ¾ v Mps.
I will name the law Hubble's law . Postyna Hubble in the Danish hour, it’s rivnoyu H = 72 km / (s ∙ Mpc).
Hubble's law permitsє talk about those who Vsesvit expand... However, this does not mean that our Galaxy is the center, from which and where it is expanded. At any point, Vsesvit will be able to shake off the same picture: all galaxies may be red-handed, proportionately seen before them. That is one thing to say, how the space itself expands. Tse, of course, mind intelligence: galaxies, stars, planets and we do not expand the world with you.
Knowing the magnitude of the heart's zsuvu, for example, for a galaxy, we can be of great accuracy, but it’s important to see it before it, but it’s given for the Doppler effect (6.3) and Hubble’s law. For z ³ 0.1, the Doppler formula is not valid yet. In such cases, the formula is based on the special theory of validity:
| . | (6.13) |
Galaxies are rarely alone. The name of the galaxies is designed to be small groups, to avenge a dozen members, often to be united in a large purchased hundreds or thousands of galaxies. Our Galaxy to enter the warehouse so called misce group, This includes three giant spiral galaxies (our Galaxy, the Andromeda nebula and the galaxy in the Trikutnik), as well as a dozen of dwarf elemental and irregular galaxies, which are the largest . Stink on irregularі regular purchase. Irregular purchases do not have the correct shape and may not have an irregular shape. Galaxies are scattered with Magellanic Hmari.
In the middle of the day, the collection of galas in them is weakly concentrated to the center. With the help of a giant retail purchase, you can serve the closest purchase of galaxies to us in the suzir'i Divi. For some loans, approximately 120 sq. degrees and take revenge on a few thousand of the most importantly spinal galaxies. Get close to the center of the collection to become close 15 Mps.
Regular purchase of larger compact and symmetric galaxies. Їx segments should be concentrated to the center. With the help of the spherical purchase є the purchase of galaxies in the region of Volossa Veronika, we can take revenge on even more abundant electronic and lens-like galaxies. Nearly 30,000 galaxies of more than 19 photographic zorya magnitudes are to be found. Get close to the center of the store and get close to 100 Mps.
With the purchased goods, to avenge a great number of galaxies, to knit tightly stretched dzherel X-ray vipromynuvannya.
Є Submit your respect that the purchase of galaxies in your own house is also generated nervously. It’s worthwhile for the past decade, for the purchase of us and the group of galaxies to make us feel like a grandiose system - supergalactic abo Mistseve nadskupchennya. Outside the galaxies at the same time, mabut, they concentrate to a large area, as it is possible to name the equatorial area of the supergalactic. Just look at the purchase of galaxies in the suzir'yi Divi to be in the center of such a gigantic system. Purchase in the Volossi of Veronika є the center of the largest, current purchase.
Sposter part of Vsesvita call me Metagalaxy ... Metagalaxy is built to support structural elements: galaxies, stars, overheads, quasars, etc. The growth of the Metagalaxy is surrounded by our capabilities, and in this hour we will take it 10 26 m.
Bagatorial Doslidzhennya Metagalaxies have found two main authorities, warehouses basic cosmological postulate:
1. The metagalaxy is one-sided and isotropic in great parties.
2. Metagalaxy is not stationary.
Our little glance at me is probably from a short discussion of the bitter camp of Vsesvit (more precisely, to promote the її part).
1.2.1. Uniformity and isotropy
On a great scale, a part of the one-sided and isotropic, one-sided and isotropic, is visible to All. The size of the largest structures in Vsesvit - superclusters of galaxies and giant "voids" (voids) - reach tens of megaparsecs). All regions of the All-Russian with a size of 100 Mpc and a larger view of everything is the same (uniformity), with a wide view of the directness of the All-Russian (isotropy). And the facts of the current year have been hopefully established as a result of large glances, in which hundreds of thousands of galaxies have been detected.
