The building of the zashlyahovik is called for to make it without roads due to the “correctness” of its fully driven platform, more precisely, according to the type of fully driven transmission and suspension, the size of road clearance, a small tire tread, etc.

In what way to lay a pass?

The building of the poshshlyahovik is inspired by the road to fall due to the “correctness” of the fully-driven platform, more precisely, according to the type of the fully-driven transmission and suspension, the size of the road clearance, the little tire tread is thin. not in the norm, the car may have a positive potential for refurbishment.

Family rice

Over the entire history of the past, those SUVs and transmissions have repeatedly been perfected and modified - today the practical leather model has its own peculiarities. Let's take a look at the most famous designs of transmissions for zashlyakhoviks.

bmw. First of all, let's talk about the "intellectual" permanent drive of the BMW company - X-drive. The transmission X3 and the post-styling X5 have no differential in the distribution box, which divides the torque of the engine between the wheels of the front and rear axles. The function of this node is based on a bagatodisk coupling (coupling) with electronic circuits. By stretching milliseconds, it changes the magnitude of the moment that is transmitted to different axes.

The X-Drive electronics analyzes the road situation and in certain weather conditions it is possible to redistribute the moment even before the faulty effects can be blamed. For example, with a sharp pressure on the gas pedal of the electronic clutch, a command is given to spread the moment between the axles, and not after that, as the wheels of one axle began to slip. In severe situations (speed more than 180 km / year, rear-wheel drive car, etc.), the front and rear axles can be doubled in one direction, one way, navpak, zhorstko povyazan, like with a blocked differential (when starting and accelerating up to 20 km/h etc.). As if during a quick turn, the front wheels began to move, the electronics behind the DSC auxiliary system recognizes this change in the moment on the front wheels. At the time of entry, the clutch locks up, transferring more torque to the front end.

Mitsubishi. Not less tsіkava transmission vikoristovuєtsya on Mitsubishi Pajero. It is not possible to unambiguously add either to the permanent full drive, or to the drive with manual elevation of the front axle - it can be done in both modes. On the right, in the fact that in the distribution box there is a middle (central) differential in front of the planetary mechanism, which can be blocked. As for unlocking, the moment to turn is transmitted to the front and rear axles in the proportion of 33:67. Moreover, a viscous coupling is introduced into the inter-axial differential, so that in times of slippage, the wheels of one of the axles begin to block and revitalize the axles, in order to redistribute more torque, which is to turn, by all with a smaller swidkistyu. At the most blocked steel, the viscous coupling is securely adjusted to the moment to turn, at the spin speed is approximately 50:50.

The electronics control the robot of the distribution box based on the input signals, like the joystick "razdatka". The electronic control unit is responsible for the ideal hour for increasing / changing the other mode for ensuring the stability of the circulation and the smoothness of the induction.

Volvo. The Swedish company Haldex, for that reason, has developed a bagatodiscove system with a hybrid electromechanical keruvane and a hydraulic drive. Today, they install it both on cars and on SUVs, for example, the Volvo XC90. The coupling is located in front of the rear axle. There is no interaxial differential in such a scheme.

In Russia, on a good road surface, if the wheels do not slip, the moment to turn is transmitted to the front wheels and the XC90 behaves like a front-wheel drive car. When the axles of the car are damaged, they are wrapped with the same windshield, the disks are not clenched, so the clutch is loosened. Licking the wheel of the front axle and the difference in the speed of the shafts, which is to blame for this, ensure the activation of the mechanism for squeezing the friction package. The pump, when starting, pumps oil into the piston drive, which squeezes the discs of the muff. As a result, a part of the moment to turn is transferred to the rear. Electronics regulates the value of the transferred moment, skin 0.01 seconds and analyzes the speed of wrapping the wheels of the front and rear axles (for additional ABS sensors), the position of the throttle, wrapping that moment of the engine, the steel system. To fight with the chain of regulation of the vice at the hydraulic system of the mufti. In this rank, she manages the process of redistributing the moment to the rear.

One of the main advantages of the new fluid coupling is the ability to program the electronic unit to adjust the transmission individually for the skin model, for example, to set a different value for the moment that is transmitted to the rear axle. The Haldex clutch for the XC90 was slightly upgraded to reduce slippage at start. A shut-off valve was introduced in this design, which blocks the clutch at speed up to 15 km / year. Vidpovidno at the start of the month, the car becomes more and more driven, and then, as the road cover does not spryaє slips, up to 100% of the moment to turn, is transmitted to the front wheels.

