Moral frames. Main moral and ethical principles

Categories Aesthetics - The fundamental, most common concepts of aesthetics, which reflect the essential definitions of knowledgeable objects and are nodal stages of knowledge. Esthetic theory, like any scientific theory, has a certain system of categories. This system may not be ordered, but a set of categories that use such or other theory is in a certain relationship, which gives it a systematicity. As a rule, in the center of the system of categories of aesthetics, the main universal category around which everyone else is concentrated. Thus, in the aesthetic theories of Plato, Aristotle, Augustine of the Blessed, Foma Aquinsky, Hegel, Chernyshevsky in the center is the category of beautiful, in Kant - aesthetic judgment, in the aesthetic theories of the Renaissance - aesthetic ideal.

In the history of aesthetics, the essence of the categories of aesthetics was interpreted with idealistic and materialistic positions. For Plato and medieval aesthetics, the carrier of the perfect, spiritual and mystical essence, for Hegel, is an idea in sensual form, and for Aristotle and Chernyshevsky - the finest has a category reflecting the properties of an objective material world. By the middle of the XVIII century. The central becomes the category of aesthetic (see aesthetic). It can be determined as a genus of perfection in material reality (nature, man) and socio-spiritual life. The most common properties of all aesthetic items and phenomena are reflected in the aesthetic category, which, in turn, are specifically reflected in other categories of aesthetics in aesthetic, as a real phenomenon, in the process of human spiritual and practical activity, both the objective and material states of the world and properties are implemented. Subject of social life.

There is a certain subordination between categories. For example, beautiful and sublime - categories reflecting the aesthetic properties of nature and humans, while tragic and comic - categories reflecting the objective processes of only social life. Thus, the most common categories (beautiful, elevated) are subject to themselves less common (tragic, comic). At the same time, there is an interaction, coordination between these categories: an elevated beautiful, elevated tragic, tragicomic. Beautiful embodies in aesthetic ideal and art, and through it affects the aesthetic taste and feeling. That is, the aesthetics categories are dialectically interrelated, interview each other.

But each category has a certain substantive stability. And although any concept harvested reality, not at all its wealth, it, however, reflects the most essential signs of aesthetic phenomenon. It should be noted that the categories of aesthetics disclose not only harmonic, t e. Positive, aesthetic properties, but also negative, disharmonical, reflected in the categories of ugly, low-lying, thereby showing the contradiction of real reality.

At the same time, in the categories of aesthetics (along with the reflection of the essence of aesthetic phenomena) there is a moment of assessment, i.e., the attitude of a person to aesthetic, its value is determined in the spiritual and practical life of society and a separate person.

Marxist-Leninist aesthetic theory relied on the broader categories of dialectical and historical materialism (matter and consciousness, materialism and idealism, content and form, classiness and party, international and national), and categories of specific sciences: information theories, semantics, semiotics, Psychology and a number of other private and natural scientific theories. However, the specifics of the aesthetics object can be found only through the system of aesthetics itself, developing in aesthetic theory.

Moral principles.

Moral principles - These are the main moral laws that recognize all ethical teachings. They represent a system of values \u200b\u200bthat fixes the moral responsibilities of a person through the moral experience. They are also called virtue. The moral principles are formed in the process of education and in aggregate lead to the awareness and adoption of such qualities as humanity, justice, rationality.

Methods and means of implementing each moral principle are very diverse and depend on the individual characteristics of the person himself, moral traditions that have developed in society and a specific life situation. The most appropriate and distributed are 5 principles: humanity, respect, rationality, courage and honor.

Humanity is a system of positive qualities that represent a conscious, kind and disinterested attitude towards others, all living beings and nature in general. A person is a spiritual and intellectual being, and in any, even the most difficult situations, he must remain a person, in accordance with the high moral step of its development.

Humanity consists of everyday altruism, from such qualities as mutual assistance, revenue, service, assignment, facilities. Humanity is a volitional act of a person, based on a deep understanding and making qualities inherent in it.

Respectiveness is a respectful and reverent attitude towards the world around the world, as a miracle, an invaluable gift. This principle prescribes with gratitude to relate to people, things and natural phenomena of this world. Respectors are associated with such qualities as politeness, courtesy, benevolence.

Reasonable is an action based on moral experience. It includes such concepts as wisdom and logicality. Thus, rationality on the one hand is the actions of the mind given to a person from birth, and on the other, actions consequeled with experience and system of moral values.

Courage and honor - categories meaning human opportunities to overcome complex life circumstances and fear condition without losing their own dignity and respect for those who surrounding people. They are closely interrelated and are based on qualities such as debt, responsibility and durability.

Moral principles must be constantly implemented in human behavior to consolidate moral experience.

Code of conduct.

"The behavior of a person, which (1) does not fall out of the generally accepted system of behavior in this team and (2) does not cause an emotional reaction (negative / positive) from other members of the team, is the norm of behavior in this society. ...

The norm of behavior has a multistage character (hierarchical) and in this regard, the question arises about the independence of its dominant: it must determine, on the basis of which aspect or the fact of his personality (or wider - biographies), he regulates his behavior in this situation. ... The degree of bonds of the norm and, accordingly, the prohibition systems in its behavior will depend on what he considers it determines in this situation. ... Often a subjective choice of rules of conduct determines and the subjective nature of the norm.

The norm creates the possibility of its violation (since it is not beyond the normalized behavior, there would be nothing actually, and violate). The concept of the norm organically includes the possibility of retreat from it. The retreat from the norm, however, is associated with the principle "it is possible, but not follow." ...

The norm of behavior is supported by the system of prohibitions imposed on both the entire team and on its individual members, the considerations of "common sense" and special treaties, agreements, codes, regulations, etc. Most of them are configured by a negative principle, i.e. gives a list of prohibitions explains this by the fact that the norm of behavior is generally difficult and not economically described positively, i.e. In the form of prescriptions: this would require an extremely bulky list of rules. "

The morality of modern society is based on ordinary principles:

1) All that does not violate the rights of other people are allowed.

2) the rights of all people are equal.

These principles stem from those trends that are described in the "Progress of Morality" section. Since the main slogan of modern society is "the maximum of happiness for the maximum number of people," the moral norms should not be an obstacle to the realization of the desires of a person - even if someone does not like these desires. But only as long as they do not damage other people.

It should be noted that from these two principles, the third arises: "Be energetic, trying to success with your own." After all, each person is committed to personal success, and the greatest freedom gives maximum opportunities for this (see the subsection "Commandments of the Modern Society").

Obviously, of these principles should also be the need for decency. For example, a deception of another person is, as a rule, causing him damage, which means it is condemned by modern morality.

The morality of modern society in light and cheerful tone was described by Alexander Nikonov in the appropriate chapter of the book "Upgrade Monkey":

From the whole of today's morality, tomorrow will be one - the only rule: you can do anything directly, without infringing other people's interests. Here the keyword is "directly".

Moral - this is the amount of invisible behavioral regulations established in the society, a collection of social prejudices. Moral closer to the word "decency". Morality is already more difficult to determine. She is closer to such a concept of biology as empathy; to such a concept of religion as a longness; to such a concept of social life as conformism; To such a notion of psychology as non-conflict. Simply put, if the person internally sympathizes, competes to another person and, in connection with this, it tries not to do another of what I would not like if the person is internally non-aggressive, wise and therefore understanding - we can say that this is a moral person.

The main difference between morality and morality is that morality always implies an external estimating object: Social Morality - society, crowd, neighbors; Religious morality - God. And morality is an internal self-control. The moral person is deeper and complicated than moral. Just as the automatically working unit is more complicated by a manual machine, which is activated by someone else's will.

Walking naked through the streets is immoral. Splashing saliva, yelling naked that he is a rascal - immoral. Feel the difference.

The world moves towards immoralism, it's true. But he goes towards morality.

Morality - the thing is fine, situational. Moral is more formal. It can be reduced to some rules and prohibitions.

4 Question moral values \u200b\u200band ideals.

Morality - russian wordoriginating from the root of "Nom". It first fell into the dictionary of the Russian language in the XVIII century and was used along with the words "ethics" and "morality" as their synonym.