Superclusters vidomo monad 20. Missev group enter up to the warehouse over the purchase with the center in the purchased Divi. The size of the purchase is close to 40 Mpc, and the purchase of Divi is included in the new purchase from the suzir'iv Gidra and Centaurus. The most common structures are even more “fluffy”: the abundance of galaxies in them is 2 times higher than the average. There are hundreds of megaparsecs to the center of the offensive nadkupchennya, roztashovany in the Suzir'i Volossya Veronika.
In this day, a robot is being made to create the largest catalog of galaxies and quasars - the SDSS catalog (Sloan Digital Sky Survey). The basis is based on the data, rendered as an aid to the 2.5-meter telescope, which is built at once in 5 frequency bands (up to $ \ lambda = 3800-9200 A $, the visible range) in the spectrum of 640 objects. At the same telescope, the position was transferred and the quantity of more than two hundred million astronomical objects and the number of galaxies up to $ 10 ^ 6 $ and more than $ 10 ^ 5 $ quasars was transferred. The new zone of caution has dropped a quarter of the heavenly sphere. On this day, a large part of the experimental tribute has been crumbled, which allowed the spectrum to be close to 675 yew. Galaxies and more than 90 yew. Quasar_v. The results are illustrated in Fig. 1.1, de promulgated early SDSS data: position 40 yew. Galaxies i 4 yew. Quasars, appearing on a heavenly sphere with an area of 500 square degrees. Good luck buying galaxies and empty ones, isotropy and uniformity of the whole world can be seen on scales of the order of 100 Mpc and larger. The color of the point is the type of object. The dominance of this chi type is pummeled, vaguely, by the processes of illumination and evolution of structures - the asymmetry of the time, and not of the spaciousness.
Clearly, from 1.5 CPK, at the beginning of a fit there is a maximum in the rose-colored elephant galaxies (red dots in Fig. 1.1), the light of the years to the Earth is close to 5 billion rocks. Todi Vsesvit buv іnshy (for example, the Sonyachnoy system hasn’t been booted yet).
Tsya Timchasova Evolution grows on a great spacious scale. Another reason for the choice of caution is the manifestation at the restructuring thresholds of sensitivity: on the great cities, only bright objects are rebuilt, and the ones who are gradually made all the more light.
Small. 1.1. Vast rose of galaxies and quasars for SDSS data. Green specks are the meaning of all the galaxies (in this forest grotto) from the lusciousness, which is the deyak. The red points will provide the galaxies with the greatest brightness from all the distant merchants, so that they can reach the same population; in the supportive system, the spectrum of replacements in the chervona region is seen in the primordial galaxies. Black and blue dots show the growth of extraordinary quasars. Parameter h approx. 0.7
1.2.1. expansion
All the way to expand: galaxies go out one out of one Figuratively, seemingly, spacious, becoming one-sided and isotropic, stretching, as a result of which all appear to grow.
To describe the expansion, introduce an understanding of the scale factor $ a (t) $, which takes more than an hour. See all two pieces of space by two separate objects at all proportionally $ a (t) $, and the number of particles changes as $ ^ (- 3) $. The rate of expansion to Vsesvit, so that the rate of expansion to the stations per hour is characterized by the Hubble parameter $$ H (t) = \ frac (\ dot (a) (t)) (a (t)) $$
The Hubble parameter is stale for an hour; for that bitty meaning it’s stagnant, it’s worthy for it, it’s $ H_0 $.
Through the expansion of Vsesvita, the photon fired in the distant past will grow. Yak and all emergencies, until the age of growth grows proportionally to $ a (t). $ As a result, the photon sees the chervone change. Kilkis reddenny z is tied to the results of a photon at the time of release and at the time of chasing $$ \ frac (\ lambda_ (abs)) (\ lambda_ (em)) = 1 + z, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, (1.3) $$ de $ _ (abs) $ is a call, $ _ (em) $ is a call.
