Class hour

Feat in the name of the Motherland.

Purpose: education of patriotic personality traits of students, development of the ability to actively defend their point of view, disclosure of the concepts of "heroism", "hero".

Course of the lesson

Fatherland, Fatherland, Motherland. No other language in the world has such words.

This cup to the Fatherland, friends!

The country where we are for the first time

Have tasted the sweetness of being

Fields, native hills,

Sweet light of the native sky

Familiar flows

Golden games of the early years

And the lessons of the first years

What will replace your charm

Oh, holy homeland?

What heart does not tremble

Blessing you? (V. Zhukovsky)

It is impossible to translate into any other language and the word-feat. A feat in the name of the Motherland, a feat in the name of the Fatherland, a feat in the name of the Motherland. Feat, move. There is movement in these words. This is the movement of the soul, the movement of the heart. Moved by love for the Motherland, a person gives his life for her. Only the strong in spirit are capable of this!

The 1941-1945 war was the most brutal, bloodiest war that mankind has known.

The song is playing"Little Trumpeter"Music by S. Nikitin Lyrics by S. Krylov

All around the war, and this little

All the doctors laughed at him:

“Where does this little one fit?

Well, perhaps only trumpeters. "

What about him? Nothing matters!

Well, a trumpeter, so a trumpeter!

It's good, no need to bow

All the bullets are whistling over you

It will pass everywhere - but it will not part

With its polished pipe

And why? Because

That it is so due to him.

But once in the autumn rains

In a strange steppe, in a strange unknown land

The regiment was surrounded.

And the commander died in battle.

Well, how to be, oh, how to be,

Well, trumpeter, should you trumpet?

And the trumpeter arose in smoke and flame,

He pressed his pipe to his lips,

And behind the pipe the whole regiment is wounded

He sang "Internationale".

And the regiment went after the trumpeter,

An ordinary trumpeter ...

Soldier, soldier, we are not supposed to,

And it is true that there, cry, do not cry, -

In a strange steppe, in the grass not mown

There is a little trumpeter left ...

Listen carefully.

(Listening to the song. Discussing the lyrics)

At the fronts, with weapons in hand, in partisan detachments with grenades and incendiary bombs, behind enemy lines, in factories, in the fields, at machines, adults and children forged victory. Whoever he could and how he could.

Screening of fragments of the film "Children of War"

Before the war, these were ordinary boys and girls. They studied, helped the elders, played, ran, broke noses and knees. Only relatives, classmates and friends knew their names.

The hour has come - they showed how huge a small child's heart can become when sacred love for the Motherland and hatred for enemies flares up in it.

Boys. Girls. Little heroes of the big war. They fought everywhere. (At sea - Borya Kuleshin, in the partisan detachment - Lenya Golikov, in the Brest Fortress - Valya Zenkin)

Did the Motherland bequeathed to them to die?

Life promised, love promised, Motherland?

Are children born for death, Motherland?

The flame hit the sky - do you remember the Motherland.

Quietly she said "get up to help .." - Homeland.

Nobody asked you for fame, Motherland.

Everyone just had a choice: me or Motherland.

The best and most expensive is the Motherland.

Your grief is our grief, Motherland.

Your truth is our truth, Motherland.

Your glory is our glory of the Motherland.

Their matured childhood was filled with such trials that even a very talented writer would have thought of them - it would be hard to believe. But it was. It was in the history of our big country, it was in the fate of its little citizens. And people called them heroes!

Let us honor the memory of the young heroes who died for the happiness and freedom of our Motherland with a minute of silence.

Today we are learning from them selfless love for the Motherland, courage and dignity, courage and resilience. Above us is a peaceful sky. In the name of this, millions of sons and daughters of the Motherland gave their lives. And among them are those who would be as old as we are today.

And let everyone ask themselves the question: "Could I do this?"

- and answering to himself sincerely and honestly, he will think about how to live and study today in order to be worthy of the memory of his peers.

Questions:

Is it possible to accomplish a feat in peacetime?

For what are people ready to perform a feat?

What feats can be accomplished in our

everyday life?

Teacher: We are equal to the exploits of the past, but life does not stand still. And in our days there is a place for heroism, courage.

Teacher: A hero is not only a soldier, a doctor or a firefighter: even a child can perform real feats. How often in everyday life do we hear the expression: "You are my hero!" This is how a loving mother calls the baby who takes the first steps in life.

The courage not to deviate from the intended goal, the courage to stand up to defend the truth, to defend the weak, to perform feats, overcoming oneself.

Heroes of the Great Patriotic War

Alexander Matrosov

Gunner-machine gunner of the 2nd separate battalion of the 91st separate Siberian volunteer brigade named after Stalin.

Sasha Matrosov did not know his parents. He was brought up in an orphanage and a labor colony. When the war began, he was not even 20. Matrosov was drafted into the army in September 1942 and sent to an infantry school, and then to the front.

In February 1943, his battalion attacked a Nazi stronghold, but fell into a trap, falling under heavy fire that cut off the path to the trenches. They were shooting from three bunkers. Two soon fell silent, but the third continued to shoot the Red Army soldiers lying in the snow.

Seeing that the only chance to get out of the fire was to suppress the enemy's fire, Sailors with a fellow soldier crawled to the bunker and threw two grenades in his direction. The machine gun fell silent. The Red Army went on the attack, but lethal weapons clanged again. Partner Alexander was killed, and Matrosov was left alone in front of the bunker. I had to do something.

