The Romanesque architecture of feudalism served as the development of higher life inquiries of society. It was she, with the awareness of the Europeans of knightly dignity and the need for a more luxurious setting, became the basis of the Gothic style in art, finally approved in the XIII century.

This mysterious and somewhat gloomy style became the logical conclusion of the art of the Middle Ages, spreading widely into Western EuropeAnd only partly tap on its eastern outskirts. Temples and cathedrals became the main architectural embodiment of Gothic. Such buildings include the Milan Cathedral, the construction of which was started in 1386.

Unprecedented height of gothic temples was achieved by applying a frame system in construction. And the extensive interiors were decorated with huge windows, stunned multitouch of skillfully performed stained glass windows.

The main elements of gothic architecture include:

• strelded arches - ribs;
• arkbutans - Open semi-colors;
• poles serving supports for the firm arches.

Other constructive features include vertical protrusions - counterphorts, crusades, carved frontons - vimpergi, pointed openwork towers - Pinakli, fittings and portals. The facades were decorated with complex ornaments and sculptures.

Gothic combined glass, stone, and bright paints of wall paints and stained glass windows. Expressive style conquered the radiance of gold, and the spiers whipping upwards demonstrated a man's desire for the sky, and served as a reminder of the spiritual side of life. This architecture symbolizes infinity, tangible by all that, mystical and mysterious, which is in the soul of every person.

• The unprecedented height of the cathedrals was due to the possibilities of frame construction.
• Walls are practically absent. They are replaced by columns with arches, constituting extended galleries.
• Openwork motifs argue beauty and sophistication with hundreds and thousands of sculptures placed, literally, everywhere.
• Gothic architecture is quite dramatic: everywhere sculpture-garguli, adorning portals, eaves, roofing and even drainage pipes. Garguli, viciously overlooked from height, as if created to intimidate a weak and defenseless parishioner.

The huge sizes and the ability of the Gothic buildings, the infinity of the arches, sharp spiers and sculptural structures, made strong impressions of the public. However, the buildings built in the Gothic style impressed not only their contemporaries. The samples of gothic architecture have preserved in centuries caused strong emotions in all generations.

IN early XIX. A century, the fans of the Gothic style were attempted to revive the gothic forms of the Victorian period. The neoclassical dominant in Europe in Europe began to be actively crowded out with medieval Gothic forms: arches, columns, frontones stretched up, arches and towers adapted to modern architecture.

This is the course of the world Tower Bridge, Neuschwanstein Castle, Westminster Palace and other masterpieces of architecture, got the name of Neoeta.

This fashion did not go around and Russia, manifested with us, however, somewhat weaker than in Europe. Fortunately, individual neo-neutic buildings are still preserved in our country and the CIS countries. In Kiev, in the early 20th century, Vladislav Gorodetsky, designed and built in 1901-1903. The famous profitable house with chimeras, the facade of which decorated with numerous sculptures of monsters, by analogy with gothic ridges. And although the style of this unusual Kiev building is eclectic, sculptures and individual remote elements of the facade serve as an obvious reminder of the medieval gothic architecture.

A sample of eclecticism is the house of Sevastyanova or the house of trade unions in Yekaterinburg. The impressive size and very elegant mansion, with elements of neoota, was built in the 1930s of the 19th century, and dictated the fashion buildings of the next decades.

Architecture. XXI Century.

Today, the gothic style has become a story, most of the modern buildings carries the features of more laconic styles. Fashion dictate high-tech, neoclassic, constructivism, modern, which is especially noticeable in the architecture of large urban buildings.

These styles had a noticeable influence on low-rise home-building, but private suburban construction was much more open experiments, and customers - the expression of their own individuality.

Features of modern country architecture

With a general trend of creating living conditions similar to the urban, the requirements for country architecture are constantly changing, as well as the tastes of the dachniks themselves. Increasingly, during the construction of the house, customers require natural materials and the use of a larger number of glazed wall surfaces.

Pseudo-duty style, facades with columns, roofs with towers, modern houses and classic, cottages in a few acres are no longer any interest.

Buyers of country houses are welcomed by modern cottages, with simple, clean lines in facades and interiors: the aesthetics of housing is increasingly takes attention to its owners.