It’s not surprising, it’s worth it to lie down because of the fact that if the photon has visions (it’s vazhayuchi, how can we go to the Earth today), then it’s because it’s in the middle of the Earth. Viglyad is a non-middle-sized value: when an atom goes overboard, it starts a physical process (for example, the process of getting a photon, when the atom goes over to the bottom), and $ abs. In such a rank, having identified the set of lines of vipuskannya (or chasing) and having found the stench of change in the chervona region of the spectrum, it is possible to change the red mark of the dzherela.
Really, identification is displayed immediately along the lines that are most characteristic of objects of that type (div. Fig. 1.2). As in the spectrum of knowledge of the line of deception (dips, as in the spectra in Fig. 1.2), it means, that is, in which case there should be a red flag, a change between a dzherel of a viper (for example, a scattering on atoms and ions (with a little more isotropic radiation), which leads to dips in the spectrum of intensities of vyprominuvannya directly on the sposter). As in the spectrum of the appearance of the line of viprominuvannya (peaks in the spectrum), then the object itself is vipprominuvach.
Small. 1.2. Lines in the spectra of distant galaxies. The upper diagrams show the results of the differential energy flow from the distant (z = 2.0841) galaxies. Vertical lines lead to the development of atomic lines, the identification of which has allowed for the magnitude of the change in the galaxy. In the spectra of nearby galaxies, the lines are brighter. The diagram with the spectra of such galaxies, also aiming at the satellite, the system with the view of the urahuvannya of the chervony zsuvu, is presented on the lower malinka
For $ z \ ll 1 $, the valid Hubble law $$ z = H_0 r, \, \, \, z \ ll 1, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, (1.4) $$ de $ r $ - go to jerel, and $ H_0 $ - if the value of the Hubble parameter is missing. With great z, the fallowness of the appearance of the red zsuvu will accelerate, so that the report will be discussed.
The value of the absolute views to the far distant dzherel is even more difficult on the right. One of the methods of polarizing in the visualization of a stream of photons from a distant object, whose visibility is in advance of the house. Such objects in astronomy are called standard candles .
Systematic pardons at the value of $ H_0 $ are no worse than good, maybe, to finish great. To achieve this, the value of the value of the post-hoc, which Hubble himself did in 1929, became 550 km / (s · Mpc). The modern Hubble parameter measurement methods give $$ H_0 = 73 _ (- 3) ^ (+ 4) \ frac (km) (c \ cdot Mpc). \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, (1.5) $$
The sense of the traditional unit is clear in terms of the Hubble parameter, like a figure in (1.5). The interpretation of the Hubble law (1.4) is naïve in the fact that the redoubt is encumbered by the radial collapse of galaxies from the Earth with airs proportional to galaxies, $$ v = H_0r, \, \, \, v \ ll, \, \, \, v \ ll , \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, (1.6) $$
Todi chervoniy zsuv (1.4) is interpreted as the late Doppler effect (for $ v \ ll c $, i.e. $ V \ ll 1 $ in natural units, the Doppler shift is $ z = v $). In the link with the Hubble parameter $ H_0 $, assign the size [performance / appearance]. It is understandable that the interpretation of the cosmological wormhole in terms of the Doppler effect is not necessary, but in a number of types it is inadequate. Naybilsh correctly vikoristovuvati spivvidnoshennya (1.4) in that view, in which it is written. The value of $ H_0 $ is traditionally parameterized by the offensive rank: $$ H_0 = h \ cdot 100 \ frac (km) (c \ cdot Mpc), $$ de h is a magnitude of the order of one (div. (1.5)), $$ h = 0.73 _ (- 0.03) ^ (+ 0.04) $$ We will correlate to the values of $ h = 0.7 $ in the following estimates.