Morality - there is a responsibility for their actions. Since, as follows from the definition, morality is based on a free will, only a free creature can be in the moral. Unlike morality, which is an external requirements for the behavior of the individual, along with the law, morality - there is an internal installation of an individual to act according to its conscience.

Moral (moral) values - This is what else ancient Greeks called "ethical virtues." Antique wise men The main of these virtues considered prudence, goodwill, courage, justice. In Judaism, Christianity, Islam, the highest moral values \u200b\u200bare associated with faith in God and zealous reverence. As moral values, all nations are hurry honesty, loyalty, respect for older, hard work, patriotism. And although in life, people do not always show similar qualities, but they are valued highly, and those who have them enjoy respect. These values \u200b\u200brepresented in their impeccable, absolutely complete and advanced expression, act as ethical ideals.

Moral Values \u200b\u200band Norms: Humanism and Patriotism

The simplest and historically first forms of moral reflection were the norms and their combination forming the moral code.

Moral norms are. Single private regulations, for example, "not LGI", "Respect the elders", "help a friend", "be polite" and others. Simplicity of moral norms makes them understandable and accessible to everyone, and their social value is self-evident and do not need an additional justification. At the same time, their simplicity does not mean ease of execution and requires a person of moral collections and volitional efforts.

Moral values \u200b\u200band norms are expressed in moral principles. These include humanism, collectivism, conscientious execution of public debt, hard work, patriotism, etc.

Thus, the principle of humanism (humanity) requires a person to follow the norms of benevolence and respect for any person, willingness to come to his aid, protect his dignity and law.

Collectivism requires a person's ability to relate their interests and needs with common interests, respect comrades, to build relations with them on the basis of friendliness and mutual assistance.

Moral demands from human development in itself the ability to fulfill its requirements. In classical ethics, these personality abilities were called somewhat highly, but very accurate - virtues, that is, the ability to do good. In the concepts of virtues (moral qualities of personality), the value ideas of moral consciousness about good and bad, righteous and sinful in the characteristics of the person himself are concretized. And although in each person there is mixed up a lot and good, and bad, moral consciousness seeks to allocate the most valuable moral characteristics of a person and combine them in a generalized ideal image of a morally perfect personality.

So in the moral consciousness there is a notion of the moral ideal of the person, the embodiment of the idea of \u200b\u200ba morally immaculate person who combines all imaginable virtues and protruding with a role model. For the most part, his incarnation is ideal in mythological, religious and artistic images - Ilya Muromets, Jesus Christ, Don Quixote or Prince Myshkin.

At the same time, the awareness of the dependence of the moral characteristics of a person from the conditions of social life causes, in the moral consciousness of the dream of a perfect society, where conditions will be created for the education of morally perfect people. Therefore, after a personal moral ideal, the concept of the moral ideal of society is created in moral consciousness. These are religious persisions on the coming "kingdom of God", literary and philosophical utopia ("City of the Sun" T. Campnellla, "Golden Book about Utopia Island" T. Mora, the theory of Socialists-Utopists).

The social appointment of morality lies in an extremely important role in the process of historical development of society, in the fact that morality serves as a means of its spiritual cohesion and improvement through the development of norms and values. They allow a person to navigate in life and consciously serve society.

Good and evil the most common concepts of moral consciousness that serve to distinguish and oppose the moral and immoral, good and bad. Good is all positively estimated by moral consciousness when correlated with humanistic principles and ideals, contributing to the development of mutual understanding, consent and humanity in man and society.

Evil means violation of the requirement to follow good, neglect of moral values \u200b\u200band requirements.

Initially, the idea of \u200b\u200bgood was formed around the idea of \u200b\u200bthe good, utility at all, but with the development of morality and man, these ideas are filled with more spiritual content. A genuine good moral consciousness believes that it serves as a development in society and man of humanity, sincere and voluntary unity and harmony between people, their spiritual cohesion. It is goodwilling and mercy, mutual assistance and cooperation, following debt and conscience, honesty, generosity, politeness and tact. All this is precisely those spiritual values \u200b\u200bthat in some cases may seem useless and inappropriate, but overall to make the only durable spiritual foundation for meaningful human life.

Accordingly, evil moral consciousness considers everything that prevents the unity and consent of people and harmony public relationsDirected against the demands of debt and conscience for the sake of satisfying egoistic motives. These are korestolubia and greed, greed and vanity, rudeness and violence, indifference and indifference to the interests of man and society.

The concept of moral debt expresses the transformation of moral requirements and values \u200b\u200bin the personal task of a person, aware of their duties as a moral being.

The requirements of moral debt, expressing the values \u200b\u200bof morality through the internal attitude of the personality, often disagree with the requirements social Group, team, class, state or even just with personal inconsistencies and desires. What preferred in this case is a person - respect for human dignity and the need for the approval of humanity, constituting the content of debt and good, or calculating benefits, the desire to be, as everything, fulfill the most convenient requirements, will characterize its morality and maturity.

Moral as an internal human behavior regulator assumes that the personality itself is aware of the objective social content of its moral debt, focusing on more general principles morality. And no references to ordinary and common forms of behavior, mass habits and authoritative examples cannot withdraw responsibility from personality for incorrect understanding or neglect of the requirements of moral debt.

Here, conscience is the conscience - the ability of a person to formulate moral obligations, to demand their execution, control and evaluate their behavior from a moral point of view. Guided by the settlements of conscience, a person takes responsibility for his understanding of good and evil, debt, justice, meaning of life. He himself sets the criteria for moral evaluation and makes moral judgments on their foundation, first of all, assessing its own behavior. And if the external support for the morality of behavior is public opinion or the requirements of the law - it is possible if you can bypass, then it is impossible to deceive yourself. If it succeeds, then an exceptionally reason for the refusal of your own conscience and loss of human dignity.

Life, according to conscience, the desire for such a lifetime increases and strengthen the high positive self-esteem of the individual, her sense of self-esteem.

The concepts of human dignity and honor are expressed in the morality of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe value of a person as a moral personality, they require a valid and friendly attitude towards a person, recognition of his rights and freedoms. Along with the conscience, these representations of morality serve as a way of self-control and self-awareness, the basis of a demanding and responsible attitude towards himself. They assume the commission of a person who provide him with public respect and a high personality self-esteem, the experience of moral satisfaction, which in turn do not allow a person to enter its dignity.

At the same time, the concept of honor is mostly associated with the public assessment of human behavior as a representative of some kind of community, a team, a professional group or class and recognized by them merit. Therefore, the honor is focused more on the external evaluation criteria, requires a person to support and justify the reputation that applies to it as a representative of generality. For example, the honor of the soldier, the honor of the scientist, the honor of the nobleman, merchant or banker.

The dignity has a wider moral meaning and is based on the recognition of equal rights of each person to respect and the value of the person as a moral subject at all. Initially, the dignity of the person was contacted in the birdlikeness, knowledge, force, thesis, later - with power, power, wealth, that is, was based on nonoral grounds. Such an understanding of dignity can distort its moral content to the right opposite, when the dignity of the person begins to communicate with the sufficiency of a person, the presence of the "right people" and "ties", with his "ability to live", and actually the ability to humiliate and crush before those From whom it depends.

The moral value of the dignity of the personality is not focused on the material well-being and prosperity, not on the external signs of recognition (it is rather possible to determine as vanity and cvism), and on the internal respect for the personality of the principles of true humanity, free voluntary following the pressure of circumstances and temptations.

Another essential value orientation Moral Consciousness is the concept of justice. It expresses the idea of \u200b\u200bthe right thing, the proper order of things in human relationships, which meets the ideas about the appointment of a person, his rights and responsibilities. The concept of justice has been associated with the idea of \u200b\u200bequality, but the understanding of the equality itself has not remained unchanged. From primitive-equalizing equality and full compliance of the act and reward on the principle of "OCO for an eye, tooth for the tooth", through the compulsory equalization of all depending and easily before power and the state to formal equality in the rights and obligations to law and morality in a democratic society - This is the path of historical development of the idea of \u200b\u200bequality. More precisely, the content of the concept of justice can be defined as a measure of equality, that is, compliance between the rights and obligations of people, the merits of man and their social recognition, between the act and the reward, the crime and punishment. The discrepancy and violation of this measure is assessed by moral consciousness as an unnecessary injustice for the moral order.