Therefore, when creating country cottages projects, architects often turn to the styles of the past, including a certain interest causes Gothic. It is resorted to how the historical style, carrying bright, original ideas.

Modern designers draw creative inspiration from the authors of the wonderful buildings of the Middle Ages. Thus, the design features of the gothic buildings were based on the technologies of half-timbered construction. In such a design, the bearing basis is responsible for the load on the foundation.

The main feature of the freak is the use of walls only as enclosing items. In this design, the walls do not have a carrier load, which makes it easy to experiment with the materials.

This complex, expressive architectural style is closely associated with a modern youth subculture. Perhaps partly for this reason, he today has his fans. And although it is now difficult to see anyone or that historical style In its pure form, a number of projects and individual suburban buildings have an obvious similarity with the Gothic style.

They can also see the features of other architectural directions, but Gothic is noticeably visible, as for example, in this cottage, which remains even a unique layout characteristic of medieval gothic structures.

Another example of a respectful relation to the revival era is clearly visible in common outlines and individual elements of this two-story country house. A typical gothic window is located in the center of the facade, the roof is supported by the characteristic remote elements of the triangular shape. Even greater similarity give pig-iron lattices on windows and heavy wrought-iron doors.

Owners of country houses increasingly pay attention to their aesthetic properties, to choose a style, which is largely determined by the artistic taste of the owners. But in order for the functionality and aesthetic functions of the building in full harmony among themselves and with the surrounding landscape, the participation of the architect is necessary.

Only a specialist will be able to fully reflect one or another architectural style and preferences to his owner, creating a work of art with impeccable proportions, able to convey to future generations the artistic consciousness of our contemporaries.

See projects from the architectural bureau Topod →

So what is the style? We often talk about the style of life, about styles in music, speech style and communication style. And what is an architectural style? First of all, give an exhaustive definition. Style is a combination of stable artistic forms. Style is a derivative of the era. How many epochs are so many styles.

Style can combine completely different items: houses, furniture, dishes, paintings and even clothes. First of all, it is the style that dictates their shapes, outlines, colors, motifs. In other words, the style makes items as they are.

Style is a very important value, but individual, unique features to your home will give not so much style as an architect. And, of course, not without your participation. You like not alone, but several styles and you do not know what of them choose or take as a basis? No problem. A good architect is able to show you how the idea of \u200b\u200byour home can be implemented in each of them.

To facilitate your conversations with architects, we suggest you familiarize yourself with the main styles that humanity has developed throughout its history, and which you can now take advantage. We will tell about the styles that somehow influenced modern architecture and still find their reflection.

The emergence of architectural styles

In the origins of architectural styles, there is an insurmountable desire of humanity to the beautiful. On the formation of architectural styles, strong influence has always provided religious views, the style of thinking and government, national characteristics and environment, Nature. But first of all, the development of architecture as an artistic phenomenon contributed ... an increase in the technical capabilities of mankind. After new technologies appeared, there were prerequisites for a new architectural style, and with him the appearance of temples, public buildings and private houses changed. But, as a rule, a new style was not an absolute denial of the past, he inherited some of his signs, at the same time generating ever ever-existing forms of art. Only in the newest history of mankind arises a number of architectural styles that were a complete denial of the previous millennial artistic heritage, old rules and methods of architecture.

However, one of the Greeks were destined to play a decisive role in the development of the architectural styles of subsequent eras. Only their legacy remained in the centuries and evolved up to the present day. Sometimes they forgot about him, sometimes he was resolutely refused, but it restraved again from non-existence again. What attracted what the art of Greece attracted? The grace and nobility of forms, thoughtfulness and the deposit of all parts, balancedness and calm greatness. And at the same time - constructive simplicity.

Greeks, who gave the world began to start many sciences, were the first to develop a slender theory of architecture. They introduced into practice that the law of symmetry never violates them. Subsequently, in Europe, he will be the unshakable foundation of classicism

The attractive power of Greek culture was such that Rome, who conquered Athens, was in the position of the conquered. But in the architecture, the Romans do not copy the Greeks, although they imitate them. And how much the Greeks were subtle artists, so the Romans became practical builders. They create an architecture that their scope and colossal scale was the manifestation of their empire, its symbol.