He did not have even a few seconds to make a decision. Not wanting to let down his comrades, Alexander closed the embrasure of the bunker with his body. The attack was crowned with success. And Matrosov posthumously received the title of Hero Soviet Union.

Military pilot, commander of the 2nd squadron of the 207th long-range bomber aviation regiment, captain.

He worked as a mechanic, then in 1932 he was called up to serve in the Red Army. He ended up in an air regiment, where he became a pilot. Nikolai Gastello took part in three wars. A year before the Great Patriotic War, he received the rank of captain.

On June 26, 1941, the crew under the command of Captain Gastello took off to strike a German mechanized convoy. It was on the road between the Belarusian towns of Molodechno and Radoshkovichi. But the column was well guarded by enemy artillery. A fight ensued. Gastello's plane was hit by anti-aircraft guns. The shell damaged the fuel tank, the car caught fire. The pilot could have ejected, but he decided to fulfill his military duty to the end. Nikolai Gastello directed the burning car directly at the enemy column. This was the first fiery ram in the Great Patriotic War.

The name of the brave pilot has become a household name. Until the end of the war, all the aces who decided to go to the ram were called the Ghatellers. If you follow the official statistics, then during the entire war there were almost six hundred rams of the opponent.

Brigadier scout of the 67th detachment of the 4th Leningrad partisan brigade.

Lena was 15 years old when the war began. He had already worked at the plant, having completed his seven-year period. When the Nazis captured his native Novgorod region, Lenya joined the partisans.

He was brave and determined, the command appreciated him. For several years spent in a partisan detachment, he participated in 27 operations. On his account there are several destroyed bridges behind enemy lines, 78 destroyed Germans, 10 trains with ammunition.

It was he who, in the summer of 1942, near the village of Varnitsa, blew up a car in which was a German Major General of the Engineering Troops Richard von Wirtz. Golikov managed to obtain important documents about the German offensive. The enemy's attack was thwarted, and the young hero was nominated for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for this feat.

In the winter of 1943, a significantly superior enemy detachment unexpectedly attacked partisans near the village of Ostraya Luka. Lenya Golikov died like a real hero - in battle.

Pioneer. A reconnaissance officer of the Voroshilov partisan detachment in the territory occupied by the Nazis.

Zina was born and went to school in Leningrad. However, the war found her on the territory of Belarus, where she came on vacation.

In 1942, 16-year-old Zina joined the underground organization Young Avengers. She distributed anti-fascist leaflets in the occupied territories. Then, undercover, she got a job in a canteen for German officers, where she committed several sabotage and only miraculously was not captured by the enemy. Many experienced military men were surprised at her courage.

In 1943, Zina Portnova joined the partisans and continued to engage in sabotage behind enemy lines. Due to the efforts of the defectors who surrendered Zina to the Nazis, she was captured. In the dungeons, she was interrogated and tortured. But Zina was silent, not betraying her own. During one of these interrogations, she grabbed a pistol from the table and shot three Nazis. After that, she was shot in prison.

An underground anti-fascist organization operating in the area of \u200b\u200bthe modern Luhansk region. It numbered over a hundred people. The youngest participant was 14 years old.

This underground youth organization was formed immediately after the occupation of the Luhansk region. It included both regular military personnel, who were cut off from the main units, and local youth. Among the most famous participants: Oleg Koshevoy, Ulyana Gromova, Lyubov Shevtsova, Vasily Levashov, Sergey Tyulenin and many other young people.

The "Young Guard" issued leaflets and committed sabotage against the Nazis. Once they managed to disable an entire tank repair shop, burn down the stock exchange, from where the Nazis drove people to forced labor in Germany. The members of the organization planned to stage an uprising, but were exposed due to the traitors. The Nazis caught, tortured and shot over seventy people. Their feat is immortalized in one of the most famous military books by Alexander Fadeev and the film adaptation of the same name.

28 people from the personnel of the 4th company of the 2nd battalion of the 1075th rifle regiment.

In November 1941, a counteroffensive against Moscow began. The enemy did not stop at anything, making a decisive march before the onset of a harsh winter.

At this time, soldiers under the command of Ivan Panfilov took up a position on the highway seven kilometers from Volokolamsk, a small town near Moscow. There they gave battle to the advancing tank units. The battle lasted four hours. During this time, they destroyed 18 armored vehicles, delaying the opponent's attack and thwarting his plans. All 28 people (or almost all, historians differ here) died.

According to legend, the company's political instructor Vasily Klochkov, before the decisive stage of the battle, turned to the soldiers with a phrase that became known throughout the country: "Russia is great, but there is nowhere to retreat - Moscow is behind!"

The fascist counteroffensive ultimately failed. The battle for Moscow, which was assigned the most important role in the course of the war, was lost by the invaders.

In childhood future hero had had rheumatism, and the doctors doubted that Maresyev would be able to fly. However, he stubbornly applied to the flight school, until he was finally enrolled. Maresyev was drafted into the army in 1937.

He met the Great Patriotic War at the flight school, but soon got to the front. During the sortie, his plane was shot down, and Maresyev himself was able to eject. For eighteen days, seriously wounded in both legs, he got out of the encirclement. However, he still managed to overcome the front line and ended up in the hospital. But gangrene had already begun, and doctors amputated both of his legs.