Small. 1.3. The Hubble Diagram, prompted by the caution in the future. Hubble's law with the parameter $ H_0 $ = 75 km / (s Dotted lines show the experimental errors in the value of the Hubble post
To change the Hubble parameter in the quality of standard candles, it is traditionally vikoristic of the cepheid - the green stars, whose wisdom is tied by the singing rank of lightness. The link qiu can be found, vivchayuchi tsefeydi in like compact dawns, for example, in Magellan's temples. Oscillations from all stages of all the middle of one compact illumination with a high level of accuracy can be matched by the same ones, setting the brightness of such objects in the accuracy of the prevailing luminosities. The period of the pulsation cycle can become up to decile tens of dib, for a whole hour the light changes in a number of times. As a result, the caution of the bullet prompted the presence of lightness in the period of pulsations: what is more light, more than the period of pulsations.
cepheid - giganty and nadgiganti, to that їkh will be spasters far beyond the boundaries of the Galaxy. Having expanded the spectrum of long-range cepheides, we know the red mark according to the formula (1.3), and until we see the hourly evolution, we start the period of the pulsation of lightness. Because of this, the viscousness of the variability in relation to the visibility, and the absolute value of the object and the calculation of the value before the object, is used for the formula (1.4) to read the value of the Hubble parameter. In fig. 1.3 is given by such a rank of the Hubble diaphragm - the abundance of the chervony zsuvu from the country.
Krym tsefeide, є y іnshi yaskravі ob'єkti, which can be used as standard candles, for example, above the new type 1a.
1.2.3. The Hour of Life to All Saints and the Rise
The Hubble parameter is for the small size of $$, so the lucky Vsesvit is characterized by the time scale $$ H_0 ^ (- 1) = \ frac 1h \ cdot \ frac (1) (100) \ frac (km) (c \ cdot Mpc) = \ frac 1h \ cdot 3 \ cdot 10 ^ (17) c = \ frac 1h \ cdot 10 ^ (10) \ approx 1.4 \ cdot 10 ^ (10) yr. $$ H_0 ^ (- 1) = \ frac 1h \ cdot 3000 Mpc \ approx 4.3 \ cdot 10 ^ 3 Mpc. $$
Roughly, it seems that the size of Vsesvit can be increased by about 10 billion rubles in an hour; galaxies, which are going to see us at a distance of close to 3000 Mpc, are looking away from us due to the quality of the light. By the way, the hour $ H_0 ^ (- 1) $ is in order of magnitude to go to Vsesvit, and $ H_0 ^ (- 1) $ appears in the size of the visible part of Vsesvit. We will clarify the announcement about the history of All Sight and the development of the visible part in the farther away. Here, it is clear that the straightforwardness of the extrapolation of the Evolution of All-Sight in the past (as far as the classic, classical theory of validity) is brought up to the announcement of the moments of the Great Vibuch, which seems to be classic; only one hour of life for Vsesvit is a whole hour, after the moment of the Great Vibuch, and the size of the visible part (the size of the horizon) - the time comes, as the signals pass at the moment of the Great Vibukh, as the signal collapses due to the shimmer of the light. With a wide range of all Vsesvit, meaningfully I change the size of the horizon; in the classic outlandish theory of viability, the spaciousness of the whole world can be and endless.
Independently from the cosmological tributes, є from the caution below to the Allsvita $ t_0 $. Rіznі independent methods to produce up to close ones on the level of $ t_0 \ gtrsim $ 14 billion rubles $ = 1.4 \ cdot 10 ^ (10) $.
One of the methods, with the help of which the rest of the intercourse is trimmed, is polished at the age of dwarf dwarfs on the basis of their visibility. Bili dwarfs are compact glimpses of great scholarship with the masses, they are about to stay with Masoy Sonja, - there is a deed of darkness as a result of cooling for the help of others. At the Galaxy, there are bili dwarfs of high luminosities, however, due to the low luminosity, the number of large dwarfs is rapidly falling, and the fall is not connected with the sensitive apparaturists. The explanation is that the old dwarfs couldn’t be able to get cold yet, so they are so dark. An hour of cooling is possible because of a significant energy balance during a cold star. It’s a cold hour - from the oldest bіlich dwarfs - є to those who live below the Galaxy for an hour, and that means, to the whole All.