Rome puts his culture among the peoples conquered by him, not looking at their national characteristics. But the empire rushes, and by them becomes a monument and an example for imitation. Rome fell under the blows of Varvarov, his heiress became Byzantium ... The whole era was over - the era of antiquity. But the antique art many centuries still have to be resurrected in the Renaissance era - in order to continually stay in the history and practice of mankind. Doric, Ionian and Corinthian style you can see today on many buildings, and not only in Europe. If you are attracted by antiquity, classicism, transfer them to your own home.

Now let's step with you in the next period of the history of Europe - Middle Ages. For many people, he seems something gloomy and terrible. But it was he who gave the world an amazing style - Gothic.

However, Gothic - from the point of view of modern art history - the only European style having a completely peculiar system of forms, a new understanding of the organization of space and the bulk composition. It does not have a drop of imitation to anyone and anything - in contrast to the art of revival, which is nothing more than a return to antiquity. Gothic has developed as the art of religious, Christian in spirit and theme. It was correlated with eternity, with the highest, irrational forces. A special place in the art of Gothic was held by the Cathedral - a sample of a special synthesis of architecture, sculpture, painting (stained glass windows) and music. The vertical and dynamic aspiration of his towers and arches, the ranks of the slender pillars created the impression of the irrepressible movement of the upward movement, which was intensified by the powerful rise of the pointed ridiculous arches.

The inner space of the cathedral was illuminated by multicolor radiance of stained glass, which created a special, mysterious and at the same time an unusually joyful atmosphere. All this had a strong emotional impact on a person, called upon himself to rush to the highest and beautiful.

Now let's turn to the next (after the era of the revival of antiquity), a bright style, who left a tangible mark in the history of mankind, - Baroque. Intricating expressiveness and external effects provided Baroque primacy over other styles of European culture in more than a century - from the end of the XVI century. Until the middle of the XVIII century. This style is characteristic of luxury, parade, decorativeness, the desire for greatness and pomp, that is, everything that produces a strong impression on a person, amazing his imagination.

In the architecture of the facades, horizontal straight lines almost disappear, they appear soft curved, smooth. The buildings seem like poured from one giant piece of stone and rather flattered than those built. The recesses are elegantly flow into the protrusions and create the impression of one solid, worried and very plastic mass. The effect is enhanced by an abundance of decorative elements made with great fiction and ingenuity. All this acquires amazing painting and dynamism and, as it were, fill in the surrounding space.

Baroque buildings that we can see today are old palaces in our majority museums. In the style of Baroque, almost no one is already building anywhere. But if you like this style, if you want to imitate the aristocracy of the past centuries, and if you live a measured life, which is alien toastic, then the baroque can become your good friend. Your home will be wondering and no doubt will affect both visitors and passersby.

There was time, and gradually baroque was tired of humanity. After a century of pomp and personality, the need for something more restrained, simple. Classicism came to replace Barochko, which in the second half of the XVIII century has already fully dominated. Science and industry has grudgely developed. In Europe, strong empires were formed. The order, rigor, sense of measure, the balance of classicism is more suitable in state affairs and is better absorbed by all the layers of society, rather than preaching the sensuality and unbridled passions of Baroque.

The architecture of classicism as a whole is inherent in reasonable layout of the planning and the rational geometry of the bulk form. Classicism appeals to the heritage of ancient architecture, creatively comprehends and applies its laws, especially the law of symmetry. However, the best classic architects are rather quoted than copying antiquity.

Over time, classicism is reborn into academic art, begins to bother not only over the architect, but also above the customer. Classicism is gradually transformed into an ampir, which became the final phase of its existence. The bulkiness and heavy forms of an emergency, as well as the emergence of new directions in the architecture, brought in the end to the fact that classicism came down from a pedestal. But he will return in the second half of the 20th century, it will be creatively rethought and, being included in modern art, will become newly desired for a considerable part of humanity.