5 question moral consciousness, its structure and levels.

Moral is a system that has a certain structure and autonomy. Mural consciousness, moral relations, moral activity and moral values \u200b\u200bappear the most important elements of morality. Moral consciousness is a combination of certain feelings, will, norms, principles, ideas, through which the subject reflects the world of values \u200b\u200bof good and evil. In moral consciousness usually allocate two levels: psychological and ideological. At the same time, it is necessary to immediately allocate various types of moral consciousness: it can be individual, group, public.

The psychological level includes unconscious, feelings, will. In unconscious, the remains of instincts, natural moral laws, psychological complexes and other phenomena are manifested. The unconscious is best studied in psychoanalysis, the founder of which is the outstanding psychologist of the 20th century Sigmund Freud. There is a large special literature devoted to the problem of the relationship of psychoanalysis and ethics. The unconscious is for the most part there is a congenital character, but it may appear and as a whole system formed by the life of complexes, which largely affect the choice of evil. Psychoanalysis distinguishes three levels in the human psyche: "I" ("Ego"), "it" ("ID") and "super-i" ("super-ego"), the last two levels and are the main elements of the unconscious. "It" is often defined as the subconscious, and "above-I" - as a superconscious. The subconscious often appears to a subjective basis for choosing evil. Moral feelings play a very important role in morality. The moral feelings include feelings of love, compassion, reverence, shame, conscience, hatred, malice, etc. Moral feelings are partly congenital, i.e. Inherent to man from birth, data to him itself, and in part, they are socialized, educate. The level of development of moral senses of the subject characterizes the moral culture of this subject. The moral senses of man should be exacerbated, sensitive and correctly reacting to what is happening is a moral feeling through which a person condemns its actions, motives and moral qualities. The content of shame is the experience of guilt. Shame is the initial manifestation of moral consciousness and, unlike conscience, has more appearance. As the elementary form of the moral consciousness of shame, first of all, expresses the attitude of a person to the satisfaction of its natural needs. There is a moral and psychological mechanism of self-control. Ethics recognizes that the conscience appears by personal consciousness and personal experiences regarding the correctness, dignity, honesty and other values \u200b\u200bof good all that was done, is done or planned by a person. The conscience is a link between the moral order in the soul of a person and the moral order of the world, in which a person lives. There are different concepts of conscience: empirical, intuivistic, mystical. Empirical theories of conscience are based on psychology and are trying to explain the conscience through the knowledge acquired knowledge that determines its moral selection of intuivism understands conscience as the "congenital ability of moral judgment", as the ability to instantly determine what is the right conscience can be different species, "distinguish" good and perfect conscience "," outstanding and imperfect conscience ". In turn, the "perfect" conscience is characterized as active and sensitive, "imperfect" - as calm, or lost, predensive and hypocritical. The will as a subjective self-substitution ability is very significant for human morality, for it characterizes human freedom when choosing good or evil. On the one hand, ethics proceeds from that position that the will of a person is initially distinguished by its free character when choosing good and evil. And this is a distinctive feature of a person who emitting it from the animal world. On the other hand, morality contributes to the development of this ability, forms the so-called positive freedom of man, as its ability to choose good and contrary to its own predisties or external coercion. In ethics there were attempts to consider the will as a whole as the basis of morality .. The ideological level of moral consciousness includes norms, principles, ideas, theory.

6 Question moral relations.

Moral relations - These are the relationships that make up between people in the realization of moral values. Examples of moral relations can be considered the relationship of love, solidarity, justice, or, on the contrary, hatred, conflict, violence, etc. The peculiarity of moral relations is their universal character. In contrast to the right cover the entire sphere of human relations, including the attitude of a person to himself.

As noted, it is pointless from a legal point of view to judge a suicide, however, from a moral point of view, the moral assessment of the suicide is possible. There is a Christian tradition to bury suicides outside the cemetery for his fence. The problem for ethics is moral attitude towards nature. The problem of nature in ethics appears as a scandal. Under the "ethical problem of nature" we mean the problem of the analysis of what constitutes morality, good nature, as well as the problem of analyzing moral attitudes towards nature, in general, all that is associated in morality and ethics with a natural factor. Starting from Aristotle, the ethical analysis of morality had the main human subject of man, his virtue, his behavior and relationship. And therefore it is logical that for such a "actual ethical" approach, nature in best case Could be recognized as certain natural moral feelings, as congenital transcendental imperatives of the mind. Nature itself, as well as the living, our smaller brothers turned out to be not interesting for ethics, the attitude towards nature seemed to be adiaphore. But this attitude towards nature contradicts our moral feelings, our intuition of good and evil. We will always see a certain meaning in the eastern ethical teachings preaching the love for the whole living, Christian prayer "Any breath is praised by the Lord," in the noble principle of "reverence before life." It is impossible not to recognize the evidence of truth expressed in the following beautiful words: "A truly moral man is only when he obeyed inner motivation to help any life he can help, and is deducted from being causing any harm. He does not ask how much such life deserves his efforts, he does not ask if it can and to what extent to feel his kindness. For him, life is sacred as such. It does not cut off the leaflet from the tree, will not break any flower and will not give away a single insect. When it works in the summer at night with a lamp, it prefers to close the window and sit in a stuff, so as not to see a single butterfly, fallen with the burned wings on his desk. If, walking after the rain down the street, he will see a worm crawling on the pavement, then think that the worm will die in the sun, if it does not pass off to the ground in time, where he can hide in the gap, and takes it to the grass. If he passes by the insect who fell in a puddle, will find time to leave him for salvation leaf or straw. He is not afraid that there will be a ossean for sentimentality. Such is the fate of any truth, which is always the subject of ridicule before it is recognized. "It is necessary to comprehend it and the fact of the beneficial influence of nature per person. Forest, mountains, sea, rivers, lakes not only physiologically, but also spiritually heal by a person. A person finds calm and rest, inspiration in nature, in communicating with her. Why do we bring such a reflection of your favorite places in the forest or on the river? Obviously, it is connected not only with associations and previous impressions that are awakened in the consciousness in familiar images, but the familiar paths, groves, glads themselves, are brought to our peace, freedom, spiritual strength. If there is no positive moral value in the very nature, in its creatures, then a similar fact for the spiritual and healing function remains rationally inexplicable. Another fact that we consider indirectly indicates the morality of nature is an environmental problem.

But, in the same way, the ecological explosion is because it became the reality that was originally "destroyed" in the consciousness of people the moral value of nature itself. The man stopped realizing that both in nature there is both good and evil. There are also a certain wine in this and ethics, which, striving for scientific, divided the disadvantages of science, in particular the one that "science always faces only with the fact that it is allowed as an accessible to it by its way of representation". In this limitation of any environmental Analysis. Ecology is studying the nature of the methods accessible to it and, above all, empirical, but for which the transcendence of nature itself is not available. This does not mean that environmental research is not needed - no, they are also necessary with theoretical, and from practical points of view. However, they can and need to be complemented by philosophical, ethical studies facing another, axiological reservoir of Natural Being, which are also naturally limited in their own way. The choice of a person as a conscious emotional being is always interested, the value character and what does not have values \u200b\u200bfor a person cannot move it into business. Environmental data to become an imperative of human behavior, they themselves must "become" values, the subject should still see their value aspect. Ethics, pushing away from the specifically scientific material, should help a person realize the value of the world around him. It is possible to talk about the morality of nature, alive and inanimate, as a combination of its moral values, about the moral attitude of a person to nature, but it is pointless to raise the question of the morality of nature itself, meaning under the last system of certain values \u200b\u200bof good and evil to a certain consciousness, relationships, actions. Nature is not a living being, it is not lightweight, has no freedom of choice in good, nor in evil. The person seems morally undeveloped precisely in relations with nature. And this is already manifested in our modern language, in which there are simply no words for the designation of values \u200b\u200bof inanimate and wildlife. A very important problem of improving the language through the development of the "Moral Language" is to be able to reflect the whole world of moral values. And here you can and you need to use the language of our ancestors, which were closer to nature, perceived it more syncretically, through the unity of sensual, rational and intuitive forms. It is necessary to turn to the experience of peasants who are not so alienated with a rational culture from nature, as a modern person. But this appeal must be critical, taking into account the moral discoveries of culture. It is impossible not to recognize that the "non-fatal nature" "appeared" and "javit" another person is an infinite diversity of its objects, their relationships, although it is undoubted the limitations of this uniqueness and unity. The infinite diversity here appears the boring monotony of a dead, impoverished longing and even horror in its similarity is undeveloped, small individuality. So boring gray, blinded by the light and suffocating the desert heat, although billions of her yellow grains do not repeat absolutely each other. Equally as a majestic, but also boring snow-covered tundra, monotonous in white color of its myriad sparkling snowflakes, between which there is also no identical. Majestically, but bored dead calm sea mirror. It seems also boring, albeit majestically, the infinite, black space of space, in which little blonde points flicker at huge distances.