For many, this would mean the end of the service, but the pilot did not give up and returned to aviation. Until the end of the war, he flew with prostheses. Over the years, he made 86 sorties and shot down 11 enemy aircraft. And 7 - after amputation. In 1944 Alexey Maresyev went to work as an inspector and lived to be 84 years old.

His fate inspired the writer Boris Polevoy to write A Story about a Real Man.

Deputy squadron commander of the 177th Air Defense Fighter Aviation Regiment.

Viktor Talalikhin began to fight already in the Soviet-Finnish war. He shot down 4 enemy planes on a biplane. Then he served in an aviation school.

In August 1941, one of the first Soviet pilots rammed, shooting down a German bomber in a night air battle. Moreover, the wounded pilot was able to get out of the cockpit and parachute down to the rear of his own.

Then Talalikhin shot down five more German planes. Killed during another air battle near Podolsk in October 1941.

73 years later, in 2014, the search engines found Talalikhin's plane, which remained in the swamps near Moscow.

Artilleryman of the 3rd counter-battery artillery corps of the Leningrad Front.

Soldier Andrei Korzun was drafted into the army at the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War. He served on the Leningrad front, where there were fierce and bloody battles.

On November 5, 1943, during a regular battle, his battery came under fierce enemy fire. Korzun was seriously injured. Despite the terrible pain, he saw that the powder charges were set on fire and the ammunition depot could fly into the air. Gathering his last strength, Andrei crawled to the blazing fire. But he could not take off his overcoat to cover the fire. Losing consciousness, he made one last effort and covered the fire with his body. The explosion was avoided at the cost of the life of the brave artilleryman.

Commander of the 3rd Leningrad Partisan Brigade.

A native of Petrograd, Alexander German, according to some sources, was a native of Germany. He served in the army since 1933. When the war began, he became a scout. He worked behind enemy lines, commanded a partisan detachment, which terrified enemy soldiers. His brigade killed several thousand Nazi soldiers and officers, derailed hundreds of trains and blew up hundreds of vehicles.

The Nazis arranged a real hunt for Herman. In 1943, his partisan detachment was surrounded in the Pskov region. Making his way to his own, the brave commander was killed by an enemy bullet.

Commander of the 30th Separate Guards Tank Brigade of the Leningrad Front

Vladislav Khrustitsky was drafted into the ranks of the Red Army back in the 1920s. In the late 30s he graduated from the armored courses. Since the fall of 1942, he commanded the 61st separate light tank brigade.

He distinguished himself during Operation Iskra, which marked the beginning of the defeat of the Germans on the Leningrad Front.

Killed in a battle near Volosovo. In 1944, the enemy retreated from Leningrad, but from time to time made attempts to counterattack. During one of these counterattacks, Khrustitsky's tank brigade fell into a trap.

Despite heavy fire, the commander ordered to continue the offensive. He turned to the radio to his crews with the words: "Fight to the death!" - and went forward first. Unfortunately, the brave tanker died in this battle. And yet the village of Volosovo was liberated from the enemy.

Commander of a partisan detachment and brigade.

Before the war he worked on the railroad. In October 1941, when the Germans were already standing near Moscow, he volunteered for a complex operation, in which his railway experience was needed. Was thrown behind enemy lines. There he invented the so-called "coal mines" (in fact, these are just mines disguised as coal). With the help of this simple but effective weapon, hundreds of enemy trains were undermined in three months.

Zaslonov actively agitated the local population to go over to the side of the partisans. The Nazis, having learned this, changed their soldiers into Soviet uniforms. Zaslonov mistook them for defectors and ordered them to be admitted to the partisan detachment. The way was open for the insidious enemy. A battle ensued, during which Zaslonov died. A reward was announced for Zaslonov, alive or dead, but the peasants hid his body, and the Germans did not get it.

Commander of a small partisan detachment.

Efim Osipenko fought back in the Civil War. Therefore, when the enemy seized his land, without thinking twice, he went to the partisans. Together with five more comrades, he organized a small partisan detachment, which committed sabotage against the Nazis.

During one of the operations, it was decided to undermine the enemy composition. But there was not enough ammunition in the detachment. The bomb was made from an ordinary grenade. The explosives had to be installed by Osipenko himself. He crawled to the railway bridge and, seeing the approaching train, threw it in front of the train. There was no explosion. Then the partisan himself hit the grenade with a pole from the railway sign. It worked! A long train with provisions and tanks went downhill. The squad leader survived, but completely lost his sight.

For this feat, he was the first in the country to be awarded the medal "Partisan of the Patriotic War."

The peasant Matvey Kuzmin was born three years before the abolition of serfdom. And he died, becoming the oldest holder of the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Its history contains many references to the history of another famous peasant - Ivan Susanin. Matvey also had to lead the invaders through the forest and swamps. And, like the legendary hero, he decided to stop the enemy at the cost of his life. He sent his grandson ahead to warn a detachment of partisans that had stopped nearby. The Nazis were ambushed. A fight ensued. Matvey Kuzmin was killed by a German officer. But he did his job. He was 84 years old.

A partisan who was part of the sabotage and reconnaissance group of the headquarters of the Western Front.

While studying at school, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya wanted to enter a literary institute. But these plans were not destined to come true - the war prevented. In October 1941, Zoya, as a volunteer, came to the recruiting station and after a short training at a school for saboteurs was transferred to Volokolamsk. There, an 18-year-old fighter of a partisan unit, along with adult men, performed dangerous tasks: she mined roads and destroyed communication centers.