Ampir prevailed in architecture (and in general in art) for the first three decades of the XIX century. He was the last stage of the evolution of classicism in the history of Europe. Under the influence of the Imperial Spirit, classicism has changed the elegant simplicity of forms on monumental expressiveness.

As well as classicism, AMPIR is focused on antique art samples. But he absorbs only some of his features, characteristic of the imperial ambitions of Rome, who needed visual illustrations of her power. The main elements of an emergency: monument, massive porticors, military emblematics in the design of facades and interiors: military armor, laurel wreaths, eagles. Reflecting the Egyptian hiking of Napoleon and the opening of the ancient culture of Egyptians, an ampir includes in its arsenal to her motives: massive geometric volumes, an Egyptian ornament, stylized Sphinxes.

Ampire covers not only architecture. In this style, painting ceilings and walls, dishes, furniture and other interior items are performed.

In parallel with ampir in the XIX century, there is a romanticism. He also had a tremendous impact on the development of modern architecture. This style is a denial of a grandiose-totalitarian amp. Romanticism poets the folk architecture, as well as artistic forms of former times. He carries a gray-haired antiquity charm, shepherd idyll, spicy exotic.

Romanticism is close in spirit to all well-known style "Country", with his praise of people's life, artificial chests, wicker furniture and other cute antique with an environmental tint.

But perhaps most of all romanticism is the real, historically reliable romanticism - manifested himself in creating a special kind of garden-park ensembles. Characteristic of it is the disappearance of the boundary between nature and artificial, planned, designed park. Artificial water bodies, waterfalls, grots that create the impression of natural existing here are arranged in the park. For romanticism, a variety of forms and creative freedom was always characteristic. Naturally, it was an adequate response to the harsh monotony of an ampury.

From the middle of the XIX century, new trends in architecture are trained. It becomes more independent of the generally accepted norms and rules, from Academism with its tough principle to build only so, and in no way differently. Such a phenomenon was made possible by the fact that many secured people have appeared in society. They were not associated with the highest aristocratic society, with his manners and stereotypes. They ordered at home in the most incredible, often difficult to described styles. It was a protest against aristocracy.

Modern gave life a new principle of building design - from the inside the outward, which became fundamental in the entire architecture of the 20th century. Since then, the main one becomes the use criterion. It is rational functionality that now defines the volume and planning solutions of buildings. The house must first be convenient for a person, fit his lifestyle, hobbies, work, leisure.

Early Modern was almost absolute denial of many, if not all the classical principles of building buildings. A characteristic feature of the early modernity is the refusal of straight lines and angles in favor of a more natural, smooth movement of curved lines. This style gives extremely durable and massive objects of the visibility of fragility and air lightness.

Masters Modern reanimated and began to use wide different kinds decorations that have already been semi-free: sculpture, mosaic, ceramics, fresco, stained glass windows.

MODERN ARCHITECTURE

Functionalism

The first in the ranks of modern architectural movements must be put in functionalism (in Soviet Russia he had a different name - constructivism). It arose in the early 20s and fascinated by the architects of many countries of the world. They decided to implement the following principle: the aesthetic qualities of art should be fully subordinate to the benefits for humans.

Functionalism has spread like modern on the entire objective world - on furniture, clothing, and even on book graphics. He declared the modern state of architecture to death and denied all the creative heritage of the past epoch. However, his goals were noble: to improve cities and improve the lives of people using the achievements of scientific and technological progress. Functionalism is democratic, does not require large material costs and allows you to create "more living space for the same money."

Functionalism puts a person to the center of the design process. However, not a specific person, but a person in general, as a kind of biological and social being. The functional component of buildings should be primarily determined by the physiological and public needs of a person. Architects of this direction design at home in such a way as to provide people the necessary conditions For comfortable accommodation (or work).

The aesthetic postulates of functionalism are the limiting simplification of forms, refusal to decorate and the desire for minimal surface treatment. Very detached functionalism refers to the introduction of color in architecture.

Functionalism is a minimization movement literally everything that surrounds a person - from facades to interiors and clothing models. Adherents of functionalism were a kind of romantics - simplicity, benefits and freedom from the heritage of the past. But, alas, rejecting the mandatory standards of classical architectural forms, functionalism comes to creating its own very uniform artistic form. And the recipe of this form is proposed (rather even imposed) in all cases, regardless of the diagnosis. The circle was closed, and the functionalists were in the same trap, from which the escape was performed first.