VW. The Touareg may have a permanent new drive, which is equipped with an interlocking differential. On a good road, the moment is redistributed evenly - 25% per leather wheel. As an option, you can install a blocking differential of the rear axle, which improves the characteristics of the machine. The mechanical differentials of the Touareg are blocked by bagatodisk clutches, which are controlled by the electronics. Skin from these differentials can be blocked and remotely (“manually”) by turning the switch on the console if necessary.

Subaru. Potential purchases should be reminded of those who have one model that can be the mother of modifications to the wheel drive. An example of this is the Subaru models, in which the fallow type of the gearbox is equipped with a completely different transmission with different types of interaxial differentials. For example, in modifications with “mechanics” there is a differential with a viscous clutch, which in normal minds, the momentum is distributed between the axles in the spivvіdnoshennі 50:50, and with the “automatic” - you can have a differential with a planetary gearbox, which increases the torque on the front wheels that rear axles have a proportion of 35:65. In the first case, when the wheels of one axle are slipping, the differential blocks the viscous coupling, with which the whole moment to turn, do not go to the forge of the wheel, but spread between the wheels of the front and rear axles equally. The car in this direction is “driven” by the wheels of those axles, as if they were moving along the road. In another way, the blocking of the differential is “engaged” by the MP-T (MultiPlate transfer) electronic system.

All Subaru models, released after 1980, have a symmetrical design of the AWD (Symmetrical AWD) drive. The transmission elements are absolutely symmetrical to the late axis, which ensures a practically perfect balance and a rozpodіl masi between the wheels. In such a rank, there are signs of power in different road minds, which positively vibrate on the stability, curvature and drivability of the car.

Geometrical passability

Geometrical passage - an important characteristic of the zashlyahovik, as it pours into this building to move along the crossing of the mines, deep coli, cross into the breeze of the deep Kalyuzhi and small waterways. A lot of warehouse prices characteristics on off-road super to speak among themselves. For example, an increase in road clearance gives you the ability to move more deeply, prote through those that move the center of gravity, increase your strength until you are thrown over the slopes for an hour. Road clearance (clearance) or from the road surface to the lower point of the car is an important storage geometrical traffic. Previously, the characteristic of the bula was constant, the prote technical progress allowed the growth of the її zminnoy - stalely in the minds of the road minds, water with one push of the button can raise or lower the body of the car. This allows pneumatic suspension (VW Touareg, Audi Allroad, Porsche Cayenne, Land Rover Range Rover Sport) or remotely adjustable shock absorbers (Toyota Land Cruiser Prado, Lexus GX 470 etc.). One and the same model of post-ashlyahoviks can be equipped with different types of suspensions in the form of modifications. For example, the VW Touareg has both spring suspension (road clearance - 237 mm), and pneumatic systems of automatic and manual adjustment of road clearance (range - 160 to 300 mm) and electronic control of shock absorbers (CDC - Continuous Damping Control). Pneumatics can be used in three modes: Comfort, Auto and Sport. In the Auto mode, the suspension independently adapts to the profile of the road surface, instantly changing the hardness of the shock absorbers. In the Sport mode, the roll in turns changes noticeably, and when you turn the steering wheel of the Touareg, it reacts more sharply. At the attainable speed of 125 km/year, the road clearance automatically changes from 215 mm to 190 mm, and after 180 km/year, the level of 180 mm is restored. Road clearance can be changed and manually, increasing it to improve the throughput at the intersection of the city. With windage below 60 km/year, a road clearance of 240 mm can be installed, and with windage up to 25 km/year, it can be increased to the limit of 300 mm.

Reduced or promoted

Підвіска

Today, pozashlyahoviki are equipped mainly with two types of subsoils - fallow and independent. Others began to actively compete in this class of cars after the appearance of SUV SUVs, and then high-width post-seasoned vehicles such as Mercedes ML, BMW X5, Porsche Cayenne, etc. buildings are effectively practiced on large swedes. Through the central axis, the wrapping of the wheels on the irregularities breaks the flame of their contact with the road pavement. Everything negatively affects the safety of the car, which is unacceptable. Zavdyaki vysokіy mіtsnostі klаsichna resora pіdvіska іvvaєєtі vаbіl pridatі for off-road. Vtіm, and out of the past, like a frame in the structure of the body, to what, vlasne, sound to fasten the resori.

Sheeny

Yuriy Datsyk
Photo of manufacturing companies

If you knew a pardon, be kind, see a fragment of the text and press it Ctrl+Enter.