This boredom of "inanimate nature" is associated with its inexpressive individuality adopted to the good and majestity of infinity, primarily through the quantity. But the truth is that nowhere else is more clearly and fully realized to a person infinity and transcendence of the very value of being, as among the same monotonous, monotonous space, sea, desert. It is more difficult to see, feel the uniqueness of everything here and unity, also having a place here, including the unity of your own human "I", i.e. Live and reasonable Being, with non-living and unreasonable, is more difficult to realize themselves with a creative subject of the noosphere. Life and mind "inanimate nature" do not reject, not destroyed, for them there is an opportunity to assert. And the alive mind itself can or implement, or destroy this opportunity, stepping on the path of confrontation. Railing up a person who would be able to realize the morality of nature and consciously to create the nosphere, the ecosphere - the most important task of culture. The next most important element of morality appears moral activity.

7 Question moral activity.

Moral activity There are practical realization of the values \u200b\u200bof good and evil, conscious by the person. The "cell" of moral activity appears a deed. The act is an action that is subjectively motivated, implies freedom of choice, it matters and therefore causes a certain attitude. On the one hand, not any action of a person is a moral act, on the other - sometimes the inaction of a person appears its important moral act. For example, a man does not take care of a woman with her insult or someone withgotten in a situation where it is necessary to express his opinion - all such inactivity are negative moral actions. In general, it is not so much to highlight the actions of a person who are not moral actions, but simply by the operations. The moral act involves freedom of will. Freedom will manifests as external freedom of action and as internal freedom of choice between different feelings, ideas, assessments. It is there, where there is no freedom of action or freedom of choice, we have actions-operations for which a person is not moral responsibility. If there is no freedom of action or freedom of choice, then a person is not moral responsibility for his actions, although it can emotionally experience them. So, the driver is not responsible for bringing down the passenger who violates the rules roadWhen physically the car was impossible to stop due to its inertia. The driver himself can be very deeply worried about the tragedy. The set of actions - there is a line of behavior with which lifestyle is associated. These ratios indicate the values \u200b\u200bof the actions for a person.

8 Question Justice.

Justice - the concept of proper, containing the requirement of compliance of acts and rewards: in particular, the compliance of the rights and obligations, labor and remuneration, merit and their recognition, crimes and punishment, the correspondence of the role of various social layers, groups and individuals in society and their social positions in it; In economic science - the requirement of citizens equality in the distribution of a limited resource. The lack of proper compliance between these entities is estimated as injustice.

It is one of the main categories of ethics.

two types of justice:

Equability- refers to the relations of equal people about objects ("equal to equal"). It refers not directly to people, but to their actions, and requires equality (equivalence) of labor and payment, values \u200b\u200bof things and its prices, harm and refund. The relations of equational justice require the participation of at least two persons.

Distribution - requires proportionality in relation to people according to one or another criterion ("equal to equal, unequal - unequal", "each of its own"). The distributional justice relationship requires participation of at least three people, each of which is valid to achieve one goal within the organized community. One of these people distributing is the "boss."

The equality justice is a specific principle of private law, while the distributional principle of public law, which is a set of state rules as an organization.

The requirements of equalization and distribution justice are formal, without determining who should be considered equal to or differ, and without pointing out what rules to whom to apply. Different answers to these questions give various concepts of justice, which complement the formal concept of fairness of informative requirements and values.

9 Question moral debt.

Debt as an embodied claim to absolute, the unconditional categorical of its own requirements - such an obvious feature of the morality, that it cannot not be reflected in ethics even in cases where the latter is built on an experimental basis (such as Aristotle's ethics) or even challenges this Claim (as, for example, skeptical ethics). Democritis spoke about the debt.

Categorizing status This concept has gained in the ethics of the Stoikov, which denoted him to the term "to kathakon", the name of it is needed, it becomes. ONO (Glavaya Bargotha's Cycepoy, in Party), EGO TPTTATY "On Vedasnnounted") all the ethiques in XPYCTAnkyyuya, the DICE-DEPMINOE "Officium". In the NEMTSKOVA, the fact's paccmat. In the same way. Uty, the line of the name Kant and Fixte. Propable ABCLUTOFTE MOPALIs in EE PPPCTUE APCTUTE, which is not necessary for any other ethichaca of CCTEMA, and the ongoing one's owntopogo and the actual person in the middle of Philocofia Kanta. The KANT has made a need for a need for one who needs to be needed, the cuisfiky mopales with them.

"OCNOWNE TO MEAT PHISSIKE NPAVOV" - the definition of the Kanta, which has a copper-free copper. The nem Kant cfopmylipoval and obocnoval ocnovnoe otkpytie cvoey ethics: "Bce ponimali chto chelovek cvoim dolgom cvyazan c zakonom, but DO NOT dogadyvalic chto OH podchinen tolko cvoemy cobctvennomy and tem ne menee vceobschemy zakonodatelctvy and chto OH obyazan poctypat only consistent with its own The will, establishing, however, universal laws. "

The need for action from respect to the moral law of Kant calls a debt. Debt and there is an appeal of moral law in the subject, the subjective principle of morality. It means that the moral law itself is, directly and directly becomes the motive of human behavior. When a person makes moral actions for the only reason that they are moral, it acts on debt.

There are several different types of worldview, characterized by understanding the idea of \u200b\u200bmoral human debt.

When the moral duty of the individual applies to all members of the group, we are dealing with sociocentrism.

If it is believed that a person should protect all reasonable creatures on earth, this kind of ethics is called Patocentrism.

If a person and its needs are in the center of attention, it admits that only a person is value and, therefore, a person has a moral debt only to people, then such a philosophical concept is called anthropocentric.

If finally, it is recognized that a person has a moral debt to all living beings on Earth, it is intended to protect all living, animals and plants, then this kind of worldview has the name of biocentrism, i.e. The center of attention is "BIOS" - life, living.

Antropocentrism was the dominant worldview of humanity for many centuries. The person was opposed to all other beings on Earth and was considered to be granted that only the interests and needs of a person are important, all other creatures have no independent value. This worldview transmits the winged expression: "Everything for a person." Philosophy, Religion of the West supported the conviction in the uniqueness of man and his place in the center of the Universe, in his rights to the life of all other living beings and the planet itself.

Antropocentrism proclaimed the human right to use the world, living and inanimate, for its purposes. The anthropocentric concept of the world has never considered the possibility of existence in a human debt before anyone.

The emergence of anthropocentrism as an ideological concept refers to the ancient era. IN Ancient Greece There were several philosophical schools, one of which, founded by Aristotle, recognized the legality of inequality between people, in particular, slavery, and saw the abyss between people and animals; It was believed that the animals were created for the good of a person. This Aristotle's teachings were set out in a more primitive follower of Aristotle Xenotone and others. Anthropocentrism of Xenophon was a comfortable philosophy, who freed a person from remorse for the fate of other creatures, and acquired great popularity. Significant support is a teaching in the face of the Catholic religious philosopher of the XIII century, Foma Aquinas. In his book, the "Theological amount" of Thomas Akvinsky argues that plants and animals exist not for the sake of themselves, but for the sake of human; Wantleless animals and plants are deprived of mind and therefore naturally they are used by a person for its benefit.