Brutalism and High Tech

In the 50s, another direction of modern architecture was born in England - Brutalism (from the English. "Brutal" - rough). In his works, Brutalists strive to expose the structures from which the building was built to the maximum identification of intentionally simple, coarse architectural masses.

High-tech (High-Tech) became a very common style of the last decades of the XX century. This is the style of high technologies, a kind of opposite brutal is miserable. Brutalism can be called low-tech with sufficient accuracy (low-tech), the stylization of low technologies. Unlike him, High-tech is extremely accurate, sophisticated and sophisticated. It is primarily associated with the abundance of glasses in combination with metal structures. IN architectural composition High-tech buildings actively include elements of their engineering equipment: air ducts, pipelines, ventilation mines.

The appearance of the High Tech building acquires a "technotronic" view through the use of various kinds of accessories. Favorite metal of this style - aluminum. In the design of interiors, it is often used in combination with wood.

Today, the architectural environment dominates the pluralism of ideas and opinions. None of the directions of architecture can be referred to as a priority, no concept is erected into a pedestal as true. The development of such views was facilitated by the movement of postmodernism. Its philosophy comes from that installation that the orientation on the artistic absolute provokes the reproduction of totalitarian consciousness in humans and totalitarian structures in society and therefore cannot be used successfully.

Architectural postmodernism revives historical principles for constructing the composition of buildings (symmetry, perspective, proportionality), uses elements of all styles using the principles of high eclecticism. In addition, postmodernism freely drawn almost with any kind of decor. Copying as such is simply excluded. Several styles can be collected together and penetrate each other, forming amazing and unique buildings.

In the architecture of the twentieth century, many other destinations, movements and schools also occurred and disappeared. Modernism, international style, historicism, structuralism ... In this case, not all modern areas have a tangible impact on the design and appearance of private houses. And there is another reason why the new architecture is not too widespread: the customer is very often unprepared to the perception of certain avant-garde ideas. Turns out that modern architecture - With all its wonderful simplicity, it turns out to be elite, sometimes before the extreme. As they say, Class Not Mass. However, if you wanted to build a house in the style of brutalism or high-tec, then do not you have to refuse yourself in this, looking around at neighbors or friends who prefer something more traditional?

Completion of the design

If you have not yet decided, which of the directions in the architecture to give preference, then there are many books, magazines, catalogs, hundreds and even thousands of photos that can help you find the right artistic direction. Look at the illustrated albums by architecture. The choice of style does not mean that your home should be a copy of one of the buildings of the ancient era or last 20th century. It will be just the citation of one or another style, its modern and personal refractive. If it is difficult for you to determine and choose an architectural style, then at least find those houses that you just like. Make bookmarks on visiting photos. Let them be much. Take them with you to meet with the architect. This will be a good beginning conversation.

As a result of painstaking and exciting reflections over the functional and artistic side of your future house, you must form a task to architect. The more details and details of your plan, you will pass an architect, the better, more precisely and faster, he will be able to embody it. Any architect will be very glad that you came Ideanly prepared and not with empty hands. Maybe you will even succeed in achieving more favorable financial conditions - due to what you speak in the same language, and the architect will spend less time on the execution of your project.

Types of architecture

1. Architecture of bulk structures.

The architecture of bulk structures includes residential buildings, public buildings (schools, theaters, stadiums, shops and other) industrial structures (plants, factories, power plants, etc.)

2. Landscape-park architecture.

This type of architecture is associated with the organization of garden-park space. These are squares, boulevards and parks with "small" architecture - arbors, bridges, fountains, stairs.