Vodіyu, which is not boring for the automotive theme, to be brought to stick with new terms. As a car driver has acquired a crossover, you can understand how geometrical the car's passing is. This parameter є is even more important for poshlyahovikіv, і in the framework of the article we can look at what vin є.

Zmist:

Geometrical passability of a car: what is it

We need to understand what the term "geometrical vehicle traffic" means. How to speak briefly, tse poddnannya geometric parameters of the transport system, yakі vplyvayut on yogo building to pay a change of pace for an hour.

It’s not only the poshlyahoviks who can think of a geometrical walk, but they themselves have a special respect for water when choosing a machine for operation in extreme minds.

How parameters of a car contribute to the geometric prohіdnіst

Geometrical prokhіdnіst avtomobilіya in Persh churg lie in the vіd rozmіrіv the most transport zabu. The basic parameters that should be added to the whole show are as follows:

• Vehicle dimensions: length, width, height;
• Dovzhina wheel base;
• The width of the wheel - tse v_dstan between two wheels of one axle at the center of the dotku point;
• The front and rear links are the same as the axles of the wheels to the front (or rear) point of the car.

Depending on these basic indications, the geometrical passability of the car is determined.

Main parameters of geometrical throughput

Understanding the geometric traffic of a car includes 5 main parameters:

It is also possible to see a few parameters that can be compared to the geometrical passability of the car, but not the key ones:

Need to know the geometrical passability of a car

More important parameters have been assigned to the other world for determining the geometrical throughput of a car. And most of all, when advertising their cars, car dealers pay more attention to some of them - clearance, kuti in'zdu and oz'izd and kut rampy. Other parameters of the second and little about what can be revealed to the unseen water, what kind of car is planned to arrive.

Prote, the geometrical prokhіdnіst avtomobilіya - tse far from being real prokhіdnіst avtomobilіya in foldable road minds. It is real to lie in a significant world in the form of a drive (and the method of yoga robots), the presence of intermittent blockages, the gumi, the surface is thin. It is the most important parameters, and not the geometrical characteristics, that determine the car's quality.

Vehicle throughput

The main signs will be the road (ґruntu) є opіr kochennyu kolіs and zcheplennya kolіs іz а road (ґґронтом). Numbers of values ​​are assigned by coefficients. The parameters that characterize the technical ability of a car to collapse in important road minds and off-road conditions are usually called the parameters of traffic. Before them, one can see the mass of the car and a number of signs tied to it, as well as deaks of geometrical rozmіri.

The mass of a passenger car is relatively small and practically does not limit the traffic of a car by roads. On a roadless road, you can cut the road less on weak soils, which can make a brick-like cover (swamp, snow from a icy pick). When tsimu chim mensha masa, tim is more beautiful. Masa є warehousing at the bottom of the parameters of the passage, such as we are afraid to lay down pet tightness. It characterizes the traction and dynamic capacity of a car, and the ability to collapse on roads (ground) with a high support of a column of wheels (sand, snow, brud). The pressure is felt at the kilowatts of the maximum pressure of the engine, which is equal to one ton of the full weight of the car. In today's passenger cars, they will reach the temple and reach 25-40 kW / t (for equalization, it will be shown that the cars do not exceed 10-12 kW / t, and auto trains - 5-7 kW / t and less).

Zchipna masa (masa that falls on the wire wheels) creates the power of connecting the wire wheels from the road, and that one ensures the realization of the traction force from its own side.

What can water, varying the size of the mass, increase the passability of a car on an important road with a great support for a stump and a small coefficient of cohesion of a wheel with a road (ford, squeak, snow)? Find out what you can. Confirmed by a small butt.

The driver of the car BA3-21013 crashed down the dirt road. The car had a lot of passengers. In front of me, a hut appeared, covered with a deep ball of thick brood. It is accepted that this dimension has a coefficient of support for head bobbing of 0.1, and a coefficient of cohesion is 0.2. Water virishiv, that without passengers it will be easier for you to patch up the brudna davit and hang out. Prote proїhati through nyogo all the same did not zmіg, the car stalled and hummed.

Chi correctly vchiniv water, planting passengers? Maybe, no. Elementary rozrahunki confirm tse. The weight of the car BA3-21013 without passengers is 1050 kg, and 480 kg on the rear wheels. For such indications, the strength of the support for the headstock was 105 kgf (1050X0.1), and the force of the chain on the wire wheels was 96 kgf (480X0.2). Such a locking force can ensure the implementation of the traction force is also not more than 96 kgf. Zі zіstavlenya tsikh digits it is clear that the main mind's movement is not supported, so that the force of traction outweighs the strength of the support.