Currently, anthropocentrism begins to be considered as a negative form of worldview. Anthropocentrism has shown itself insolvent and as a philosophy, and as a scientific approach to determining the status of a person in a natural environment, and as a practical guide to the action that justifies any actions of a person in relation to other living forms.

Thus, dolg - IT covokypnoct tpebovany, ppedyavlyaemyx cheloveky obschectvom (kollektivom, opganizatsiey) kotopye vyctypayut peped him kak ego obyazannocti and coblyudenie kotopyx yavlyaetcya ego vnytpenney mopalnoy potpebnoctyu.

Doñee is a downtime, PakkiSee to cover Doulga, turns on in the Cable of Two Topoons: Taken and Cybet.

Topoi Doulga is a Came of Came Support EGO TPEB, which is detaching from the Texiffs of Tex Roles to the Covers of Chelsec and whether they will be made to them in the MECTA. It is necessary to establish these collections to make sure that the contacts are at least a consumer one.

Cybektivnoy ctoponoy dolga yavlyaetcya ocoznanie otdelnym chelovekom tpebovany obschectva, kollektiva neobxodimyx kak, kak ppimenitelno to cebe icpolnitelyu oppedelennoy cotsialnoy poli, a takzhe vnytpennyaya gotovnoct and dazhe potpebnoct THEIR vypolnit. ETA CTOPONA DOALGA WILL TAKE CHEELE, EGO Individuals. In NEA, it becomes the right one of the one who has been able to be aware of this or Inoro Chel therea, YPOVEN and Glybin's poning them. It is not possible to have a healthy health. Active ones. OppeseLelects MOPAnx. Ocannowns. And and peellizes in the consecution.

Duty is the moral necessity. Act morally - meaning to act on debt. Make anything on debt - to do this because I prescribe morality.

Doulg may need a YZKO - how to find a certain one, so that you can have about DPYR. TANDA has been bypertensioning NE PPCC and not to be able to be needed. Ho Doulg can also close and shipko to notice to attack the device and calamo Bez Bez Paceca NEMLNOE here. Eto and BYDET DOUBLENE DOALGA. EGO has been able to create other ways in the fact that the other than the other, CAGDA received a tank of the factors, which are given by the tasks and the lodge of the solar. This was done at NECE and CTPAXA, a C XlAdno-inquiry, which is noted. Earth would have been making it a challenge, the first thing is about it, it's necessary, it will be, you will have it, which has a naughty. He is needed that the physicheck is NET DPYGORO youx. To contact the service for the software on the MOPAH, this is not a need to come.

Mies ChoCTO NE ZAMEHEEM, KAKAY DIRECTLY CHILA SKPTA in PPOCTOM "NAADO". According to this Calus, the CITA cannot have a matter of considerable. People, which is a member of the HEPTVE, A in the Clachae NEOBDIMCTTVA Dale, Paccyd. KTO Nikogda In the life of NE, the CYPOW CapacOs "NADO", which is not able to contact.

Does not have a person to contact Lyuda Ya Pazni Lyudia imeete for a native of the Individual Pose. Odin Chell's Cell Processing Official Doulga, OPACY OPERAGE OPERTANCE or DELEPHANCE CREE CH EGO TOPOONS. ON NE NAPYSHAEF EHO, THERE IS EMI CAMOMY ETO NEVOGOVO ("DOWN IN COOTWERS CORDE COUNTER - INACE GPEXA NE OPERSE").

DPYGOY - in place, what is the zacy of becoming becoming a job, naghady ("Dooming in Coverships C For MODE - WITHOUT, ZAMETING, SPACEBO SKAYT"). Types - like, that YBEJE: Pull this and trying, but it is also important and nothing to purchase ("Cause in Coverage C For a DOUNGOM, which is not worth it.").

And, notes, for which it is an ero, it is an emotion, calling the one's ownthere ("Cause in Caution COVE CAUSE CAUSE WHERE, THAT CAM TAK Xoychy - Xoye to do people"). However, it's necessary to have a job in the help of the moral Doulga, attempted that there is a consideration, the reception of the COPOTE COFTAGE COLLECTED OTHER OF YCLS EGO CHARTERS.

The moral debt is a rule, but the rule is purely internal, understood by the reason and recognized as a conscience. This rule, from which no one can release us. Moral qualities are personal requirements for themselves, reflecting the desire for good. Maltical debt is the desire for self-improvement in order to approve the human in man.

The debt is a moral obligation regarding yourself and others. The moral debt is the law of life, he must lead us, both in the last trifles and in high actions.

HPA will need to: be a must-behold - Cila. Oyno Odin Doulg NE Mostly Pegylip the whole HPABLY Lyudah. Doulg OPTPYETETH NOPLE NOPM NOPM, however, the use of the Cabinity would come from the outside of the beginning of the beginning of the PPOGPAMY POWER; It is worthy as it is necessary to comply with the sequel, which is used. In the TPEBLEX DOALGA NEVSMFORE TO PREVENTING AND YCHECT WHO BOGUTVO WITH LIFE LIFE ZAYAH AND CITYS. Decommunicatively MOPAL Schype, MANGOABEEEE, MANTOPOEEE.

Mtoighe tongue with people cacked tulko and xx camic; ON SKAPY ABOUT OWN AND PAYTOMY NE MOUNT NEVE NEWS NORTED NORTHED TO THEM. These are a matter of one's own ypoby, which has been able to make a fact that it has been able to opt for a single one and the one has a job. Attachments in the case of Lyudi NACTLKO MANGOABAZNES, which will use the fact that there is a test of life in the Clay.

HAKETS, Y NPAVTTWNO PasesFee aimable to take a duty on the use of omnation, but from extrepresentation. HAPPORE, SELECT, SPACAY DPYROGO, MAKE CAM. Doulg - Tooch DPYGOY in BEGE - Cystva. Ho Obschetvea NE ABOUT CHEELS POVEBACE, NEWS DPYGOY. What kind of want to go for such a hop?

CHACTO PEOPLE, AGAINE TO CAUSE, THAT ON NOT CJECT NOTE BASE, CHEM TPEBLOCE DO NIX DOEN POIN IN CONCE TYPETING, ROPLY: "Mys PPOCTO have been completed by the Svoy Doulg." And KORDA O COE -TO HAVOVY, THERE ON CHEELS DOALGA, - ETO WE HECEMENT, POXAVA, WEEW MORE THAT THAT THAT NOTE CONTRIBUT THERE THAT NA NE MAKE TO BE ABOUT THIS WHAT ON NOTE WHERE WHERE WHERE WHAT WHAT CHOOSE WHAT WHERE WHAT ON WHAT. Being a need for a reason, it becomes too much.

And Wee is a matter of CACTO for a mustache, which will have a fact that there is a dealer, which would have a choice, na parose. KTO WE CAUSE CONTACT WITH DERE CONCHNE WEEKX?

HAPABLY LIFE LIFE WATCHTABLE INCTITYTYTY, DECTING AND PEGYLIPLY PERSON EVENING COME MAKE, DHE DOAL CONTRIBUTION. Cpeds for the facto in the magnitude of MEECTO.

Cool - This is a copy of the one's considerable one's contact with the opportunity to make sure that it is not enough.

It is impossible to disrupt their moral debt with impossible, since the punishment for the violation of moral debt is entirely depends on the most strict and inexorable judge - our own conscience. The one who comes against conscience loses the right to be called an honest person, and at the same time respect for all honest people. The inner debt of a person is provided by his free will; A remorse of conscience, this guard of internal honesty warns and supports a sense of duty.

10 Question conscience and shame.

Conscience - the ability of the person to independently formulate its own moral duties and implement the moral self-control, to require them to fulfill their fulfillment and evaluate the actions performed by it; One of the expressions of the moral identity identity. It is also manifested in the form of rational awareness of the moral importance of the actions accomplished, and in the form of emotional experiences, so on. "Conscience remorse"

Shame - A negatively painted feeling, the object of which is a deed or the quality of the subject. Shame is associated with the feeling of social unacceptability of what is ashamed.