During one of the sabotage operations, Kosmodemyanskaya was captured by the Germans. She was tortured, forcing her to betray her. Zoya heroically endured all the trials without saying a word to her enemies. Seeing that it was impossible to get anything from the young partisan, they decided to hang her.

Kosmodemyanskaya steadfastly accepted the test. An instant before her death, she shouted to the assembled local residents: “Comrades, victory will be ours. German soldiers, before it's too late, surrender! " The girl's courage shocked the peasants so much that they later retold this story to front-line correspondents. And after the publication in the Pravda newspaper, the whole country learned about the feat of Kosmodemyanskaya. She became the first woman to be awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War.

The theme of the Great Patriotic War is an unusual theme ... Unusual, because it never ceases to excite people, rearing old wounds and the soul with the pain of the heart. Unusual, because memory and history have merged into one.

The Great Patriotic War is a huge spiritual wound in human hearts. This tragedy began on June twenty-second, one thousand nine hundred and forty-one, and ended four years later, after four difficult years - on May 9, one thousand nine hundred and forty-five.

This war has remained in our memory as the greatest war in history. War ... How much this word means. War is the suffering of mothers, hundreds of thousands of dead soldiers, thousands of orphans and families without fathers ... We are children of peacetime, and it is difficult for us to imagine how our peers could have fought in war. But they fought, knowing how to face mortal danger. They gave their lives for the fate of the Motherland, for their families. War is a terrible word, because war is blood, pain, bitterness of loss.

People who went through the war remembered her eyes, full of tears, grief and death. War is terrible not only because it takes away millions of people. She cripples the survivors, breaks their psyche. How to heal a crippled soul, relieve a heart filled to the brim with horror, blood, soaked in someone else's and its own unbearable pain? Much has been written and told about the Great Patriotic War.

Fortunately, we know about the war only by hearsay: from films, books, memoirs of veterans, of whom every year becomes less and less. Our veterans are an amazing generation. They fought to death and won in fierce battles even when the earth burned, stones crumbled, iron melted. And in spite of everything, they retained in themselves the ability to sympathize with other people's pain, to sympathize, to be and remain human in any, the most inhuman conditions.

Veterans are unusual people. They are for us an example of courage and resilience, endurance and mutual assistance, perseverance and optimism. They showed what true friendship and camaraderie should be. And it is even difficult for us to imagine that the elderly warriors were the same as us: they loved and wanted to be loved, laughed, rejoiced, believed in a happy future. People who went through the Great Patriotic War had to go through a lot, but they, front-line soldiers, cannot be considered a generation with a broken soul. Only a few of them remained: those who saw with their own eyes, those who felt gunpowder, blood and fear on themselves, those who survived the Great Patriotic War.

I want to write about one of these people, our fellow countryman.

Gubarev Alexander Timofeevich- a war veteran who lived in the village of Belyaevka. Everyone in the village loved and respected him, he was always a kind person. Alexander Timofeevich was born on May 18, 1922. He comes from a strong peasant family with five children. Alexander's father, originally from the Tambov region, worked as a groom in the village of Belyaevka, but it was very difficult to feed his family. The collective farm did not pay money, and he was transferred to the state farm "Studenovsky", where they paid the salary. When he exchanged a block of oil for lubricating the wheels for a clamp for a horse, Timofey was taken by the NKVD and sent in a convoy to Vladivostok, where he disappeared without a trace. The family has lost a breadwinner, difficult days have come. At the age of nine, the younger sister, Maria, had to be given as a nanny in the settlement. Turks. Alexander was eleven years old. He began to work on a collective farm, fully harrowed on bulls.

Brother Nikolay was the first to go to defend the Motherland. In the summer of 1940, it was the turn of the second brother. From Balashov, from the banks of his native Khoper, Alexander Gubarev was sent to the Voronezh region as part of the 47th reserve regiment. In front of Liski station, the train was bombed by planes. Those who survived were grouped, and sent on foot to Stalingrad. Mostly they went at night, since the attack of enemy aircraft took place during the day. In Stalingrad, Alexander met with his fellow countryman Ivanov E. We slept in the trenches in the snow, had to sleep even on bare ground, waking up in the morning, they noticed that the greatcoat was frozen. Alexander at the front was always well-fed, since he exchanged his front-line hundred grams for crackers, and makhorka for sugar. Once I had to observe the following picture: our T-34 tank drove out closer to the location of the Germans along the hollow, conducted reconnaissance for battle, leaving the hollow, fired at the positions and retired back into the hollow. In one of these maneuvers, the tank stalled closer to the position of the Germans. The Germans, stopping the shelling, directed their tank to ours. An enemy tank hooked on a T-34 and dragged it to its positions. Our soldiers watched this picture with horror. The driver-mechanic of our tank was not at a loss and turned on the gear, the tank started up from the tug, then shifted forward speed, the T-34 dragged the enemy tank to its position under the general rejoicing of our soldiers and great regretthe Germans. The enemy tank was captured by us.

The military profession of Alexander Timofeevich is a sapper assigned to the reconnaissance company of the 79th battalion of the 220th rifle division. When crossing the Dnieper in 1943, on one of the islands, where the Zaporozhye Cossacks used to live, he was seriously wounded. For a long time he was treated in front-line hospitals. Demobilized from Romania on December 27, 1945, where he guarded the transshipment station in the city of Seget from attacks by Bandera. He had military awards: medal "For Courage", "For the Defense of Stalingrad", "For Victory over Germany."