Now you can see that the water has flooded all the passengers in the car. Then the weight of the car became 1350 kg, the strength of the support of the head of the wheel increased to 135 kgf. Ale zі zbіlshennyam zagalnoї masi avtomobilіya zbіlshіlsya vantazhennja і on zavіs vіs that zchipna masa folded already 740 kg. Proportionately increased to 148 kgf, that force of the chain and, obviously, the traction force was realized by it. In this variant, the main umova ruhu was already dotriman (the traction force is greater for the support force), and the car with passengers successfully lifted an important road.

From the pointing butt, a practical visnovok is seen: for a vpevennya podlannya of a car with a great support, a head of a wheel is required to maximize the cost of a car.

Pitomy pressing on the ground (a vice that falls on a square centimeter of the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe tire support) is an indication that is often virulent in Russia for a car in a swamp, sandy sand, clay soil, which has become sour, off-road.

The smaller petty vice, the smaller wheels are burrowed into the ground, and the more possible the possibility of shoring such a car. Maliy pitomy tysk kolіs on the ground reaches us in front of the reduced pressure on the tires. For example, on vintage cars with increased traffic, such as GAZ-66, ZIL-131, Ural-4320, the pressure again in tires can change with water in Russia, which greatly increases the traffic of these vehicles on weak soils. І on passenger cars, it is possible to allow an extreme drop in tire pressure in front of the hem of an important car. For which the vice is reduced on all four wheels; after the sub-work of the delyanka, it will be brought up to the norm.

The geometrical parameters of the car's passability characterize the building of the road and the road or the roadless with great roughness. These parameters are road clearance (clearance), cuts in and out, base and wheelbase, working radius of the wheel, late radius of passage.

Rice. 1. Geometric parameters of the car's passability: P - clearance, v-cut in the air; v“-kut z'ezdu; B - base; K-kolіyu; r – wheel radius; R - late radius of passage

Rice. 2. Maliy kut z'їzda of passenger cars to bring before the rear part of the car is blocked for the road when z'їzdі z the threshold crossing: y'- kut v'їzdu: y'- kut z'їzdu

Zvernemo respect for kuti v'ezdu and z'izdu. The stench is made up by the flatness of the road and the flats drawn through the protruding front and rear of the car, the points of the body of the wheel, and characterize the ability of the car to fit the thresholds, ditches, pits and other similar crossings. On passenger cars, sound the kut z'їzdu less than the kut v'їzdu, and the driver is to blame for the chain of memory. On the right, in the fact that with such kutas it is possible to hit the yakus to the threshold crossing, but when z'ezd it is possible to catch behind the new rear part of the body.

On cars, there may be zastosovuvatisya different allowances for increased traffic. The most widened є Sobi, scho to paint the Zcheplennya kolіs z ґrunt: lantsyugi protikovzannya, different bracelets, anti-slip pads and іn. Tsі zasobi zastosovuyutsya іlki іn podannі vazhkoprokhіdnіh іnіnіkі dіlyanki mіstsemostі і stanovlyuyuyutsya on kart bezsreddnо in front of them. When you get on a good road, you should take care of it, because the stench calls out to the stronger wear of the running gear and especially tires. For the need to collapse from it, the speed of the movement can be changed by 40 km / year.

Before Category: - Driving a car

Prokhіdnіst - zdatnіst PA collapsing with snow, wet and filthy (rozbitymi, rozmoklimi) roads, without roads and dolat natural (pidyomi, descents, slopes) or piece crossings without additional zasobіv.

Maneuverability - the ability of the PA to turn around (maneuver) on the minimum area.

There is no single indicator that characterizes the maneuverability of the PA, which characterizes it. The passability and maneuverability of the PA lie in the form of geometrical expansions and support-traction power, as well as in the design of the transmission (differential, gearbox) and the mechanism of rotation of the carved wheels.

In terms of throughput, automatic telephone exchanges are divided into road (increased throughput), advanced and high throughput.

Before road bring ATS, recognized for the most important victory on roads from hard roads. Call the number of ATS є non-transferable (with the wheel formula 42);

62; 64 - the first digit indicates the total number of wheels of the ATS, the other - the number of wire wheels) with the wheels of the road tire tires and with simple (non-blocking) differentials.