11 Question The concept, types and signs of professional ethics.

Lecture 1.The subject of ethics, the main problems of ethics. Structure and morale functions.

Moral principles.

Ethics(from the Greek "Ethos" - temper, custom) - Philosophical research of morality and morality. Initially, the word "Ethos" meant the rules of the joint hostel of people, the norms of behavior, weaving society, helping to overcome aggression and individualism.

The second meaning of the word ethics- The system of moral and moral norms of a certain social group of people.

For the first time the term ethicsused Aristotle(384 - 322 G. BC), he interpreted it as a practical philosophy, which is looking for an answer to the question: - "What should we do?".

Gold rule ethics(morality) - "Do not do other things that you do not want ourselves" - it is still found at Confucius (551 - 479 G. BC).

The main problems of ethics:

The problem of good and evil,

The problem of justice

The problem is due

The meaning of life and the appointment of man.

Morality- This is a form of public consciousness, which establishes the socially necessary type of behavior of people. Unlike the rights of Moral, it is mainly invisited and recorded in the form of customs, traditions and generally accepted representations.

Moral- This is a practical embodiment of moral ideals, goals and installations in various areas of social life, in the behavior of people and relations between them.

Moralityconsists of the following components.

Moral activity- The most important component of morality, manifested in actions. Only a totality of a person's actions gives an idea of \u200b\u200bhis morality. "... a person is nothing but a number of his actions" (Gegel).

The act, in turn, contains three components:

- motiveact;

- resultact;

- evaluationsurrounding both the very act and its result and motive.

2. Moral (moral) relationship- this is a relationship in which you enter

people, making actions (moral or immoral). When entering into this relationship,

people pin down certain moral obligationsand at the same time

purchase defined moral rights. Installed system of moral

relations underlies the moral and psychological climate of a certain

social group of people (service team).

Moral consciousnessspeakers in the form:

Communicative forms of moral requirements (described using concepts moral principles,moral normsand moralcategories);

Personal forms of moral requirements (are described using close concepts self-esteem, self-awareness);

Social moral requirements (described using concepts public Ideal, Justice).

Moral consciousness is generated by the need for the regulation of public life of people and their relationship. Unlike science, moral consciousness acts mainly at the level of public psychology and everyday consciousness. Moral principles, norms and categoriesdirectly woven into human activity, speaking by the motives of the actions. Moral consciousness is mandatory, each person has its own system of moral values, experiencing moral motivations, knows about ethical norms and principles. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) wrote: "Two things fill the soul always new and morestary surprise and reverence -

this starry sky is needed by me and moral law in me. "

The main functions of morality.

Regulatory function.The function of moral regulation of relationships between people is the main and determining. It covers that sphere of relations that is not regulated by the right, and in this sense it complements the right. It should be noted that all legal norms also approve justice, serve the good of society and citizens and are of course moral.

Evaluation function.The subject of assessment from the position "Moral - immoral" or "morally - immoral" are actions, relations, intentions, motives of personal qualities, etc.

Orienting function.In practice, before making a moral judgment and implement one or another moral norm in a act or in behavior, a person has to take into account a significant number of circumstances, each of which can encourage the use of various (sometimes mutually exclusive) moral norms. High level Moral culture helps to choose from a variety of moral norms the only correct, thus orienting a person in the system of moral priorities.

Motivational function.This feature allows you to evaluate actions, goals and means in terms of encouraging intention. Motives and motivation can be moral and immoral, noble and lowland, mercenary and disinterested, etc.

Cognitive (informational) function.This feature is aimed at purchasing ethical knowledge: principles, norms, behavior codes, etc.

Educational function.Through education, moral experience is transmitted from generation to generation, forming a moral type of personality and ensuring the preservation of cultural tradition.

WORLD FUNCTION.This feature is very close to the estimated function with the only difference that the worldview function covers the main, basic concepts and representations of a person about the surrounding reality.

Communicative function.He acts as a form of communication, information about the values \u200b\u200bof life, moral contacts of people. Provides mutual understanding, communication of people on the basis of the development of common moral values, and from here - the service interaction, the "feeling of the elbow", support and mutual execution.

Moral principles.

The principles of morality play a dominant role in moral consciousness. Expressing the requirements of morality in the most general form, they constitute the essence of moral relations and are a strategy of moral behavior. Moral principles are aware of the moral consciousness as unconditional requirements, following which is strictly mandatory in all life situations. They express the basic requirements relating to the moral essence of a person, the nature of the relationship between people, determine the overall direction of human activity and underlie private, specific behavioral norms. The moral principles include such common principles of morality as:

1 .The principle of humanism. The essence of the principle of humanism is to recognize the person with the highest value. In an ordinary understanding, this principle means love for people, protecting human dignity, the rights of people for happiness and the possibility of self-realization. Major to reveal the OCNIs of Hymanism:

Gopantia OCNEx will have a need for a coxpannation of the GoManny of Egor Being;

Clapsexes, you are given to PhasenktvyttvuTVAFTVATVA

FOPSPOVYTVA and NPAVTTVEXTVTVA, which are naisted to Ocusing the CAMOPEAILIZATION of NA base.

2. The principle of altruism. This is a moral principle that prescribes disinterested actions aimed at the benefit of (satisfaction of interests) of other people. The term was introduced into the turnover of the French philosopher O. Kontau (1798 - 1857), for fixing the concept opposite to the concept egoism. Altruism as a principle, along the touch, reads: "Live for others."

3. Proxiption of collectivism. This principle is fundamental to the association of people to achieve common goals and joint activities, has a long history and fundamental importance for the existence of humanity. The team seems to be the only way to social organization of people from primitive tribes to modern states. His essence consists in a durable desire of people to promote the common good. The opposite principle is principle of individualism. The principle of collectivism includes several private principles:

Unity of purpose and will;

Cooperation and mutual assistance;

Democracy;

Discipline.

4. Principles of justicesuggested the American philosopher John Rolz (1921-2002).

First principle: Everyone must have equal rights regarding fundamental freedoms.

Second principle: Social and economic inequalities must be arranged so that:

They could be reasonable to expect advantages for everyone;

Access to positions and posts would be open to everyone.

In other words, everyone should have equal rights in relation to freedoms (freedom of speech, freedom of conscience, etc.) and equal access to schools and universities, on job positions, jobs, etc. In the same place, where equality is impossible (for example, in the economy, where the best is not enough for everyone), this inequality must be arranged to the benefit of the poor. One of the possible examples of such a redistribution of benefits may be a progressive income tax, when the rich pays more taxes, and the revenue money goes to the social needs of the poor.

5. PRINCIP of Mercy.Million is COFTAGE and for a certain one, having wishes in your circumstances to have a good one and PACPPOTINGING NA BCEX Louis, and in the pvee-na century. In the making of mercy COEDIVE DVA ACPCTA:

DYXOVO-EMOCIALLY (PEPRIEND CHILDREN BOAKH CAUDE);

CONPETNO-PRATICECTING (HAVE TO PAYS PEELS).

ICTOs of Mercy How does the NEPPI on the ApxaICKOY PODOVAPNAKTOCI, this is a matter who has a job in any way to cause a friend of Padica.

With the right mercy, Peligia such as Bydism and XPUCTVO have digested.

6. The principle of peacefulness.This approaches of the Mopali OC will have a need for a certain life of the life of the Caucasian-NPAVNE and YKPENE and the MPA and MPA and the MIPA and HOCS and GOCYDAP accounts. The Mirviation of the PReener has a manual and nazoynurna, which is more connected, and the ceases, the gloxt of the one's money and the need for a need for a choice of life.

The Mirlobiye of the CPUPDIKA, which makes it necessary, the factory, which will be given by ICTOPICHEX, kyltypniytime, attending the use of the tests of COQUALLY GPYPP, Ethnoco, Nations, Kyltyp. Peacefully, the fact that the fact's becoming a peacefully, to otherwise, to contact the nacelstellite cpearls of the clums in the clock, undercite and the one in the next one and the people, with people, napota, co-cell. In ICTOPIs, the peacefulness and agpecquing are at the request of the FTOP compliant.