In 1941, brother Nikolai was seriously wounded and unconscious, died in captivity by the Germans. During the war, the younger brother Sergei was taken to the FZO, he fled home, worked for the good of his village. Timofeevich returned from the front in the fall of 1946.

After the front, harsh collective farm days began. Because of the injury, Alexander was put on "light work". He worked as a carpenter on a farm, worked as a patrolman in the fields, carried milk, and at the same time mail. In 1950 he built his house and found his other half. In 1954 A.T. Gubarev once and for all chose his main career path - the postman of the Ryazan post office. Under his leadership, there were three settlements: Belyaevka, Krasnye Solontsy and Panovka (the latter two have long been absent on the map of the Turkovsky district). There was a lot of mail. Letters, newspapers, parcels to almost every home. The people subscribed to a lot. The postal experience of Alexander Timofeevich is 28 years. He had labor awards: "Badge of Honor", "Winner of Socialist Competitions", "Veteran of Labor". He went on a well-deserved rest in the mid-80s. He was a very active person. He actively worked in his vegetable garden, wove a basket, and prepared firewood. He died on…. year of life.

Every year we move further and further from the wartime. But time has no power over what people experienced during the war. It was a very difficult time. The Soviet soldier knew how to boldly face mortal danger. By his will, by his blood, victory over a strong enemy was achieved. There are no boundaries to the greatness of his feat in the name of the Motherland.
I, like all my peers, do not know war. I don’t know and I don’t want war. But after all, those who died without thinking about death, about the fact that they would not see more, neither the sun, nor grass, nor leaves, nor children, did not want her either. I believe that our generation has never been able to repeat the feat of our ancestors.
Although if you think about it, it was not so long ago, and the scary thing is that many are already forgetting it. It's a pity...

People! You must remember those who performed this feat in the name of our Motherland.

MBOU "Voznesenskaya secondary school"

Sretensky readings

Nomination "Feats of Faith during the Great Patriotic War

abstract

on the topic of

"Feat in the name of humanity"

Completed by: Grachev Roman,

student 7 "v" class

Head: N.V. Akimkina,

defense industry teacher

r.p. Voznesenskoe

Introduction ... ……………………………………………………………… .. ……… .3

1.Two sergeants …………………………………………………………………… 4

1. Yakov Fedotovich Pavlov …………………………………………………… ... 4

1.2 The post-war years of Yakov Fedotovich Pavlov …………………………… ..5

1.3 Ivan Dmitrievich Pavlov …………………………………………………… 6

1.4 The post-war years of Ivan Dmitrievich Pavlov …………………………… 7

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………… ..8-9

References …………………………………………………………… ... 10

Appendices ……………………………………………………………… ..... 11-17

Introduction

The second of February is the Victory Day in the Battle of Stalingrad, 72 years have passed since its end. Appendix 1.

Stalingrad was the beginning of a radical change in the Great Patriotic War. But before this victory there were defeats near Kharkov, the abandonment of Sevastopol, the retreat from Rostov to Stalingrad. Terrible bombing of the city on 23 August. The storming of the city on September 13 and October 14, 1942 and a terrible front-line suffering, when the whole city became the site of a battle.Appendix 2. Opponents were often separated by a wall, floor, or staircase. ... Appendix 3. There was a fight for every street, every factory, every house, basement or staircase ... Appendix 4. Even individual buildings got on the maps and were named: Pavlov's House, Melnitsa, Department Store, Prison, Zabolotny's House, Dairy House, House of Specialists and others.

Several times passed from hand to hand Mamaev Kurgan, Railway station .

How many quiet and inconspicuous feats of love for one's neighbor were among the people in those years, do not count anyone! Knowing about the commandments of Christ or not knowing about them, many of our people during the war they observed them: No one else has this love anymore, but whoever will lay down his soul for his friends (John 15:13); He who has found his soul will destroy it, and whoever will destroy his soul for Me, will find it (Matthew 10:39 ).

Among them were two sergeants - Pavlovs of the same name: Yakov Fedotovich and Ivan Dmitrievich - the defenders of Stalingrad.Appendix 5.6. There are popular assumptions that the defender of the famous House of Pavlov was the confessor of the Trinity - Sergius Lavra, Archimandrite Cyril, in the world Ivan Dmitrievich Pavlov. I was very interested in who of them defended the House of Specialists and in whose honor this house was named afterwards.

I set myself a goal - to investigate the fate of these people. He considered his task: to collect and analyze the materials of Archimandrite Kirill Pavlov, as well as the hero of the Battle of Stalingrad, Yakov Fedotovich Pavlov.

An interesting confusion occurred in some literary publications with Sergeants Pavlov. Of course, the prevalence of the Pavlov surname played a role here.

After conducting this research, I found out that Yakov Pavlov, the defender of the Stalingrad House of Pavlov and Archimandrite Kirill (in the world Ivan Pavlov) are different people. The fate of both one and the other is very interesting.

1. Two sergeants

1.1. Yakov Fedotovich Pavlov.

Stalingrad sergeant Yakov Fedotovich Pavlov was the commander of the machine-gun section of the 42nd Guards Rifle Regiment of the 13th Guards Division of General Rodimtsev, who defended the famous House of Specialists for 58 days.