Automotive transport allowance for increased traffic they are recognized for traffic by roads with firm roads, and for roads and for the support of natural crossings. Sound tsі ATS є povnoprivіdnymi (with a wheel formula - 44; 66 thin), mayutni or wide-profile (more arched) tires with a system of regulation of the vice around. In transmissions of these automatic telephone exchanges, differentials are often blocked, which are blocked.

Automobile transport facilities of high traffic svoryuyuyutsya for important vikoristannya posture roads. Tsі automatic telephone exchanges mayut povniy privіd provіdnih kolіs and special tires (tires of the lower vice, pneumatic rollers).

Razrіznyayut profile and traction support. Profile flow characterizes the building of the automatic telephone exchange to make the road uneven, cross the road and fit into the road dimensions. Support passability- The building of ATS is collapsing on deformed soils.

Indicators of profile throughput (Fig. 6.13):

road clearance h, m;

front l 1 and rear l 2 lines, m;

front  1 and rear  2 kuti zvіsu (or kuti  1 in'zdu and kut  2 z'zdu), deg.;

late radius R 1 and transverse R 2 passability, m;

the greatest cut of pidyom, what should be done  max ;

the largest kut of the slope, which should be ;

the width is given to the ditch l R;

the height of the vertical wall (escarp) that needs to be done.

Rice. 6.13. Indicators of profile traffic

Road enlightenment h(getting from the bottom point of the car to the supporting surface) indicates the possibility of moving the PA on soft soil and through one by one crossings (stones, stumps, buy thinly). What is more h, it is shorter than the passability of the PA. PA has increased and high throughput road clearance h more, lower for PA with the improvement of road automatic telephone exchanges. For better road safety h ring out loud.

Vіd zvisu l 1 ta l 2 to deposit the passage of PA at the time of ditches, ditches. Chim less l 1 ta l 2 , Timing is less imovirnist "vivishuvannya" when the change is made.

Kuti zvisu  1 and  2 to add to the possibility of underlaying the PA with short climbs and descents. What is more  1 and  2 , there is more steepness of short irregularities, through which you can cross the PA, without zachіpayuchi for nerіvnіst when entering and z'їzdі.

Later radius of passage R 1 to the radius of the segmental crossing (with a chord, which is the best base L ATS), through the yake PA you can cross across, without zachіpayuchi lower point, raztashovanoї in the middle part. Chim less R 1 tim is more passable PA, tobto. zdatnіst dolat mіstsevіst іz ridge crossings (nasip, pagorbi).

Transverse radius of passage R 2 more radius of the segmental crossing (with a chord, which is a better base in the automatic telephone exchange), through the yak PA you can cross the air, without zachіpayuchi lower point, roztashovanoї between the wheels. Chim less R 2 , more quickly the passability of the PA with the underlaying of the nasipiv and the furrow uzdovzh.

On the profile of the passage of dovgomirnyh PA (autodrabins, autopilots) we add spіvvіdnіsnja between the overall dimensions: dovzhina L G , curls H g and wide V m. H G that dozhina L G determines the passage under bridges and flyovers (Fig. 6.14).

Rice. 6.14. Influx of the dimensions of a burning car on the later road

If the passability of the PA under the bridge is determined, it is necessary to cross over at the safety H G< H on all dimensions L g of a car, so even with the increased cost of that great dozhin L it is possible for the journey to change the height (Fig. 6.14).

Indicators of support and traction flotation:

maximum traction force R up to max;

maximum dynamic factor D max;

coefficient of coupling of tires from the road ;

navantazhennya on wire wheels G v;

tysk wheels on the road nar.

To increase the throughput of the PA, it is necessary to increase D max and  (div. item 6.1). It is possible to increase the number of conductors of the PA, so as to increase the number of conductors (to win a completely privatized base frame) or to replace the center of the mass of the PA at the b_k of the wire bridge.

The main indicator of the support and traction capacity of the UA on roads with soft pavement is the number of wheels on the road:

(6.69)

de R n - Navantage, which is taken by the wheel, N; S n- Area of ​​wheel contact with the road, m2.

vice R the current PA changes at 50 kPa (0.5 kg / cm 2) for an hour on soft soils up to 300 kPa (3 kg / cm 2) for an hour on roads with hard surfaces. The best prohіdnіst mаyut PA with the regulation of the pressure of the wind at the tires. Sound for the improvement of the penetration of the PA, it is necessary to change the pressure, and then for an hour the rub with deaky soils, navpak, improve.

The change in tire pressure also affects the coupling coefficient φ (div. Table 6.1). The increase in the coefficient  on soft soils can reach the change R, tobto. zbіlshennyam ploschі contact tire іz gruntom. The increase in the coefficient  on roads with a solid foundation (for example, asphalt-concrete highways, cover with ford, or not deep snow, notice on the road) reach nar.