3. Urban planning

Urban planning activities - activities in urban planning planning of the organization and development of territories and settlements, determining the types of urban use of territories, comprehensive design of urban and rural settlements, including the creative process of formation of urban planning space, creating

Styles in architecture

The architecture has always been closely related to the history of the development of society, its worldview and ideas, with a level of development of construction equipment, with a person's idea of \u200b\u200bbenefit and beauty. All this influenced the architectural style, that is, the historically established combustibility artistic means and techniques. The architectural style is manifested in the ways of organizing space, the choice of architectural forms characteristic of this era, their proportions and decorative decorations. Acquaintance with various architectural styles can tell a lot about past man. Unlike the Greeks, who knew only a column, shut off beam, and placed with flat ceilings, the Romans developed an arched overlap and system of arch. Roman vaults are striking with pictures, scale, abundance of varieties. It is hardly a higher achievement of the Roman design thought, a closed enchanting arch, called usually dome. One of the most advanced samples of Roman architecture - Pantheon, the temple of all the gods, built in Rome in 125 of our era. Round in terms of buildings is blocked by a grand dome of a diameter of more than 43 meters.

Only in the XIX century, with the invention of reinforced concrete structures, people learned how to build a dome of this size, and the Romans built a dome of the pantheon with a concrete and a brick frame. The building is extremely thought out. Its height is equal to the diameter, the dome is a hemisphere. In the center of the dome is a hole, through which the flow of light penetrates, illuminating all the inner space of a huge hall. Pantheon hit the magnificence of his decoration. The square recesses needed to facilitate the mass of the dome, the so-called caissons were filled with bronze gilded outlets, the walls inside were laid out with a multi-colored marble, and the outer portico colons were drawn out of solid granite monoliths.

1. Ancient Egyptian.

Ancient Egyptian style originated in the Nile Valley about 5,000 years BC and existed until 300 of our era. Ancient Egyptian architecture is distinguished by convention and monotony. This was due to the fact that the mining of the stone and his processing was in the hands of the state, the work methods were established so firmly, which did not change for 3,500 years. Isolation of Egyptian civilization led to the fact that in ancient state there was no competition in architecture, which would have had a beneficial effect on its development, such as in Europe.

2. Classic.

This style originated in Europe in the XVII century as a result of the influence of Italian revival. At this time, the art of Renaissance has already spread widely on the continent.

3. Romanesque.

Roman style -- art stylewho dominated Western Europe. The term "Romanesque Style" was introduced at the beginning of the XIX century Arsiss de Comon, who established the connection of architecture of the X - XII centuries with ancient Roman architecture. In general, the term is conditional and reflects only one, not the main part of art. However, he entered into universal use. The main type of romance style art is architecture, mainly church.

4. Gothic.

Gothic originated in the middle of the XII century in the north of France, in the XIII century she spread to the territory of modern Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Spain, England. In the countries of Eastern Europe, Gothic penetrated later and lasted there a little longer - until the XVI century.

5. Old Russian.

Ancient Russian called art in historical eraThe conditionally limited, on the one hand, the date of the baptism of Russia Kyiv Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich (988), and on the other - the frontier of the XVII-XVII centuries, the beginning of the intensive European culture under Peter Great. The ideological content of this era was the strengthening and dissemination of Christianity in his East, Greek, Orthodox, and orthodox variants.

6. Baroque.

Baroque style appeared in the XVI - XVII centuries in Italian cities: Rome, Mantoupe, Venice, Florence. The baroque era is considered to be the beginning of the triumphal march "Western civilization". Baroque is characteristic of contrast, tension, dynamism of images, affecting, the desire for greatness and pomp, to combining reality and illusion, to the merger of the arts at the same time - the trend towards the autonomy of individual genres.

7. Classicism.

Classicism originated in the European art of the XVII - XIX centuries. The architecture of classicism as a whole is inherent in the logical of the planning and the geometrism of the bulk form. One of the most important features of classicism was to appeal to the forms of ancient architecture as a standard in which the architects of that time were seen by the harmony of prostate and clarity, rigor and monumentality.

8. Modern

The architectural style, which was distributed in Europe in the 1890th 1910s as part of the artistic direction of Modern. The modern architecture distinguishes the rejection of direct lines and corners in favor of more natural lines, the use of new technologies. Like a number of other styles, the modern architecture also distinguishes the desire to create both aesthetically beautiful, and functional buildings at the same time. Much attention was paid not only appearance Buildings, but also the interior that was carefully worked out. All structural elements: stairs, doors, pillars, balconies - artistically treated.