In the old days, every student knew about this House.

On September 13, 1942, the Germans attacked the center of Stalingrad. The 13th Guards Division of General Rodimtsev miraculously managed to stop the enemy rushing to the Volga, just a few hundred meters from the coast, on the 9 January square. Appendix 7. When there was a respite, they noticed that the dark gray House of Specialists remained in the neutral zone. From time to time, submachine and machine-gun bursts were heard from there. Appendix 8.9.

It was decided to send reconnaissance. The choice fell on Sergeant Yakov Pavlov. Together with corporal V.S. Glushchenko and privates A.P. Alexandrov and N. Ya. Black-headed, the fearless sergeant went home. There, in the basement where the local residents were hiding, the scouts met with medical instructor Dmitry Kalinin and two wounded soldiers. There were still few Germans in the house. Moving from one apartment to another, from floor to floor, the scouts knocked out the Nazis.

The House of Specialists was considered one of the most prestigious in Stalingrad. The leaders lived in it industrial enterprises and party workers. From the house, a straight road led to the Volga.

The German positions were clearly visible from home. After assessing the situation, Sergeant Pavlov decided that it was impossible to leave here. Early in the morning, the scouts took the first blow from the enemy. For almost two months, fifty-eight days, the Germans stormed the Pavlov House and could not take it.

This is, of course, a miracle ...

The German army, having easily covered many thousands of kilometers, captured dozens of countries, got stuck in front of an ordinary four-story building on Stalingradskaya Street, and did not manage to pass the last meters leading to the Volga.

“Like an indestructible bastion, Pavlov's House stood in the enemy's way, defended only by a handful of Soviet soldiers,” General A.I. Rodimtsev. "He became a symbol of the stamina and courage of the defenders of Stalingrad."

1.2. The post-war life of Yakov Fedotovich Pavlov

In 1944, Yakov Fedotovich joined the Communist Party. He met victory in the rank of foreman, and on June 27, 1945, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for the feat he had committed back in Stalingrad. After the war, Yakov Fedotovich graduated from the Higher Party School under the Central Committee of the CPSU and worked in the national economy, three times was elected a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, was awarded the Orders of Lenin and the October Revolution.

In 1980 he was awarded the title of "Honorary Citizen of Volgograd". Yakov Fedotovich Pavlov died in 1981 and was buried in Novgorod. Appendix 10.

1.3. Ivan Dmitrievich Pavlov

In those same September days, when the Germans pounced on Stalingrad with all the might of their armies, another sergeant, Ivan Dmitrievich Pavlov, defended the city on the Volga. He was two years younger than the heroic namesake, but his combat path turned out to be longer, because it began in the Finnish war. And, like Yakov Fedotovich in the House on January 9 Square, Ivan Dmitrievich also found his fate in the ruins of the Stalingrad house. From the very beginning of the war, he participated in hostilities as a soldier, an infantry sergeant. The most difficult military test for 22-year-old Sergeant Pavlov was the expectation of the general Battle of Stalingrad in the trench, in the snow, almost without water and food under constant enemy fire for a whole month. And, after the liberation of Stalingrad, an event occurred that finally changed his life. One day, while on guard duty, among the ruins of the house, Sergeant Pavlov picked up a book from a pile of bricks, began to read it and felt, as he later recalled, "something so dear, sweet to the soul." It was the gospel.

Ivan Dmitrievich gathered all of his leaves together and no longer parted with the found Book. Thus began his path to God. “I walked with the Gospel and was not afraid ...,” Father recalls. "It's just that the Lord was with me, and I was not afraid of anything." With his part about. Cyril reached Austria. Sergeant Ivan Pavlov was awarded the Order of Glory and medals. In 1946 in Hungary he was demobilized and came to Moscow. Appendix 6.

So yesterday's sergeant became a seminarian. After graduating from the seminary, he studied at the Moscow Theological Academy, and in 1953 he took monastic vows.

In 1954, the Theological Academy was no longer graduated from Ivan Dmitrievich Pavlov, but by Hieromonk Kirill.

After graduating from the Theological Seminary of the Novo-Maiden Monastery, on August 25, 1954, he took monastic vows at the Holy Trinity Sergius Lavra. Appendix 14.

This was the beginning of Archimandrite Kirill's long-term devotional deed. At first he was a sexton (1954), and in 1970 he was appointed treasurer of the Lavra (until 1965) and brotherly confessor (up to the present). Appendix 11.

Spiritually nourished His Holiness Patriarch Alexy II. Archimandrite Kirill was awarded the Church Orders of the Monk Sergius and Saint Prince Vladimir.

1. 1. 1.4 The post-war life of Ivan Dmitrievich Pavlov

   The whole life of Archimandrite Kirill was connected with the Trinity-Sergius Lavra. Archimandrite Kirill became the confessor of all the brethren of the main monastery in Russia. It was Elder Kirill who confessed to the now late Patriarchs Alexy and Pimen. He was the confessor of Alexy II. Applications 12.13.

   For a long time, the elder hardly ever visited the Lavra - he lived in Peredelkino, in the residence of His Holiness Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow and All Russia. Applications 15.16.