7. The principle of patriotism.This is a NPAVTVED PPINCIP, in the fact that FOPME has a having love of love for POFECAX, which is o EE intepecax and whether to establish it to EE. Patriotism is the following in the gop attitudes of the fact that you are in the gopes from EE NEYDAH and BED, in the same time to EE ICTOPICKOVY, and in the beneficialness of the fact that you have a need for napodia, native and kyltypace.

HAPABETVENNOE PATRIOTSISS OPERTERS THERE THERE ABOUT THE ONSOE FOOD FOPS COPSERS OF PERSONALX AND OWN INTEPECOVA, CEEL AND SEECTVA. Ho patpioticheckie chyvctva and idei tolko togda npavctvenno vozvyshayut cheloveka and napod, kogda coppyazheny c yvazheniem to napodam d.pugoy ctpan and ne vypozhdayutcya in pcixologiyu natsionalnoy icklyuchitelnocti and nedovepiya to "chyzhakam". Etot acpekt in patpioticheckom coznanii ppiobpel ocobyyu aktyalnoct in poclednee time kogda ygpoza yadepnogo camoynichtozheniya or ekologicheckoy katactpofy potpebovala pepeocmycleniya patriotism HOW ppintsipa, povelevayuschego kazhdomy cpocobctvovat vklady cvoey ctpany in coxpanenie planety and vyzhivanie chelovechectva.

8. The principle of tolerance. Tolerance means respect, acceptance and proper understanding of the rich diversity of cultures of our world, our forms of self-expression and methods of manifestations of human individuality. She contributes to knowledge, openness, communication and freedom of thought, conscience and beliefs. Tolerance is a virtue that makes it possible to achieve the world and contributes to the replacement of the culture of the world of the world.

The manifestation of tolerance, which is consistent with respect for human rights, does not mean a tolerant attitude towards social injustice, refusal from their or concessions to someone else's convictions. This means that everyone is free to adhere to their convictions and recognizes the same right for others. This means recognizing that people by their nature differ in appearance, position, speech, behavior and values \u200b\u200band have the right to live in the world and maintain their individuality. It also means that the views of one person cannot be imposed on the other.

Morality and right.

The right, like morality, regulates the behavior and relationship of people. But unlike morality, the fulfillment of legal norms is controlled by public power. If morality is a "internal" human actions regulator, then the right is "external", state regulator.

The right is a product product. Morality (as well as mythology, religion, art) older than him in their historical age. It always existed in human society, the right arose when the class bundle of primitive society occurred and states began to be created. Socio-cultural norms of primitive stateless society concerning the division of labor, the distribution of material benefits, customs protection, initiation, marriage conclusions, etc. had the power of custom and fixed mythology. They generally subordinate to the personal interests of the team. Their public impact measures were used to the violators - from conviction before coercion.

And moral, and legal norms are social. Common for them is that both types are used to regulate and evaluate the actions of the individual. To different can be attributed:

the right is developed by the state, morality - society;

the right is enshrined in state acts, moral - no;

for violation of the rule of law, state sanctions are assumed for violation of the norm of morality - public condemnation, criticism and in some cases state sanction.

At one time E.N. Trubetskaya wrote that "Solovyov's ethics is no more as part of his teaching about" Jewish ", criticizing Solovyov for inconsistency in defending the independence of ethics from metaphysical began. A.F. Losev, in response to E.N. Trubetsky, notes that Solovyov without giving up metaphysics, sought to "give a characteristic of morality in its pure form ... and if morality as it is dates back and higher, it is not yet introduced to the total alliance, it does not mean that morality thereby already in itself The doctrine of alliance. "

Solovyov believed that it was not fairly direct moral feeling or intuitive distinction between good and evil inherent in man, morality cannot be considered as an instinct. The moral foundations are becoming the beginning, which is repelled by a person, determining the norms of their behavior.

"It should definitely follow the fact that in itself, essentially there is good. ... a person in principle or on its appointment there is an unconditional inner form for good as unconditional content; everything else is conditional and relative. Good in itself is not due to anything, It all causes everything and through everything is carried out. The fact that it is not due to nothing, is its cleanliness; the fact that it does all about it, there is its completeness, and that it is carried out through everything, there is its strength, or effectiveness. "

Thus, pointing to the natural foundations of morality, Solovyov, at the same time links the morality and nature itself with the Absolute. A person must be directed up. This aspiration, this connection with the Absolute does not give a person to return to the animal condition. "Primary, natural morality is nothing more than the reaction of spiritual nature against the threatening suppression and absorption from the lower forces - carnal lust, egoism and wild passions."

In the material nature of man ll. Solovyov detects three simple moral feelings. But they can not be, again, are undoubted, or, in other words, they need a support, and the support is this unconditional good God. The perfect unity is embodied in God. Material nature in perfect connection with absolute can only enter us. "Human personality, and, therefore, every single person is the ability to implement an unlimited reality, or a special form of infinite content."

There is no unity in society, nature is often triumphant over a person, Matter rules over the Spirit. Moral improvement implies not blind submission of the highest strength, but a conscious and free service perfect good. This setting of the issue is of a fundamental nature, pointing to freedom of will, the autonomy of the person, on the one hand, and on the other Solovyov, it does not accidentally choose from several definitions of the absolute of not God or benefit, but the perfect good, emphasizing and determining the main characteristic of the absolute lying in moral sphere and asking for purpose and meaning.

In addition, moral improvement involves the transition from natural solidarity with themselves similar to sympathetic and consonant interaction on the basis of love and, thirdly, the actual advantage over material nature should "turn into a reasonable dominion over her for our good."

For valid superiority over material nature, natural moral foundations must be constantly implemented in human behavior. For example, considering the principle of asceticism, which is significant for the Christian religion, Solovyov involves his relationship with the negative attitude of a person to his animal nature. At the same time, nature is not considered as evil by itself - analyzing a number philosophical exercises - Vedic, Buddhist, even Gnostic - Solovyov speaks about nature as a good principle. Asceticism is a manifestation of shame in the area of \u200b\u200bhuman activity, which may have to be, first of all, spiritual, but often reduced to the level of material, "... The process of life of a pure-animal seeks to capture the human spirit into their sphere, subordinate or absorb it."

The ascetic requirements for life grow out of the desire of the spirit to subjugate the requirements of the body: "The moral demand for the subordination of the flesh of the Spirit is found with the inverse actual desire of the flesh to subjugate the Spirit, as a result of which the ascetic principle is bothering: it is required, firstly, to protect the spiritual life from capturing a car start and Secondly, to conquer the area of \u200b\u200bthe flesh, make the animal life only by potency or the matter of the Spirit. " In this process, Solovyov allocates three main points - self-relocating spirit from flesh, the real estimate of its independence and the achieved predominance of the spirit over nature. The third stage is a state of spiritual perfection, it cannot be imputed to every person as a duty, therefore, the Solovyov supporter is not absolute, but only relative asceticism: "Submissive the flesh of the Spirit, as far as it is necessary for its dignity and independence. Having finally, reliable Be a complete lord physical strength His and general nature, nearest, I will definitely be the goal: not to be at least a challenging servant of rebellious matter, or chaos. "

The interpretation of asceticism from Solovyov proceeds, above all, from the need for self-composite of the Spirit, unpleasures to its carnal passions, and in no way denial of human physicity, not the attitude towards it as something unclean. The restriction, from the point of view of Solovyov, should be distributed not only to the two main departures of human physiology, nutrition and reproduction, but also for breathing and sleep. Respiratory control practices are really common as a body control technique, an example of which can serve as yoga. The tendency to excessive sleep also inclines the person to the carnal side of life - we note, once again, that the Ashtysta Soloviev understands as a restriction, but not self-knowledge.

Excess of food, a carnal sin is not a physical act of conception, but it is "immeasurable and blind attraction", both in reality and in imagination - everything that attaches special exceptional importance to the material side of human life to the detriment of the spiritual should be overcome by A reasonable, conscious, voluntary choice of man, guided by his conscience, directed by shame.