Sered іnshih metodіv vіdznachimo vivchennya poshirenostі radіoaktivnih elementіv in zemnіy korі i in skladі meteoritіv, porіvnyannya evolyutsіynoї krivoї Zirok golovnoї poslіdovnostі on dіagramі Hertzsprung-Russell ( "svіtnіst - temperature" ABO "yaskravіst - kolіr") of poshirenіstyu naystarіshih Zirok in zbіdnenih metals kulovih skupchennyah Zirok ( Galaxies are an intragalactic structure with a diameter of about 30 pc, which includes hundreds of thousands of stars. The term "was thrown" in astrophysics to trace all the elements that are important for helium.), Vivchennya will become relaxation processes in the early purchases, in the form of the width of the hot gas in the purchases of galaxies.
1.2.4. spaciousness
Uniformity and isotropy to Vsesvit does not mean, apparently, but at the moment of fixation the trivial space is a 3-area (trivial Euclid space), i.e. The order of 3-area, one-sided and isotropic є 3-sphere (positive spacious curvature) and 3-hyperboloid (negative curvature). The fundamental result of the preservation of the rest of the rock was the establishment of the fact that the vastness of the curvature of the All-Union, if it is seen from zero, is small. We will have to turn around several times until the end of the day, as in order to formulate it on a small level, so also in order for the power of the city, as it is the tribute to testify about the spacious area of the whole world. Here it’s to say that the result has been taken from the anisotropy of the reactive vypromynuvannya and in the simplest conditions to be produced before the radius of the spacious curvature of all
Significantly, also, according to the anisotropy of the recreational vippromise, it is narrowed down from the assumptions about the trivial spacious topology. So, in the time of a compact trivial developmental relationship with a characteristic change in the Hubble order in the heavenly sphere, it was promoted with a similar picture of anisotropy of a relational viprominuvannya - a spherical retracement of the remaining group ruku rіznomanіttya. Since there is little space, for example, the topology of the torus, then a pair of such keels would be placed on the heavenly sphere in diametrically opposite strands. Such authorities do not come to power.
1.2.5. "Heat" Vsesvit
The current Vsesvit is filled with a gas of non-interacting photons - reactive viprominuvans, which we transfer to the theory of the Great Vibuch and evolved experimentally in 1964. The number of release photons should be approximately 400 per cubic centimeter. The energy of the Planck thermal energy spectrum (Fig. 1.4), which is characterized by the temperature $$ T_0 = 2.725 \ pm 0.001 K \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, (1.7) $$ (good analysis). The temperature of the photons, which comes from different direct paths to the heavenly sphere, is, however, approximately $ 10 ^ (- 4) $; the same is not true of the uniformity and isotropy of the Allworld.
Small. 1.4. Vimіryuvannya spectrum of relaxation vipromіnuvannya. Compilation of the dignities of the viconan v. The dotted curve of the Planck readings is the spectrum (the spectrum of "black til"). A recent analysis gave the value of the temperature (1.7), and not T = 2.726 K, as per malink
Small. 1.5. Dani WMAP: anisotropy anisotropy of reactive vyprominuvannya, i.e., the temperature of the photons in a direct line to the parish. The average temperature of the photons and the dipole component (1.8) are reported; The temperature variance images are located at the level $ \ delta T \ sim 100 \ mu K $ $ \ delta T / T_0 \ sim 10 ^ (- 4) -10 ^ (- 5) $
At the same hour, it was experimentally established that the temperature was still lying right in the heavenly sphere. Kutova anisotropy of the temperature of the release photons at the given moment of good vimiryan (div. Fig. 1.5) and, roughly apparently, become a value of the order of $ \ delta T / T_0 \ sim 10 ^ (- 4) -10 ^ (- 5) $. The fact that the spectrum of Planck is in maximum strips is monitored by conducting measurements at different frequencies.
We will not once turn around until the anisotropy (and polarization) of a reliquary vipromynuvannya, oskilka, from one side, there is no valuable information about the early and happy all-round, and from the last side, this very moment.