   The elder prefers not to talk about his military past. Father Kirill, as in former times the Monk Sergius of Radonezh, is the keeper of the purity of Orthodoxy and the traditions of Russian monasticism. Believers from all over Russia flocked to him, to the Sergiev monastery. People came to the priest with their sorrows, requests, problems, and everyone received consolation, help, advice, guidance and, leaving, pressed a paper icon, a book or a candy to their hearts. Appendices 17-18. In his instructions and wishes, he assigned an important role to love for the Motherland, for neighbors, obedience and reverence for parents, meekness and patience. He is now 95 years old. Father Kirill is very sick.

   The Greek bishop, having visited the sick elder, said: "Archimandrite Cyril is now crucified on the cross of suffering - one for all of Russia." This means that Ivan Dmitrievich Pavlov, a steadfast and strong-spirited guard of the guards, repeats his Stalingrad feat again, and in monasticism, the good-natured brotherly confessor of the Holy Trinity Sergius Lavra, Archimandrite Kirill.

   Conclusion

   Stalingrad is a place where many found faith .

   It was in the tragic months of 1942 that soldiers, officers and many generals of the active army, baptized and unbaptized, remembered God. To them, who had lived for many years in an atmosphere of atheism, at the front - in blood and filth, among all the horrors of war, the faith of their fathers began to return. Retreat to the Volga, leaving the enemy vast territories, the bitterness of large losses at the front. The death of innocent civilians. Mourning for the lost relatives and friends, they called for a rethinking of the spiritual reasons for the war with the Germans. This is how the Russian person is arranged - the more formidable the danger, the more firmly he takes up the saving banner of the holy faith, he recalls, it seems, forever forgotten prayers.

   “Oh, who can turn night into day, and the earth into a flower garden!

   Everything is difficult for me with light soda and help me. "

   Already after the death of Chuikov, in his archive, among the personal documents of the marshal, next to the party and military card, it was discovered, this is his personal prayer. Appendix 19.

   There is documentary evidence of a heavenly sign in the sky of Stalingrad. On November 11, 1942, the appearance of the Most Holy Theotokos took place in Stalingrad, which, in fact, was that turning point in the war, which we can already talk about now. To say that we know the day of the turning point of the war, not on the earthly, but on the spiritual plane. This phenomenon was simultaneously in the sky and on earth - or rather, some saw Her in the sky, others on earth. It is also clear that the Germans also witnessed this miracle. The unit that won the miracle was under the command of the legendary commander Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov.

   “As I saw the Mother of God in the sky, it immediately became clear to me that I would not perish and would return home alive. The confidence in victory never left. The growth of the vision of the Mother of God in the autumn sky of Stalingrad as a shield carried through his entire life at the front "(from the memoirs of one of the defenders of Stalingrad, who saw the appearance of the Mother of God.) Appendix 20.

   The victorious end on February 2, 1943 of the months-long Stalingrad epic was marked not only by a rally in the city on February 4, but also thanksgiving services in many parts of Russia.

   Popular legend says that in Stalingrad, in one of the undamaged churches, hastily brought to an acceptable form, a thanksgiving service was served. And the first candle was lit by the army commander Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov.

   From time immemorial, Russian soldiers from a soldier to a field marshal knew: if the Lord gave them victory in battle, then this success is a manifestation of God's mercy, the intercession of the Mother of God and the holy saints of God.

   Appendices 21-26.

   List of references

   1. Compilers: priest V. Kuznetsov and V. Dudarev. "Archimandrite Kirill (Pavlov) Closer to God!", Russian writer, Moscow, 2004, pp. 123-129.

   2. Bekhtereva E. " Kirill (In the world Pavlov Ivan Dmitrievich) Public figure ". Institute of Russian Civilization, M., 2004

   3. Konyaev N., "Russia stands on sergeants Pavlovs", St. Petersburg, 2004

   4. Internet resources.

   Appendix 1 Appendix 2

   

   Front strada

   Appendix 3 Appendix 4

   
   

   The fight was for the street, for every house

   Appendix 5 Appendix 6

   

   Yakov Fedotovich Pavlov Ivan Dmitrievich Pavlov

   Appendix 7 Appendix 8

   
   

   General House Pavlov

   Rodimtsev Alexander Ilyich

   Appendix 9 Appendix 10

   

   Monument to Pavlov's House Yakov Fedotovich Pavlov-

   Hero of the Soviet Union

   Appendix 11 Appendix 12

   

   Archimandrite Kirill Patriarch Pimen

   (Ivan Dmitrievich Pavlov)

   Appendix 13 Appendix 14

   
   

   Patriarch AlexyI I Trinity-Sergius Lavra

   Appendix 15 Appendix 16

   
   

   Peredelkino Father Kirill

   Appendix 17 Appendix 18

   
   

   People flocked to him for help During the service

   believers from all over Russia

   Appendix 19 Appendix 20

   
   

   Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov- Appearance of the Mother of God during

   marshal, twice hero of the Soviet-Battle of Stalingrad

   the Union

   Appendix 21 Appendix 22

   
   

   Appendix 23 Appendix 24

   
   

   Memorial to the Heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad

   Appendix 25 Appendix 26

   
   

   Modern look Eternal memory to the defenders

   Houses of Pavlov Stalingrad, who fell for their Motherland!

Yuri Gagarin's flight into space was preceded by the most intense work of the entire Soviet people after the defeat of Nazi Germany to preserve the country's independence in the face of a new enemy - the United States. It is known that after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (where about 200 thousand civilians died), the United States, relying on its monopoly in the field of nuclear weapons, wanted to bring the USSR to its knees and considered the issue of bombing the USSR with 10-20 atomic bombs, assessing our casualties of 2 million.