Indicators of maneuverability (Fig. 6.15):

minimum turning radius of outer front wheel R n;

ruhu smug width A when turning;

maximum deflection of okremih parts of the PA beyond the trajectory of the outer front wheel and the inner rear wheel (vіdstan aі b).

Rice. 6.15. Indicators of maneuverability of a single vehicle

The most maneuverable PA with ceramic wheels. When towing a trailer, the maneuverability of the PA is reduced, so that when turning, the width of the swag increases. A.

Under the passage of authority, the car collapses along the uneven and important passageways, not zachіpayuchi for the unevenness of the lower contour of the body. The passability of a car is characterized by two groups of indicators: geometric indicators of the throughput and basic - basic indicators of the throughput. Geometric indicators characterize the ability to hook a car for unevenness, and supportive characteristics characterize the ability to move along important roads and off-road.

According to the traffic, all cars can be divided into three groups:

- Automobiles of general recognition (wheel formula 4x2, 6x4);

- Vehicles with increased traffic (wheel formula 4x4, 6x6);

- high-speed vehicles, which may have a special layout and design, bagatovіsnі z usima provіdnymi wheels, caterpillar or napіvvіdnіchnі, amphibious vehicles and other vehicles, specially designed for work without roads.

Let's take a look at the geometric indicators of the passage.

Road enlightenment - tse stand between the lower point of the car and the surface of the road. This indicator characterizes the ability of a car to move without being credited for transfers, rotting on the back of the move (Fig. 5.9).

The radii of the late and transverse traffic, vydpovidno r pr і r pop, are the radii kіl, where the wheels and the lowest point of the car, ruffled in the middle of the base (kolії). The number of radii characterize the height and outline of the cross, as you can fix the car, without zachіpayuchi for a new one. The stench is less, the more the building of the car makes significant inconsistencies without zachіpannya for them with their lowest points.

The front and lower kuti svisu, vіdpovіdno α p1 i α p2, fixed on the surface of the road and the flat, which can be connected to the front or rear wheels and to the lower points of the front or rear part of the car, to protrude.

The maximum height of the threshold, which can be lifted by a car, for driving wheels is 0.35 ... 0.65 wheel radius. The maximum height of the threshold, which is due to a conductive wheel, can reach the radius of the wheel and sometimes it is surrounded not by the traction capabilities of the car, but by the main power of the road, but by small values ​​of the wind, depending on the enlightenment.

The maximum required width of the passage at the minimum turning radius of the car characterizes the ability to maneuver on small squares, so the passage of the car in the horizontal plane is often considered as an operational authority. The most manoeuvrable cars are those with ceramic wheels. In times of towing with a trailer, or with a nap, the maneuverability of the car is reduced, so when the road train turns, it shifts to the center of the turn, which is why the width of the road of the road train is greater, lower than a single car.

To the support-significant indications, the passage should lie like that.

The maximum traction force is the greatest traction force, as a building to develop a car into a lower gear.

Zchipna vaga - the force of gravity of the car, which falls on the wire wheels. The more scenes you sing the car, the more the car's speed. Among cars with a wheel arrangement of 4x2, rear-engined rear-wheel drive and front-engine front-wheel drive cars can have the most mileage, but with such a layout, the wheels of the drive are driven by the mass of the engine.

The pressure of the tires on the supporting surface is defined as the vertical stress on the tire up to the contact area, which is maintained along the contour of the tire contact with the road q \u003d G: F.

Tsey pokaznik may be important for the passability of the car. The smaller the petty vice, the less the soil collapses, the less the amount of clay that settles, the less support for stiffness, and the more the car’s passability.

The coefficient of change of the number of є in the number of front wheels to the number of rear wheels. With a total roll of the number of front and rear wheels, the rear wheels will roll on the ground, reinforced by the front wheels, and if there is a minimum. When the number of front and rear wheels is different, additional energy is used to destroy the rear wheels of the reinforced walls of the wheel, made by the front wheels. Therefore, in vehicles with increased traffic, single tires are often installed on the rear wheels, replacing them with opir nodules.

The passability of the car is rich in why lie in the middle of the construction. So, for example, in the cars of the advanced pass, the differentials of the advanced tire are blocked, the blocking of the mid-section and the mid-wheel differentials, the wide-profile tires with the rozvinenimi grountozapami, the winches for the self-tightening and the other extensions, to ease the passage