Asceticism, according to Solovyov, is intended to free a person from the Plot's passions, which are just shameful. "The predominance of the spirit over the flesh is necessary to preserve the moral dignity of the person." Acting, obeying its material nature, exhausting in carnal desires, a person may harm himself. But the passions of evil - anger, envy, borestolubia - should be eradicated by a person in themselves as the worst, as they are directed and can harm other people. This is the region is not ascetic, but altruistic morality. As asceticism has in its foundation shame, so altruism is a necessary continuation of pity as a moral basis.

Solovyov notes that the predominance of the Spirit over the flesh can be achieved by a person and without giving this act of moral meaning: "... acquired by the right abstinence the power of the spirit over the flesh, or the power of will, can be used for the purposes of immoral. Strong will may be an evil. A person can suppress a lower nature. In order to vanitate or be proud of its highest strength; such a victory of the Spirit is not good. "

Consequently, asceticism as the moral principle does not contain unconditional good - for moral behavior, it is necessary, but not sufficient, although in many religious teachings it is asceticism was considered the only basis for proper behavior. "There were also successful askets not only people who were devoted to spiritual pride, hypocrisy and vanity, but also directly evil, insidious and cruel egoists. Assembled, such as ascetic is much worse in moral sense, than an innocent drunkard and a fitness, or compassionate debugger" .

The moral meaning asceticism acquires only in conjunction with altruism. The pity underlying altruism connects the person with the world of all living things, while shame separates it from nature. Sympathy, complicity themselves are not the basis of moral behavior, they can enter into self-respect, for example, joy together with someone gives pleasure. Pity is disinterested: "... pity directly encourages us to action with the goal of saving another creature from suffering or help him. Such an action can be purely inner, for example, when pity for the enemy keeps me from applying resentment or harm, but this Anyway, there is an action, not a passive state, like joy or pleasure. Of course, I can find internal satisfaction in the fact that I did not offend the near, but only after the act of will accounted for. "

Pity, whatever its object, is a kind feeling. A person can regret the enemy or a criminal, such a sense will not be an excuse for a crime, but only a manifestation of a natural moral basis. "... there is a good pity; a person manifesting this feeling is called good; the deeper it is experiencing and the wider applies, the one is recognized as the good; the man is ruthless, on the contrary, called evil advantage."

A man, sorry for the other, nevertheless, clearly realizes the identity of him, but recognizes the object of his pity with "rights to existence and possible well-being." Thus, altruism approves the principle of equality, the principle of the correct relationship of people and in general living beings, justice, when for others I recognize the same feelings and the rights that I have.

In this, the altruistic principle of morality is echoing at the VL. Solovyov with a categorical imperative I. Kant, but does not repeat it: "In perfect internal harmony with a higher will, recognizing all other times an unconditional importance, or value, because they have an image and likeness of God, take it possible to fully participate in their own and General improvement for the sake of the final revelation of the kingdom of God in the world. "

Solovyov distinguishes the inner creature of morality. This is the integrity of a person, laid in its nature, as the abiding norm, the formal principle of morality or the moral law. Due to the real manifestations of morality. Asceticism and altruism are precisely the real moral principles that, from the point of view of Solovyov, bring the person to the Absolute.

But the real manifestations of morality and during the time of the ll. Solovyov, and today far from perfection. This is due to the fact, according to VL. Solovyov that valid humanity is "disintegrating humanity." It is not focused and not raised by a single absolute interest in God, "scattered in his will between many relative and incoherent interests." Solovyov warns that "the historical process there is a long and difficult transition from the animal nature to the Godchild."

Moreover, good does not have universal and final implementation for us. Virtue never happens quite real. However, "the measure of good in humanity is generally increasing ... In the sense that the average level of general obligatory and implemented moral requirements increases." A person can, but the main role of His role. Solovyov sees in the gathering of the Universe in theory, to assemble the same universe in reality only the Bohemian and the kingdom of God.

Moral improvement is possible due to reasonable freedom. "Morality is entirely kept on a reasonable freedom, or moral necessity, and completely eliminates the liberty irrational, unconditional, or arbitrary choice. And the choice determines the good "all the infinity of its positive content and being, therefore this choice is infinitely determined, the need for it is absolute, and any arbitrariness in it."

This law is formulated by VL. Solovyuvoy, and there is a way to unity. That is why "the moral nature of man is prerequisite And the assumption of the Godhood ", but" moral life opens as a task universal and comprehensive. "

The significance of a person as a moral creature is fundamental for VL. Solovyov. God-humanity as a goal can not be realized without an active person, morally self-organizing, spiritualizing a "collective man", organic and inorganic nature. Employment of a person with natural bases of morality, ascending to absolute good, gives the founding of the VL. Solovyovoov Talk about the involvement of each member of society to the "absolute completeness of a whole" on the one hand, and on the other (and in this originality of the approach of the philosopher), to insist that the person itself is needed "for this completeness is not less than it for him."

It seems an important conclusion of ll. Solovyov that the natural foundations of morality, its involvement in absolute good it is necessary, but not sufficient condition The moral improvement of humanity on the way to alliance, as the human person, possessing the infinity of its content because of involvement in the absolute completeness of the God of God, nevertheless is only the possibility, but not reality. To date, considers Vl. Solovyov, for a person it is characteristic of blind subordination by the external circumstances of life, and, above all, the subordination of the highest strength of God.

Moral -these are generally accepted ideas about the good and evil, the right and wrong, bad and good. . According to these ideas arise moral norms human behavior. Synonym for morality - morality. The study of morality is engaged in separate science - ethics.

Morality has its own characteristic features.

Signs of morality:

1. Universality of moral norms (that is, all on all acts the same, regardless of social status).
2. Volunteering (no one forces comply with moral norms, as such moral principles are engaged in such a conscience, public opinion, karma and other personal beliefs).
3. Comprehension (that is, the moral rules operate in all areas of activity - both in politics, both in creativity and in business, etc.).

Moral functions.

Philosophers allocate five moral functions:

1. Evaluation function Shares the actions for good and bad on the good / evil scale.
2. Regulatory function Develops rules and rules of morality.
3. Educational function Engaged in the formation of a system of moral values.
4. Controlling function monitors the fulfillment of the rules and rules.
5. Integrating function Supports the state of harmony within the person himself when committing certain actions.

For social science, the key is the first three functions, since they play the main social role of morality.

Morale norms.

Norm Morality It was written a lot in the history of mankind, but the main of them appear in most religions and exercises.

1. Prudence. This is the ability to be guided by a mind, not a gust, that is, think before doing.
2. Abstinence. It concerns not only the marriage relationship, but also food, entertainment and other pleasures. Ancient times an abundance of material values \u200b\u200bis considered to be a brake for the development of spiritual values. Our great post is one of the manifestations of this moral norm.
3. Justice. The principle of "not a swarm of the pit to another, you yourself,", which is aimed at developing respect for other people.
4. Resistance. The ability to endure failures (as they say that it does not kill us, makes us stronger).
5. Hardworking. Labor was always encouraged in society, therefore this rule is natural.
6. Humility. Humility is a skill in time to stop. This is a relative of prudence with emphasis on self-development and self-pressing.
7. Politeness. Polite people have always been valued, as the thin world, as you know, better than good quarrel; And politeness is the basis of diplomacy.

Principles of morality.

Moral principles - These are moral norms of a more private or concrete character. The principles of morality at different times in different communities were different, respectively, there were also understanding of good and evil.

For example, the principle of "OCO OU" (or the principle of Talion) in modern morality is far from honor. And here " gold Rule Morality"(Or the principle of the golden middle of Aristotle) \u200b\u200bcompletely did not change and still remains moral guidance: do the way you want to come with you (in the Bible:" Love your neighbor ").

Of all the principles, which are guided by the modern doctrine of morality, one can withdraw one main - pRINCIPLE OF HUMANISM. It is humanity, compassion, understanding that you can characterize all the others as the principles and the norms of morality.

Morals affects all types of human activity and, from the point of view of good and evil, gives an understanding of what principles to follow in politics, in affairs, in society, in creativity, etc.