Thanks to the scientific and technical successes of physicists headed by IV Kurchatov, who created more powerful nuclear weapons, thanks to the creation of a powerful atomic industry, the plans of the United States failed. It became clear that the delivery of nuclear weapons for bombing critical targets by aircraft was ineffective.

At the beginning of 1946, JV Stalin holds a meeting of the Council of Ministers on the issue of creating missile weapons in the USSR. On it, he asks the Minister of Aviation Industry P.V. Dementyev whether the ministry is ready to take on this task. He replied that if this question of Stalin is not a direct indication, he would like to focus on the development of the aviation industry, and not develop a new direction. When Stalin asked which of the ministers was ready to take on this task, Dmitry Fedorovich Ustinov immediately agreed (appointed Minister of Armaments at the age of 33, 2 weeks before the start of the Great Patriotic War, and before that 3 years worked as director of the Leningrad plant "Bolshevik ", Where during these years the production of military products increased by 2.3 times).

Already in May 1946, a government decree was issued initiating the creation of the rocket industry in the USSR. In Kaliningrad near Moscow, the Leading Institute for Rocket Technology is being formed, in which, along with the research departments of ballistics, strength, aerodynamics, and materials science, the design bureaus of S.P.Korolev (who was 40 years old) and A.M. Isaev are being created.

The caring attitude of the Soviet state towards science and education should be noted. Despite the difficult post-war period, students had scholarships that allowed them not only to devote themselves entirely to their studies, but also to attend cinema, theaters (gallery), stadiums. One example: if one of the students of the Moscow State University. MV Lomonosov, which I was finishing, went into the dining room without money, he could take free bread, sauerkraut and fresh cabbage, carrots, beets, tea with sugar. Young engineers annually, for 3 years, underwent certification, which evaluated their work, often with proposals for a salary increase and sending them to the reserve for a higher position. Many of them, by the end of the three-year period, became senior engineers, heads of groups, stands, brigades.

Of course, it is necessary to note the outstanding role of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev both as the organizer of the collective work of the Chief Designers (through the Council of Chief Designers, which he headed), and as the Chief Designer of the first ballistic missiles (including intercontinental missiles) and spacecraft. His proposed transition to the scheme of the so-called "transverse" separation of stages (before that the scheme of "longitudinal", alternate separation of stages was used), when all the side blocks of the rocket were separated immediately after using the fuel, increased the reliability of the separation system and, most importantly, significantly "shortened" the rocket making it much tougher. Largely due to this idea, in 1957 the newspaper Pravda reported the launch of the first intercontinental ballistic missile in the USSR.

SP Korolev supported the proposal of ballistics specialists (in my opinion, headed by MK Tikhonravov) to launch an artificial Earth satellite into orbit, transmitting signals to the whole world about the achievements of the USSR in space. A decisive role for manned space flight was played by Korolyov's proposal to use a sphere as the form of the first descent vehicle "Vostok". When using this form, the device performed the so-called ballistic descent in the atmosphere. The overloads on the cosmonaut during the passage of dense layers of the atmosphere (about 5 minutes) exceeded 10g. If the astronaut's body were located along the trajectory, such overloads would lead to the separation of internal organs.

SP Korolev's employees suggested placing the cosmonaut across the action of such overloads so that the organs would protect the ribs. Due to the use of a spherical shape, there was no need to develop a complex control system for the vehicle, for many years of aerodynamic and strength testing (arising for descent vehicles with aerodynamic quality, which were later the devices "Mercury" and "Soyuz").

It is impossible to convey in words the general joy of our people from the message about the flight and successful landing of the Vostok spacecraft with Yu. A. Gagarin, the general joy of Muscovites from meeting him. In the morning, on the day of Gagarin's arrival in Moscow, I was unexpectedly invited by the director of NII-88 Georgy Aleksandrovich Tyulin (whose deputy in the specialty - the head of the aerogasdynamic complex became in 1960 at the age of 29), who handed me tickets to the stands of Red Square and reception to the Kremlin (pictured). Our seats were at tables in the Faceted Chamber (where there were many employees of the organizations of S. P. Korolev and A. M. Isaev). More distinguished guests (members of the government, the Supreme Soviet, the Central Committee of the CPSU, famous scientists and artists) were in the St. George Hall. There was a buffet table, all the guests, except for the members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the family of Yu. A. Gagarin, stood.

After the main welcoming toasts, when the Politburo members began to leave the reception, the doors of the Georgievsky Hall opened, and S.P.Korolev and his wife appeared in our premises. Suddenly, he took a napkin from the table and offered his wife a game of hide and seek, constantly bumping into the numerous columns of the Faceted Chamber. Apparently, in this way he tried to throw off the burden of responsibility and tension that had been lying on him for many years. And after a couple of hours, leaving the reception, I saw S.P.Korolev and M.V. Keldysh sitting on a bench near the wardrobe and discussing some new problems ...

A man's exit into open space, orbital stations in earth orbit, acquaintance with the Moon, Mars, Venus, distant planets Solar system and other galaxies - an incomplete list of chapters in the fascinating chronicle called "Mastering outer space"Created by mankind, which began with the chapter" The first flight of man into space ".

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