Apparently, the obviousness of the release allows you to introduce a display system at the All-Vision: a central display system, in which the gas of the release photons is ready. The dormouse system collapses as soon as a relaxed vipromynuvannya in a direct line with the suzir'ya Gidri. The value of the dipole component of the anisotropy is determined by the value of the dipole component of the anisotropy $$ \ delta T_ (dipol) = 3.346 mK \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, ( 1.8) $$
Suchasna Vsesvit prozora for holiday photons ( For the sake of the "prosorosti" of the small parts, Vsesvita is developing. For example, hot gas ($ T \ sim 10 $ keV) in the purchased galaxies with rosy release photons, which swell with a large amount of additional energy. The whole process is to lead to the "pidigrіva" of relay photons - to the efect of Zeldovich-Syunyaev. The magnitude of the effect is small, it is altogether smudged with the use of modern methods.): This year's growth is great in terms of the $ H_0 ^ (- 1) $ horizon. It’s not like this: in the early All-light, the photons were intensively intertwined with speech.
If the temperature of the relaxation $ T $ is located directly in the $ \ vec (n) $ on the heavenly sphere, then, in order to increase the number of deposits, it will be manually applied to the distribution in spherical functions (harmonics) $ Y_b, lfm (n) (text) the leading set of basic functions on the spheres. From the temperature fluctuation $ \ delta T $ in the right direction $ \ vec (n) $ size difference $$ \ delta T (\ textbf (n)) \ equiv T (\ textbf (n)) -T_0- \ delta T_ (dipol) = \ sum_ (l, m) a_ (l, m) Y_ (l, m) (\ textbf (n)), $$ de for performance $ a_ (l, m) $ visitor report $ a ^ * _ (l , m) = (- 1) ^ m a_ (l, -m) $, but a necessary inheritance of temperature material. Cuts of moments $ l $ represent fluctuations with a typical cube scale $ \ pi / l $. Anything with caution allows you to display different scales, from the largest to scales less than 0.1 ° ($ l \ sim 1000 $, div. Fig. 1.6).
Small. 1.6. The results of vimiruvanny kutovoy anisotropy of relaxation experiments. The theoretical curve is trimmed within the $ \ Lambda $ CDM model.
Please be careful that the temperature fluctuations $ \ delta T (\ textbf (n)) $ are a type of Gaussian field, so that the performance $ a_ (l, m) $ is statistically independent for other $ l $ and $ $ \ langle a_ (l, m) a_ (l ", m") ^ * \ rangle = C_ (lm) \ cdot \ delta_ (ll ") \ delta_ (mm"), \, \, \, \, \ , \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, \, (1.9) $ The parameters $ C_ (lm) $ in the isotropic Alliance do not lie at m, $ C_ (lm) = C_ (l) $, but rather start correlating between temperature fluctuations in different strands: $$ \ langle \ delta n (\ text _1) \ delta T (\ textbf (n) _2) \ rangle = \ sum_l \ frac (2l + 1) (4 \ pi) C_lP_l (\ cos \ theta), $$ de $ P_l $ - Legendre polіnomy only from $ \ theta $ between vectors $ \ textbf (n) _1 $ and $ \ textbf (n) _2 $. Zokrem, for mean-square fluctuations is recognizable: $$ \ langle \ delta T ^ 2 \ rangle = \ sum_l \ frac (2l + 1) (4 \ pi) C_l \ approx \ int \ frac (l (l + 1)) (2 \ pi) C_ld \ ln l. $$
In this way, the quantity $ \ frac (l (l + 1)) (2 \ pi) C_l $ characterizes the sum of additions of core moments of the same order. The results of measuring the same hovering value in Fig. 1.6.
It is important to note that the change in the anisotropy of the reactive vypromynuvannya is not just an experimentally changed number, but a number of numbers, that is, the value of $ C_l $ when $ l $ grows. Tsei gain is due to a whole lot of low parameters in the early and modern All-round, that this year there is a lot of cosmological information.
